1923 referendum
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The 1923 Alberta prohibition plebiscite, held on November 5, 1923, was a province-wide plebiscite held in Alberta, Canada, to allow alcoholic beverages. It was triggered by an affirmative vote in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta and based on the presentation of a 56,000-name petition in accordance with the requirements of the Direct Legislation Act (1913), a citizens referendum law or initiative law, which was in force at the time.
Prohibition was defeated by nearly 58 percent (58%) of the vote and was replaced by the government sale of liquor and strictly-regulated taverns. Liquor would be sold in government stores, and the government took out the profit motive for "pushing" alcohol and engaged in little advertising to encourage sales. Consumers of liquor had to buy permits, which, if misused, could be "interdicted." As well, after the end of prohibition, the government brought in the local option vote and so communities could hold votes to prohibit sales of liquor in their communities. Cardston, for example, is a town that voted to uphold prohibition by plebiscite as recently as 2014. Prohibition was abolished in the last few prohibition areas in the province on June 17, 2020, but under the new provincial legislation, those areas will remain a dry until their respective councils pass motions to allow liquor sales.
Campaign
The writs were issued to Alberta's 52 electoral districts (under the 1921 boundaries) on October 9, 1923. There were four options presented to votes and voting was by ranked voting, as favored by the United Farmers government, and voters ranked the four options given.
In the event, one option, government sale of liquor and private taverns selling beer, won on the first count and so no following preferences had to be considered.
| Prohibition Committee Executives | |
|---|---|
| President | W.S. Galbraith |
| Vice Presidents | J.D. Higgenbottom |
| Gladstone Virtue | |
| Secretary | H.B. Brown |
| Assistant Secretary | John Wood |
| Treasure | F.H. Wilkins |
| Publicity | D.H. Ellen |
| Transportation | Ralph Thrall |
| Organizer | Rev. Wealaway |
The Prohibition Committee was a campaign committee set up for the plebiscite to campaign for Option A, the option to continue the Liquor Act as it was before the plebiscite. The Prohibitionists had a seven-point platform. Point one encouraged voters to respect the laws already on the books. Point two stated that every constitutional method should be used to enact a change in law when the majority of voters desired a change. Points three, four, and five focused on highlighting harm done by alcohol to the fabric of the community and contended that society is incumbent upon itself to ban such harm. Point six encouraged the crackdown and banning of liquor distilling in Alberta and its exportation outside the province. Point seven supported the committee's satisfaction with the Liquor Act in force to that point. The committee believed that the current legislation was the means to the end and allowed for efforts to be sustained until total prohibition was achieved.
The Moderation League of Alberta was the committee campaigning for Option D, government control.
Results
| Ballot options | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|
| (a) Prohibition - Meaning thereby a continuance and development of present Liquor Legislation; that is, meaning the Abolition of the Sale of all Liquors excepting for strictly Medicinal Sacramental, Manufacturing and Scientific Purposes. | 61,647 | 38.0% |
| (b) Licensed Sale of Beer - Meaning thereby, the Sale of Beer in Licensed Hotels and other Premises, as provided in the proposed Temperance Act. | 3,936 | 2.4% |
| (c) Government Sale of Beer - Meaning thereby, the Sale of Beer by or through Government Vendors for consumption in Private Residences under Government Control and Regulations - other Liquors to be sold through Doctor's Prescription for Medicinal Purposes. | 3,078 | 1.9% |
| (d) Government Sale of All Liquors - Meaning thereby, the Sale of all Liquors by or through Government Vendors. Beer to be consumed on Licensed Premises and in Private Residences. Wines and Spirits to be purchased in limited quantities under permit issued by the government, under Government Control and Regulations. | 93,680 | 57.7% |
| Total | 162,341 | 100% |
| Rejected, spoiled and declined | 7,272 | |
(d) won a clear majority on the first ballot; no extra count was required.
References
- "Alberta prohibition ended a century ago, except in one small area, where it ended just last month". July 10, 2020.
- "Writs for Liquor Plebiscite to be Issued". Lethbridge Daily Herald. September 18, 1923. p. 1.
- "Mark by Preference". Lethbridge Daily Herald. October 26, 1923. p. 4.
- A Report on Alberta Elections
- "Prohibition Committee Executive". Lethbridge Daily Herald. October 26, 1923. p. 4. November 3, 1923.
- ^ "The Prohibition Platform". Lethbridge Daily Herald. October 26, 1923. p. 12.
- The Alberta Gazette (Vol 20 No. 2 ed.). Government of Alberta. 1940. p. 25.
- Works cited
- Hamill, Sarah E. M. (2014). From Prohibition to Administrative Regulation: The Battle for Liquor Control in Alberta, 1916 to 1939 (Thesis). Edmonton: University of Alberta. doi:10.7939/R3T727Q37.
- Hopkins, J. Castell (1924). The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs, 1923. Toronto: The Annual Review.
- Sheehan, Nancy M. (August 1980). "Temperance, Education and The WCTU in Alberta, 1905–1930". The Journal of Educational Thought. 14 (2): 108–124. doi:10.7939/R3R20S542. JSTOR 23768682.
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