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23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment

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23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment
Active1861–1865
CountryUnited States of America
BranchUnion Army
TypeRegiment
Size950 soldiers at outset of the war
Engagements
Commanders
Notable
commanders
Military unit
Ohio U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiments 1861-1865
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22nd Ohio Infantry Regiment 24th Ohio Infantry Regiment

The 23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during much of the American Civil War. It served in the Eastern Theater in a variety of campaigns and battles, and is remembered with a stone memorial on the Antietam National Battlefield not far from Burnside's Bridge.

The regiment later became noted for its many up-and-coming politicians. Future presidents Rutherford B. Hayes and William McKinley served in this unit, as did future U.S. senator and associate justice of the United States Supreme Court Stanley Matthews and Robert P. Kennedy, a future U.S. Congressman. Other notable officers included James M. Comly and Eliakim P. Scammon, both of whom became influential nationally after the war. Harrison Gray Otis, the famed owner and publisher of the Los Angeles Times, also fought with the 23rd Ohio during the war.

Service

Under the first call of President Abraham Lincoln, Ohio sent to the field 22 regiments of infantry, each having been enlisted for three months only. While these organizations organized for three months' service, Lincoln issued a call for a further 300,000 men for three years enlistment. Nearly all the companies which became the 23rd Ohio were then waiting to muster in for three months in different parts of Ohio. These·companies, Poland Guards, Bellefontaine Rifles, Ohio Union Savers, and seven other volunteer companies, were ordered to Camp Chase, near Columbus, and were re-enlisted for three years and assigned to the regiment. This made the 23rd Regiment the first three-year Ohio Volunteer Infantry regiment organized. The regiment mustered into duty on Tuesday, June 11, 1861, by Capt. Howard Stansberry, USA, as a three-year regiment.

Its 950 enlistees were originally led by Col. William Rosecrans. The other initial field officers were Lieutenant-Colonel Stanley Mathews and Major Rutherford B. Hayes, however, changes in the field/staff came quickly. That Friday, June 14, Rosecrans was promoted to Brigadier-General in the regular army. Wisely opting not to be promoted above their experience and ability, Matthews and Hayes asked for another regular officer to take command. In late June, 1837 West Point graduate and Mexican-American War veteran, Col. Eliakim P. Scammon succeeded Rosecrans in command. As well as the colonel and lieutenant-colonel, the quartermaster and adjutant were also promoted and transferred. They were replaced by promotions from the regiment, except for Major James M. Comly, who was transferred from the 63d Ohio. Hayes was promoted to lieutenant-colonel.

While at Camp Chase, their first shipment of official clothing contained only undershirts and drawers followed later by full uniforms. A few weeks later, though, the men were further disappointed when their first issue of arms were flintlock muskets on July 23. After much effort by the staff, the men accepted the arms.

1861: Initial deployment

After training and drilling following their induction, on Thursday, July 25, 1861, the regiment was ordered to Clarksburg, for western Virginia, where it arrived by train on Saturday. It served for several months in this area of current West Virginia, helping to restore that portion of Virginia to the Union. The 23rd Ohio was attached to Jacob D. Cox's Kanawha Brigade and served throughout much of the war in what became the IX Corps.

Ordered to garrison the town of Weston, roughly 20 miles (32 km) away, the 23rd Ohio marched for two days through heavy rain followed by an intense heat. Scammon continually chided his raw recruits for their slow pace and for discarding equipment enroute. Shortly after arrival, Scammon was ordered to divide his command into two battalions of five companies to better counter the partisan threat. One battalion under Lt. Col. Mathews as a movable force, dedicated to counterinsurgency that was sent a further 20 miles (32 km) south to the vicinity of Bulltown and Sutton, under Matthews. The remaining battalion of five companies stayed at Weston with Scammon sending out occasional foraging and scouting expeditions against guerrillas and other disaffected inhabitants. This division of force elicited no response from the rebel military who had suffered crushing defeats in the in western Virginia and opted not to devote many resources to what they deemed an area of relatively limited value.

In this area, the 23rd Ohio operated against numerous secessionist guerrillas there, performing hard duty, marching and countermarching over the rugged mountainous terrain drenched by almost continuous rain. It was an unpleasant constabulary duty that lacked the military glory many had sought to experience. The 23rd Ohio was soon in a constant mode of incessant patrols chasing small bands of secessionist guerilla whose actions kept U.S. forces tied down and anxious.

Hope for real action rose in mid-August when Scammon was ordered south to join Rosecrans force assembling to counter a rebel offensive in the Kanawha Valley. In this part of then Virginia, the Carnifex Ferry was a key part of the major roads in the area. This ferry operated 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Summersville. It was, for many miles, practically the only crossing along the rugged Gauley River. In 1861, it was 370 feet in width and crossed by means of two flatboats. The road from the crossing wound along the base of the cliffs on the north side. On August 12, 1861, Brig. Gen. John Buchanan Floyd, former Secretary of War, had entered Lewisburg with troops raised largely in southwestern Virginia. Advised to hold the ferry, but warned to stay on the south bank, he crossed the Gauley on Wednesday evening, August 22 and on August 26, attacked and routed Col. Erastus B. Tyler's 7th Ohio Infantry encamped at Kessler's Cross Lanes. After this battle, he returned to fortify the ferry from where he planned to move against Rosecrans by occupying Summersville, and sent Col. John McCausland, with the 36th Virginia Infantry (Second Kanawha), occupied the town of Summersville.

On Sunday, September 1, the two battalions united at Bulltown and marched to Sutton to join Rosecrans's Army of West Virginia.The 23rd Ohio was reunited and incorporated into Rosecrans's 8,000 men. Scammon took command of the 3rd Brigade brigade composed of the 23rd and 30th Ohio regiments. Due to Matthews' absence, Hayes took command of the regiment.

Leaving a garrison of around 3,000 men at Sutton, the following Saturday, September 7, the army moved south towards Summersville. Rosecrans' expedition moved out of Sutton with a squadron of cavalry in front followed by pioneers. Next in the van was Benham's 1st Brigade followed by McCook's 2nd Brigade. The 3rd Brigade was the last combat unit in the column. Per Rosecrans' direction, Scammon had detailed six companies of the 30th Ohio to guard the a wagon train that trailed out for five miles. After a hard slog, Rosecrans had his men stop at Birch River Sunday evening where he received intelligence that Floyd was at the ferry.Late Monday morning, September 9, the march resumed and that night halted 8 miles (13 km) from Summersville, on Muddlety Creek, on the site of a former Confederate outpost.

As the 23rd Ohio and the Army of West Virginia approached, McCausland, recognizing he was isolated and outnumbered, had withdrawn to rejoin Floyd at the ferry on Sunday. Floyd now had about 2000 men in fortifications as the U.S. force of 5,000 approached. Scouts reported back to Rosecrans that the rebels were still at the ferry.

At 4:00 am, on Tuesday, Rosecrans moved forward. The advance guard reached Summersville about 8:45 am. Near McKee's Creek Crossing was a road that led to Hughes Ferry on Gauley River, at the mouth of Salmon Run. McCook, with a cavalry escort, rode down to the river and was fired upon by a Confederate detachment. Four companies of the 10th Ohio then came to the rescue, and the ferry boat was secured and the march resumed. The road then led southwest to Kessler's Cross Lanes where Rosecrans paused 1 mile (1.6 km) from the crossroad for a short rest of short duration. He then sent Benham's 1st Brigade down the road leading from Cross Lanes to the ferry in line of battle, cautioning him not to bring on an engagement as while Floyd's general location was known, the disposition of his troops was not.

Meanwhile, Rosecrans climbed a steep hill to the right of the road, and with his field glass looked ahead of him. Far in front stood the 1st Brigade in line of battle, facing the river. The 2nd Brigade was on a slope to the left, and on the right, a little higher up, was the 3rd Brigade, containing the 23rd Ohio, in reserve facing the direction of the ferry.. He could see the heights beyond the Gauley River. As Benham advanced, his men made contact with a rebel detachment of the 50th Virginia Infantry camped along the road. The Confederates retired to the main camp, while Rosecrans, in ignorance of the true situation, ordered Benham to send the 10th Ohio's four companies, which were 1 mile (1.6 km)ahead of the main body, down the road from Hughes Ferry, to scout the rebel position, and support Benham's advance.

Suddenly the Federal advance guard made contact with the Confederate line barely 300 yards away. With woods lining the road on both sides, except for a cornfield along one side for part of the distance, the rebels opened a heavy fire on the U.S. forces, and the battle began. The fighting at the Battle of Carnifex Ferry was a hard but relatively minor scrap. The 1st and 2nd Brigades assaulted the rebels in a series of attacks through the afternoon but could not dislodge them.

Col. Smith and his 13th Ohio had been sent down into a wooded ravine on a reconnaissance to find the rebel's right flank. After deploying in line of battle, he moved up the slope through the brush until he saw the enemy breastworks. Keeping behind the woods and the crest of a ridge in front of the rebel line, he slipped further left until his men came under fire from the end of Floyd's right flank 100 yards (91 m) away. After having his men drop flat on the ground and crawl up to the ridge's crest, his men opened a heavy fire on the enemy that drove the Confederates away. Since he had been ordered to find the right flank but not bring on an engagement, the 13th Ohio did not pursue the fleeing rebels. After receiving Smith's his findings, Rosecrans put together an ad hoc brigade to make a flank attack out of the ravine in his left. At Rosecrans' order, Scammon sent Hayes and four companies to the right of the enemy's entrenchments, taking position in the dense thicket in the ravine. There they joined the 28th Ohio, eight companies of the 13th Ohio, and two of the 12th Ohio regiments, placed under Smith's command. He was ordered to carry the works on the right by assault. Instructed to wait until dusk before launching the assault, the men waited in the woods that grew very dark quickly. The assault was bogged down by the darkness as the men struggled up the hill. After midnight, they reached the works and drove the rebels back but the sheer exhaustion of being on the go for nearly 24 hours precluded further advance past the first entrenchments. The losses from the enemy fire, and some from friendly fire in the dark, were relatively light, but Hayes and his companies received their baptism of serious combat.

Initially uninvolved in the fighting, at 4:00 pm, Rosecrans ordered Scammon to form his brigade in line of battle on a hill fronting the rebels'right. It was formed in two lines, the 23rd Ohio in front, and six companies of the 30th Ohio, in rear. Scammon placed Mack's Battery E, 4th U.S. Artillery of howitzers a little in advance of the infantry. At dusk, the 23rd was sent forward closer to the enemy works and to await further direction. An hour later, it was ordered back to its original position.

Although his men still held the north bank of the ferry, Floyd realized the folly of his crossing and his force was outnumbered. He decided to abandon his position and retreat across the Gauley River during the night. Heavy rains made the pursuit of the Rebels almost impossible, but it was still done capturing many prisoners. Rosecrans' chase continued to the rebels' new entrenchments at the foot of B Sewell Mountain.

After remaining there a few days, the U.S. forces fell back to Camp Ewin on New River, a very unhealthy camp, where disease rapidly thinned the ranks. The regiment continued operations in Kanawha Valley and New River Region through October into November. On October 23, Mathews was made Colonel of the 51st Ohio, turning command over to Hayes. As Hayes was promptly promoted to succeed him and, with Scammon remining brigade commander, found himself de facto commander of the regiment, a development that met with wide approval.

There was, however, no doubt some disappointment among the senior captains already with the regiment when Ohio Governor William Dennison dispatched Maj. James M. Comly to western Virginia to take Hayes' place. Meanwhile, the Confederates had sent Lee to counter the U.S. forces in the region, however, due to the weather and terrain he failed and by mid-November, through maneuver, Rosecrans' managed to force Floyd out of the Kanawha Valley. Shortly thereafter, as snow began to blanket the mountains, the regiment moved to Fayetteville, where it went into winter quarters at Fayette Court House in November. The winter of 1861 was devoted to recruiting, drilling, and discipline. Companies F and G detached under Major Comly, and on December 31, occupied Raleigh Court House without opposition. Over 300 stands of arms, 27 prisoners, and supplies were captured.

1862: Operations in the Kanawha

Companies A and D were added to Colmly's detachment in the new year. On Monday, February 10, Comly marched his four companies 28 miles (45 km) from Raleigh to the mouth of Blue Stone River, through a snowstorm, driving a rebel infantry regiment and a small force of cavalry across the river. Inflicting a considerable loss on this force. The 23rd Ohio captured the rebels' camps, tents, and forage. Rosecrans commended the force in general orders, for its bravery and efficiency.

The 23rd Ohio would finally turn in their flint-lock smoothbores for new percussion rifles in the new year, but they realized they were away from the main the war effort. Instead, Hayes and his men continued to engage in occupation duties in western Virginia as part of the 1st Brigade of Brig. Gen. Cox's Kanawha Division. They hunted whenever game was plentiful, drilled, patrolled, and entertained themselves.

On April 17, 1862, a Thursday, the reunited regiment received orders to leave winter quarters and go into the field. The 23rd Ohio, on April 22, moved in the direction of Princeton, under command of Lt. Col. Hayes. Leading the federal advance, they reached Princeton Thursday, May 1. The Confederate forces began leaving the town on the Federals' approach and set fire to the town. From the next week, nothing but foraging and skirmishing occurred.

On Thursday morning, May 8, four rebel infantry regiments and six pieces of artillery, under Brig. Gen. Heth attacked the 23rd Ohio at Princeton. Only nine companies were present and three small companies of cavalry. Despite two of the cavalry companies retreating after first contact, the regiment held firm until overwhelmed and forced make an orderly, fighting retreat. The 23rd Ohio fell back to the east, being pursued by the enemy to the narrows of New River.

The enemy's actions isolated the 23rd but reinforcements soon arrived at Princeton, and the regiment returned to its garrison there. Federal authorities decided to pull the command back to Flat Top Mountain. On Sunday, May 18, after destroying tents, camp, and garrison equipage, the regiment left Princeton and returned to Flat Top Mountain, after having endured excessive hardships and food shortages.

The regiment remained at Flat Top Mountain until Sunday, July 13, when it was ordered northeast to Green Meadows, 7 miles (11 km) from Pack's Ferry, on New River. A month later, Friday, August 15, the regiment was ordered to march, with all possible dispatch, to Camp Platt, on the Kanawha River, where the regiment arrived on Monday morning, and embarked on river transports, having marched 104 miles (167 km) in a little more than three days. Traveling on the river to Parkersburg, the 23rd Ohio entrained for Washington, DC, arriving on Sunday, August 24.

With the Army of the Potomac, at South Mountain and Antietam

Further information: Maryland campaign, Battle of South Mountain, and Battle of Antietam

Maj. Gen. McClellan's Army of the Potomac (AoP), bolstered by units absorbed from John Pope's Army of Virginia, included six infantry corps, about 102,000 men. The 23rd Ohio joined the AoP in Washington. The regiment was brigaded along with other troops from the Kanawha in the 1st Brigade of the of 4th Division (aka Kanawha Division) of Maj. Gen. Burnside's IX Corps. Col. Scammon being the senior colonel took command of the 1st Brigade and the 39-year-old Hayes assumed command of the regiment.

McClellan's AoP left Washington starting on September 7 with his 87,000-man army in a slow pursuit. Naturally cautious, he assumed he would be facing over 120,000 Confederates, and as a result, argued with Washington that the forces defending the capital report to himThe Kanawha Division had joined an AoP with low morale after its defeats on the Peninsula and at Second Bull Run, but upon moving northwest into Maryland, the morale rose due to the "friendly, almost tumultuous welcome" that they received from the citizens of the state.

From Washington, the 23rd Ohio marched with IX Corps Ridgeville, MD where it met the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. It then moved west to Frederick, MD, driving Maj. Gen. D. H. Hill's forces west out of the city with slight loss on both sides. On Saturday, September 13, the 23rd Ohio and its division reached Middletown.

On Sunday, McClellan temporarily organized his army into three wings for the attacks on the passes at South Mountain. Burnside, as the Right Wing, now commanded Hooker's I and IX Corps, now commanded by Reno). The Right Wing was sent to Turner's Gap and Fox's Gap in the north. The Left Wing, commanded by Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin, was sent to Crampton's Gap in the south. The Center Wing, under Maj. Gen. Edwin Vose Sumner, was in reserve. The 23rd Ohio in the Kanawha Division would be attacking Fox's Gap.

During the Battle of South Mountain, the 23rd Ohio was the first infantry regiment in the advance of the column on that day. Ordered early on Sunday to advance for a flank attack on the rebel left by an unfrequented road leading up the mountain just south of the main road, the 350 men in the regiment attacked the rebels, D.H. Hill's men, in Fox's Gap. Posted behind stone walls in greater numbers, poured a destructive fire of musketry, grape, and canister into the regiment at close range. Very quickly, Hayes and several command elements were badly wounded (Hayes's arm broken), and over 100 dead and wounded lay on the mountain slope. Maj. Comly assumed command when the enemy suddenly opened fire from the left, forcing the regiment to change front. Soon after, the remainder of the brigade came up, and the 23rd Ohio charged with them up the hill dislodging the enemy and driving them into the woods beyond leaving a large number of their men killed by bayonet. During the remainder of the day the regiment fought with its division. Cox pushed the Kanawha through the rebels positions, the 23rd Ohio participating in three bayonet charges that day, and drove the Confederates with heavy loss but failed to capitalize on his gains as his men were exhausted. This pause allowed Confederate reinforcements to deploy in the gap around the Daniel Wise farm. Reno sent forward the rest of his corps, but due to the arrival of rebel reinforcements under Hood, he failed to dislodge the defenders.

Within a week, the regiment fought at Antietam in the fields southeast of Sharpsburg, Maryland, before returning to duty in West Virginia. It was again heavily engaged in Philip Sheridan's 1864 Valley Campaign. The regiment mustered out in July 1865.

The regiment lost 5 officers and 154 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded, and 1 officer and 130 enlisted men by disease (total 290 out of 2230 who were members of the regiment at various times).

Affiliations, battle honors, detailed service, and casualties

Organizational affiliation

Attached to:

  • Attached to Cox's Kanawha Brigade, WV, to September 1861
  • Scammon's Brigade, District of the Kanawha, WV, to October 1861
  • 3rd Brigade, Kanawha Division, to March 1862
  • 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division, Department of the Mountains, to September 1862
  • 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac (AoP), to October 1862
  • 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division, District of West Virginia, Department of the Ohio, to March 1863
  • 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to June 1863
  • 1st Brigade, Scammon's Division, Department of West Virginia (DoWV), to December 1863
  • 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, DoWV, to April 1864
  • 1st Brigade, 2nd Infantry, Division West Virginia, to January 1865
  • 1st Brigade, 1st Infantry, Division West Virginia, to April 1865
  • 4th Provisional Division West Virginia to July 1865

List of battles

The official list of battles in which the regiment bore a part:

Detailed service

The 23rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry's detailed service is as follows:

1861

  • Organized at Camp Chase, Columbus, OH, and mustered in June 11, 1861
  • Left State for Benwood, WV, July 25
  • Moved to Weston July 28
  • Duty at Weston, Suttonville, Summerville and Glenville till September
  • Action at Cross Lanes, WV, August 26, 1861
  • Action at Carnifex Ferry September 10
  • Moved to Little Sewell Mountain September 15
  • Retreat to New River October
  • Operations in Kanawha Valley and New River Region October 19-November 16
  • Cotton Mountain November 11-12
  • At Fayette Court House till April, 1862
  • Occupation of Raleigh Court House December 28, 1861, to April, 1862 (Cos. "A", "B," "F," "G").

1862

  • Action at mouth of Blue Stone February 8
  • Advance on Princeton April 23-May 1
  • Camp Creek May 1 (Co. "C"). Princeton May 5
  • Giles Court House May 7-10
  • Flat Top Mountain July 4
  • Pack's Ferry, New River, August 6
  • Movement to Washington, DC, August 15-24
  • Maryland Campaign September 6-22
  • Battle of South Mountain September 14
  • Battle Antietam September 16-17
  • Moved to Chambersburg October 8
  • Expedition after Stuart October 13-14
  • Moved to Clarksburg, Suttonville, Summerville, Gauley Bridge and Kanawha Falls, October 26-November 14
  • Duty at Falls of the Great Kanawha November 18, 1862, to March 15, 1863, and at Charleston till July

1863

  • Expedition to Piney in pursuit of Loring July 5-14
  • Thence moved in pursuit of Morgan July 2-26
  • Action at Pomeroy, Ohio, July 18
  • Little Hocking River July 19
  • Return to Charleston, WV, and duty there till April 1864
  • Morris Mills July 31, 1863
  • Expedition to Wayne Court House November 24-28, 1863

1864

  • Crook's Raid on Virginia & Tennessee Railroad May 2-19
  • Battle of Cloyd's Mountain May 9
  • New River Bridge and Doublin Depot May 10
  • Meadow Bluff May 24
  • Hunter's Raid to Lynchburg May 26-July 1
  • Covington June 2
  • Piedmont June 5
  • Buffalo Gap June 6
  • Lexington June 11-12
  • Diamond Hill June 17
  • Lynchburg June 17-18
  • Buford's Gap June 19
  • About Salem June 21
  • Moved to Shenandoah Valley July 12-15
  • Battle of Winchester July 24
  • Martinsburg July 25
  • Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28
  • Strasburg and Fisher's Hill August 15
  • Summit Point August 24
  • Halltown August 26
  • Berryville September 3
  • Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19
  • Fisher's Hill September 22
  • Battle of Cedar Creek October 19
  • Duty at Kernstown till December 20
  • Kablestown November 20 and 30
  • Moved to Stephenson's Depot December 20
  • Thence to Martinsburg, WV, December 29

1865

  • To Cumberland, MD, January 1, 1865
  • Duty at Cumberland till July
  • Mustered out July 26, 1865.

Casualties and losses

Regiment lost during service 5 Officers and 154 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 1 Officer and 130 Enlisted men by disease. Total 290.

Notable members

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. Four companies of the 30th Ohio had remained in Suttton as the depot garrison.
  2. Rosecrans had left for a more prestigious command in the West early in the year.
  3. The 23rd Ohio was in the brigade with the 12th and 30th Ohio Infantry regiments, the Ohio Light Artillery, 1st Battery, and Gilmore's and Harrison's Companies, West Virginia Cavalry.
  4. As McPherson and other historians have noted, this was a contrast to the reception of the Confederate invasion which was lukewarm at best and hostile at most, despite the state being a slave state.
  5. This consisted of his Franklin's own VI Corps and Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch's division of the IV Corps.
  6. This was Sumner's II Corps and Mansfield's XII Corps.
  7. Hayes soon returned with his wound half dressed, and after arguing with his staff relented and departed to have his wound dressed.

Citations

  1. Kimberly (1904), p. 66.
  2. ^ Rafuse (2011), p. 3.
  3. ^ Reid (1868), p. 160.
  4. ^ Ohio Roster Commission (1887), p. 71.
  5. Dyer (1908), p. 1507; Federal Publishing Company (1908), pp. 375; Reid (1868), pp. 160.
  6. ^ Kimberly (1904), p. 67.
  7. ^ Rafuse (2011), p. 3; Reid (1868), p. 160.
  8. Rafuse (2011), pp. 2–3.
  9. Kimberly (1904), p. 67; Reid (1868), p. 160.
  10. ^ Cook (1931), p. 1.
  11. Upton & Cutler (1910), p. 805.
  12. NPS, Kessler's Cross Lanes (2007).
  13. ^ Cook (1931), p. 1; Rafuse (2011), p. 3.
  14. ^ Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 116; Reid (1868), p. 160.
  15. U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 5, p. 129, - Reports of Brig. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, U.S. Army, commanding Army of Occupation, West Virginia, September 11 and 21, 1861, pp.128-132
  16. ^ U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 5, p. 586, - Special Orders No. 89 Army of Occupation, West Virginia, September 6, 1861, p.586
  17. ^ Reid (1868), p. 161.
  18. Dyer (1908), p. 1507; Federal Publishing Company (1908), p. 375; Ohio Roster Commission (1887), p. 69; Reid (1868), p. 160.
  19. ^ NPS 23rd Regiment, Ohio Infantry (2007).
  20. ^ CAC-BGSU, 23rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (2011).
  21. ^ NPS, Carnifex Ferry (2007).
  22. ^ Rafuse (2011), p. 4.
  23. U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 5, p. 139 - Report of Col. William S. Smith, Thirteenth Ohio Infantry, September 13, 1861, pp.139-140
  24. U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 5, p. 139, - Report of Col. William S. Smith, Thirteenth Ohio Infantry, September 13, 1861, pp.139-141
  25. ^ U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 5, p. 145, - Report of Col. Eliakim P. Scammon, Twenty-Third Ohio Infantry, commanding Third Brigade, September 13, 1861, p.145
  26. U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 5, p. 140, - Report of Col. William S. Smith, Thirteenth Ohio Infantry, September 13, 1861, pp.139-141
  27. ^ Rafuse (2011), p. 5.
  28. McPherson (1988), pp. 302–303.
  29. ^ Dyer (1908), p. 1507.
  30. Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 338.
  31. U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 19/1, p. 178, - Organization of the Army of the Potomac, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, U. 8. Army, commanding, September 14-17, 1862, pp.169-180.
  32. ^ Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 339.
  33. Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 116; Esposito (1959), p. 65.
  34. McPherson (2002), pp. 104–105.
  35. McPherson (2002), p. 105.
  36. Esposito (1959), p. 65.
  37. U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 19/1, pp. 174, 176–177, - Organization of the Army of the Potomac, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, U. 8. Army, commanding, September 14-17, 1862, pp.169-180.
  38. U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 19/1, pp. 172–174, 176–177, - Organization of the Army of the Potomac, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, U. 8. Army, commanding, September 14-17, 1862, pp.169-180.
  39. Kimberly (1904), p. 67; Ohio Roster Commission (1887), p. 71; Reid (1868), p. 161.
  40. Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001), p. 340.
  41. Dyer (1908), p. 1507; Federal Publishing Company (1908), pp. 375–376; Reid (1868), pp. 158–169.
  42. Dyer (1908), p. 1507; Federal Publishing Company (1908), pp. 375–376; Ohio Roster Commission (1887), p. 69; Reid (1868), pp. 158–169.
  43. Cozzens (1997), pp. 60–73; Johnston (1957), pp. 307–330; Whisonant (1997), pp. 29–39; Whisonant (2015).

Sources

Further reading

  • A Night March After a Union Man: Leaves From the Diary of a Member of Company A, Twenty-third Regiment, Ohio Volunteers. by a Member of Company A. 4 pgs. NP. 186? Call# Hayes GNR E525.4 .D5. Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center Library and Archives. Spiegel Grove. Fremont. Ohio. 43420. Phone: 419-332-2081
  • The Rudulph Collection of Civil War Letters. by Private James K. Rudulph. Co.A 23rd OVI. 1862-1864. 12 letters. Edited by Dan R. Brook. West Virginia History. Vol. 50. 1991. Archives and History section of the West Virginia Division of Culture and History.
  • Annual Reunion of the 23d Ohio Volunteer Infantry, at Willoughby, Ohio, September 17, 1878. Anniversary of the Battle of Antietam. Address of Comrade J. C. Cowin. J.C. Cowin. 20 pgs. NP. 1878
  • Remarks of Gen. Rutherford B. Hayes, at the Annual Reunion of the Twenty-third Regiment, Ohio Vet. Vol. Inf., at Youngstown, Ohio, September 17, 1879. Rutherford B. Hayes. 11 pgs. NP. 1879. NHi
  • Remarks of General Rutherford B. Hayes at the Reunion of the 23rd Ohio Veterans, Canton Ohio, September 1, 1880. Rutherford B. Hayes. 4 pgs. NP. 1880. Ohio Historical Society. Columbus. Ohio
  • Annual Re-union of the 23d Regimental Band, with 23rd Ohio Regiment, V.V.I., 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Department of West Virginia. NA. NP. 1887? Call# E525.5 23rd .O4. Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center Library and Archives. Spiegel Grove. Fremont. Ohio. 43420. Phone: 419-332-2081
  • From Camp White to Camp Crook. The Campaign of the 23rd Ohio in the Hunter Raid. Paper Read by Gen. R.B. Hayes at a Reunion of the 23rd Ohio. pgs. 274-277. December 17 1887. The Ohio Soldier and National Picket Guard. Chillicothe. Ohio
  • The Battle of Clark's Hollow W.Va. May 1st, 1862. by Capt. F.M. Kelley Co. C. 23rd Ohio Volunteer Inf. Sgt. Co. C at the time. Pgs. 602-604. May 5 1888. The Ohio Soldier and National Picket Guard. Chillicothe. Ohio
  • "The Dublin Raid." Campaigning with Gen. Geo. Crook in 1864. by Edwin C. Arthur. Co G. 23rd O.V.V.I. The Ohio Soldier and National Picket Guard. Chillicothe. Ohio. Pgs 321-323. January 5 1889; Pgs 337-339. January 19 1889; Pgs 353-355. February 2 1889; Pgs 370-372. February 16 1889; Pgs 386-387. March 2 1889; Pg 402. March 16 1889; Pgs 418-419. March 30 1889; Pgs 433-436. April 13 1889. Thanks to Larry Strayer for this source.
  • In Memoriam James M. Comly. James M. Comly 23rd OVI. 81 pgs. NP. Columbus? 1890? Library of Congress. Washington DC
  • Roster of the Surviving Members of the Twenty-third Regiment O.V.V.I., August, 1896. NA. 14 pgs. Mount & Co. Printers. Cleveland. Ohio. 1896. Call# General 973.7471 J23r. Ohio Historical Society. Columbus. Ohio
  • Incidents at the Battle of Cedar Creek. Rutherford B. Hayes. Found in: Sketches of War History. 1861-1865. Papers prepared for the Ohio Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. 1890-1896. Editor: W.H. Chamberlin. Published by the Commandery. p. 235-245. Volume IV. The Robert Clark Co. Cincinnati. 1896
  • President McKinley's Visit to Fremont, Ohio, Reunion of the 23rd O.V.V., The Regiment of Two Preidents. H.K. Watkins. 32 pgs. Toledo Critic. Vol. VIII. No. 8. Saturday, August 28, 1897. Reunion Souvenir Number. Ohio Historical Society. Columbus. Ohio

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