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Bovine respiratory syncytial virus

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Respiratory virus of cattle
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Monjiviricetes
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Pneumoviridae
Genus: Orthopneumovirus
Virus: Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
BRSV diagram

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is pneumovirus closely related to human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) that is a common cause of respiratory disease in cattle, particularly calves. It is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm of the cell. Similarly to other single-stranded RNA viruses, the genome of BRSV has a high mutation rate, which results in great antigenetic variation. Thus, BRSV can be split into four different subgroups based on antigen expression (A, B, AB, and intermediate).

Causes

In around 90% of cases, infection with BRSV results in secondary bacterial pneumonia due to interference with the host's immune system and enhancement of bacterial adherence and colonisation by the virus. Pasteurella multocida, a common commensal of the nasopharynx of cattle, appears to be the main bacterial agent in BRSV-related bovine respiratory disease (BRD).

Treatment

Similarly to other viral infections, treatment of BRSV is typically supportive. Anti-inflammatory drugs may be required to reduce fever and inflammation, which may increase the affected animal's food and water intake. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are preferred to corticosteroids due to the latter's immunosuppressive effects. In the case of a secondary bacterial infection, antimicrobials may be given. While commercial BRSV vaccines are available, appropriate biosecurity measures and animal husbandry may be sufficient to prevent spread of disease.

References

  1. ^ Larsen, L. E. (2000-03-01). "Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV): A review". Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 41 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1186/BF03549652. ISSN 1751-0147. PMC 7996406. PMID 10920473.
  2. ^ Makoschey, Birgit; Berge, Anna Catharina (2021-07-31). "Review on bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza – usual suspects in bovine respiratory disease – a narrative review". BMC Veterinary Research. 17 (1): 261. doi:10.1186/s12917-021-02935-5. ISSN 1746-6148. PMC 8325295. PMID 34332574.
  3. Sudaryatma, Putu Eka; Nakamura, Kimika; Mekata, Hirohisa; Sekiguchi, Satoshi; Kubo, Meiko; Kobayashi, Ikuo; Subangkit, Mawar; Goto, Yoshitaka; Okabayashi, Tamaki (2018-07-01). "Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection enhances Pasteurella multocida adherence on respiratory epithelial cells". Veterinary Microbiology. 220: 33–38. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.031. ISSN 0378-1135. PMC 7117154. PMID 29885798.
  4. Valarcher, Jean François; Hägglund, Sara; Näslund, Katarina; Jouneau, Luc; Malmström, Ester; Boulesteix, Olivier; Pinard, Anne; Leguéré, Dany; Deslis, Alain; Gauthier, David; Dubuquoy, Catherine; Pietralunga, Vincent; Rémot, Aude; Falk, Alexander; Shevchenko, Ganna (March 2021). "Single-Shot Vaccines against Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV): Comparative Evaluation of Long-Term Protection after Immunization in the Presence of BRSV-Specific Maternal Antibodies". Vaccines. 9 (3): 236. doi:10.3390/vaccines9030236. ISSN 2076-393X. PMC 8001206. PMID 33803302.
Taxon identifiers
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
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