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| The '''Coca-Cola formula''' is ]'s secret recipe for ] syrup that bottlers combine with carbonated water to create its line of cola soft drinks. As a ], ], and ] protection strategy started by ], the company presents the formula as a closely held ] known only to a few employees. | |||
| == Ingredients == | |||
| The primary ingredients of Coca-Cola syrup include either ] or ] derived from ], ], ], ], ], ] extract, ], and ]{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}. High fructose corn syrup or sucrose are overwhelmingly the major added ingredients: one 600 ml bottle of Coca Cola contains the approximate equivalent of 15 teaspoons of sugar.<ref name=bodyandsoul>{{cite web |last=Costa Bir |first=Lisa |url=http://www.bodyandsoul.com.au/food+diet/diets/hidden+sugar,13267 |title=Hidden Sugar |work=Body+Soul |publisher=NewsLifeMedia Pty Ltd |accessdate=2013-04-04}}</ref> However, contrary to what is implied by the "cola" name, Coca-Cola syrup does not contain any ] extract.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=D'Amato |first1=Alfonsina |last2=Fasoli |first2=Elisa |last3=Kravchuk |first3=Alexander V. |last4=Righetti |first4=Pier Giorgio |date=2011-04-01 |title=Going Nuts for Nuts? The Trace Proteome of a Cola Drink, as Detected via Combinatorial Peptide Ligand Libraries |journal=Journal of Proteome Research |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=2684–2686 |publisher=American Chemical Society |doi=10.1021/pr2001447 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/pr2001447 |accessdate=2012-10-24}}</ref> Since no kola extracts are present in the recipe, the primary taste of Coca-Cola comes from ] and ] with trace amounts of ], ] and ] and spices such as ].<ref name=poundstone>{{cite book |last=Poundstone |first= William |title=Big Secrets |publisher=William Morrow and Company |year=1983| isbn=0-688-04830-7}}</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| Coca-Cola was originally one of hundreds of ]-based drinks that claimed medicinal properties and benefits to health; early marketing claimed that Coca-Cola alleviated headaches and acted as a "brain and nerve tonic".<ref name=rielly>{{cite book |last=Rielly |first=Edward J. |title=Baseball and American Culture: Across the Diamond |publisher=Routledge |date=2003-08-07 |page=133 |isbn= 978-0-7890-1485-6}}</ref><ref name="Boville Luca de Tena"/> Coca leaves were used in Coca-Cola's preparation and the small amount of ] present in the product gave the drinker a "buzz".<ref name="Boville Luca de Tena">{{cite book |title=The Cocaine War: In Context: Drugs and Politics |last=Boville Luca de Tena |first=Belén |publisher= Algora Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-87586-294-1 |pages=61–62 |url=http://books.google.es/books?id=QVrszTTSqasC&pg=PA61&dq=coca-cola+trace+cocaine&hl=ca&sa=X&ei=pyNCT96FEYaJhQeliNG2BQ&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=coca-cola%20trace%20cocaine&f=false}}</ref> In 1903 Coca-Cola removed cocaine from the formula, substituting caffeine as the stimulating ingredient, while dropping all the product's medicinal claims.<ref name=rielly/><ref name="Boville Luca de Tena"/><ref name=hamowy>{{cite book |title= Government and public health in America|first=Ronald |last=Hamowy |edition= illustrated |publisher= Edward Elgar Publishing |year= 2007| isbn= 978-1-84542-911-9 |pages= 140–141 |url= http://books.google.es/books?id=TSn0SVM3GRcC&pg=PA250&dq=United+States+v.+Forty+Barrels+and+Twenty+Kegs+of+Coca-Cola,&hl=es&sa=X&ei=5hFCT_r3MtKZhQflnJXRBQ&ved=0CFwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=143&f=false }}</ref> In response to increasing pressure from the United States ], which was carrying on a campaign against harmful food ingredients and misleading claims, Coca-Cola replaced unprocessed coca leaves with "spent" coca leaves, which flavored the product without providing any drug effect. It is believed that coca leaves are imported from Peru, then treated by US chemical company ], which then sells the de-cocainized residue to Coca-Cola.<ref name=benson>{{cite news |last=Benson |first=Drew |title=Coca kick in drinks spurs export fears |newspaper=The Washington Times |publisher=The Washington Times, LLC |date=2004-04-19 |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/world/20040419-093635-4754r.htm |quote= Coke dropped cocaine from its recipe around 1900, but the secret formula still calls for a cocaine-free coca extract produced at a Stepan Co. factory in Maywood, New Jersey.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= The White Labyrinth: Cocaine and Political Power. A Foreign Policy Research Institute book |last=Lee |first=Rensselaer W. III |edition= reprinted |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1991 |isbn=9781560005650 |pages=24–25 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=YmBkPjS53V0C}}</ref> The ] declines to comment upon whether or not Coca-Cola contains spent ] leaves, deferring to the secret nature of the formula.<ref name=langman>{{cite web |last=Langman |first=Jimmy |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/45077 |title=Just Say Coca |work=Newsweek via MSNBC.com |date=2006-10-30 |accessdate=2007-05-05 }}</ref><ref name=ceaser>{{cite news |last=Ceaser |first=Mike |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4623350.stm |title=Colombian farmers launch Coke rivals |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=2009-04-27 |date=2006-02-01}}</ref> Since 1929, the beverage has contained only trace amounts of cocaine ]s, which do not have any drug effect.<ref name=rielly/> | |||
| In 1911 the United States sued the Coca-Cola Company, citing the Pure Food and Drugs Act, in an attempt to force the Coca-Cola Company to remove caffeine from Coca-Cola syrup, claiming that caffeine was harmful to health.<ref name=apa>{{cite journal |last=Benjamin |first=Ludy T. |year=2009 |month=02 |title=Pop psychology: The man who saved Coca-Cola |journal=Monitor on Psychology |volume=40 |issue=2 |page=18 |publisher=American Psychological Association |accessdate=2012-10-24 |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/02/coca-cola.aspx}}</ref> The United States lost the case, but the decision was partly reversed in a 1916 appeal to the United States Supreme Court.<ref name=hamowy/><ref name=scotus>{{cite court |litigants=United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca Cola, the Coca Cola Company of Atlanta, Georgia |vol=241 |reporter=U.S. |opinion=265 |court=U.S. |date=1916-05-22 |url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=241&invol=265 |accessdate=2012-10-24 |quote=The judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded for furthere proceedings in conformity with this opinion.}}</ref> To avoid further litigation, the Coca-Cola Company settled, paying all legal costs and agreeing to reduce the amount of caffeine in its product.<ref name=apa/> Congress passed laws requiring caffeine to be listed on the product's ingredients label.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}} | |||
| ==Formula variations in the United States== | |||
| In the United States, Coca-Cola primarily uses ] as a sweetener, having replaced sucrose from sugar cane in the 1980s.<ref name=huff>{{cite web| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/07/coca-cola-taste-test_n_1324282.html| author= |title=Coca-Cola Taste Test: High Fructose Corn Syrup vs. Sugar |publisher=Huffpost| date=2013-04-15| accessdate=2013-05-14}}</ref> Coca-Cola made with cane sugar (sucrose) or a syrup-sucrose mixture is available in certain markets in 2-liter bottles in the weeks leading up to Passover and is available in most markets year round in 12-ounce glass bottles imported from Mexico. | |||
| === Passover === | |||
| Coca-Cola, in its typical formulation, was first certified Kosher in 1935 by rabbi ] when vegetable ] replaced ]-derived ]. However, because Coca-Cola sold in the United States is typically sweetened using high-fructose corn syrup, a legume product by the definitions of Jewish kosher law, Jews of European ancestry cannot drink it during Passover, owing to their tradition of abstaining from legumes as well as from grain during the festival. Therefore, while Jews of Sephardic ancestry can drink it, Coca-Cola sweetened with corn syrup is not labelled ] in order to avoid confusion. In the weeks leading up to Passover, United States bottlers in certain markets with a substantial Jewish population substitute cane sugar for high-fructose corn syrup in order to obtain Kosher for Passover certification.<ref name=jfna>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=80335 |title=Beyond Seltzer Water: The Kashering of Coca-Cola |last=Feldberg |first=Michael |work=jewishfederations.org |publisher=The Jewish Federations of North America, Inc |accessdate=2012-10-24}}</ref> | |||
| In most markets where Coca-Cola produced for ] is sold, it is offered in 2-liter bottles with a yellow cap displaying the ] certification. In the greater Chicago, Illinois area, the local bottler offers 2-liter bottles with a white cap displaying the ] certification. | |||
| === "New Coke" === | |||
| {{Main|New Coke}} | |||
| In April 1985 the company briefly replaced the familiar Coca-Cola formula with one called "the new taste of Coke". This new formulation was not well received and after a few years was withdrawn from the market, replaced with a slight variation of the old recipe (the primary difference was that cane sugar was replaced with ]), briefly identified as "Classic Coke" before returning to its identity as simply "Coke". | |||
| === Mexican Coke === | |||
| {{Main|Mexican Coke}} | |||
| In the ], certain retailers created a demand for cane sugar sweetened Coca-Cola produced in Mexico.<ref name=cr>{{cite web |url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine-archive/june-2009/food/coke-vs-coke/overview/coke-vs-coke-ov.htm?loginMethod=auto©rightYear=2012 |title=Coke vs. Coke: A tale of 2 sweeteners |year=2009 |month=06 |publisher=Consumers Union |work=consumerreports.org}}</ref> U.S. retailers obtained the Mexican produced product outside the official Coca-Cola distribution network and the imported product was not labelled in accordance with U.S. food labeling laws. Noticing the success of this product in local groceries and large chains such as ], the Coca-Cola Company began officially importing Coca-Cola produced in Mexico with proper labeling for distribution through official channels.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/11/magazine/11fob-consumed-t.html?_r=1 |title=Cult Classic |last=Walker |first=Rob |work=nytimes.com |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=2009-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=October 7, 2010 |url=http://consumerist.com/2010/10/coca-cola-we-dont-need-to-make-a-cane-sugar-version-because-you-already-have-mexican-coke.html |title=Coca Cola: We Don't Need To Make A Cane Sugar Version Because You Already Have Mexican Coke – Consumerist |publisher=Consumerist.com |date=2010-10-07 |accessdate=2013-03-26}}</ref> | |||
| === Cleveland, Ohio, bottler === | |||
| The Cleveland, Ohio, bottler, which also serves a portion of Pennsylvania, never switched to high fructose corn syrup and continues to sell Coca-Cola produced with cane sugar.<ref name=cr/> | |||
| ==Purported secret recipes== | |||
| ===Pemberton recipe=== | |||
| This recipe is attributed to a diary owned by Coca-Cola inventor, ], just before his death in 1888. (U.S. measures).<ref>Mark Pendergrast, ''For God, Country and Coca-Cola'', 2nd ed. Basic Books, 2000, ISBN 978-0-465-05468-8, .</ref><ref> and (pdf), '']''. See .</ref> | |||
| * Ingredients: | |||
| ** {{convert|1|oz|0 |abbr=on}} ] citrate | |||
| ** {{convert|3|oz |abbr=on}} ] | |||
| ** {{convert|1|USoz|0 |abbr=on}} ] | |||
| ** {{convert|1|USqt|0 |abbr=on}} ] juice | |||
| ** {{convert|2.5|oz|0 |abbr=on}} "flavoring," i.e., "Merchandise 7X" <!-- The original conversion made no sense whatsoever!! --> | |||
| ** {{convert|30|lb|0 |abbr=on}} ] | |||
| ** {{convert|4|USoz|1 |abbr=on}} fluid extract of coca leaves (flavor essence of the ] leaf). | |||
| ** {{convert|2.5|USgal |abbr=on}} ] <!-- The original conversion made no sense whatsoever!! --> | |||
| ** ] sufficient to give color | |||
| *"Mix caffeine acid and lime juice in 1 quart boiling water add vanilla and flavoring when cool." | |||
| * Flavoring (Merchandise 7X): | |||
| ** 1 qrt ] <!-- Source: http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/427/original-recipe/recipe --> | |||
| ** 80 oil ] | |||
| ** 40 oil ] | |||
| ** 120 oil ] | |||
| ** 20 oil ] | |||
| ** 40 oil ] | |||
| ** 40 oil ] | |||
| *"Let stand 24 hours." | |||
| This recipe does not specify when or how the ingredients are mixed, or the flavoring oil quantity units of measure (though it implies that the "Merchandise 7X" was mixed first). This was common in recipes at the time, as it was assumed that preparers knew the method. | |||
| ===Reed recipe=== | |||
| This recipe is attributed to pharmacist John Reed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tn-roots.com/tndyer/family/reed.html |title=John Reed & the Coke Formula |publisher=tn-roots.com |accessdate=2009-11-14 }}</ref><ref>{{citation | |||
| |title=A Rich Deliciously Satisfying Collection of Breakfast Recipes | |||
| |last=Terry|first=Sue | |||
| |isbn=978-1-932586-43-5 | |||
| |publisher=My Best Book Publishing Company | |||
| |date=August 1, 2005 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| * {{convert|30|lb |abbr=on}} ] | |||
| * {{convert|2|USgal |abbr=on}} ] | |||
| * {{convert|1|USqt |abbr=on}} ] juice | |||
| * {{convert|4|oz |abbr=on}} citrate of ] | |||
| * {{convert|2|oz |abbr=on}} ] | |||
| * {{convert|1|USoz |abbr=on}} ] | |||
| * {{convert|3/4|USoz|2 |abbr=on}} fluid extract of ] | |||
| * {{convert|3/4|USoz|2 |abbr=on}} fluid extract of ] <!-- Conversion OK --> | |||
| ===Merory recipe=== | |||
| Recipe is from ''Food Flavorings: Composition, Manufacture and Use''. Makes one {{convert|1|usgal}} of ]. Yield (used to flavor carbonated water at {{convert|1|USoz|abbr=on}} per bottle): 128 bottles, {{convert|6.5|USoz|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Merory|first=Joseph |title=Food Flavorings: Composition, Manufacture and Use|publisher=AVI Publishing|location=Westport, CT|year=1968 |edition=2nd}}</ref> | |||
| * Mix {{convert|5|lb|abbr=on}} of sugar with just enough water to dissolve the sugar fully. (] may be substituted for half the sugar.) | |||
| * Add {{convert|1+1/4|oz|0|abbr=on}} <!--37g--> of caramel, {{convert|1/10|oz|0|abbr=on}} <!--3.1g-->caffeine, and {{convert|2/5|oz|0|abbr=on}} <!--11g--> ]. | |||
| * Extract the ] from {{convert|5/8|drachm|1}} of coca leaf (''Truxillo'' growth of coca preferred) with ]; discard the cocaine extract. | |||
| * Soak the ] leaves and ]s (both finely powdered); {{convert|1/5|drachm|abbr=on}} <!-- we need 0.037 g of kola nuts --> in {{convert|3/4|oz|0|abbr=on}} <!-- 21 g is OK --> <!--22g--> of 20% alcohol. | |||
| * California white ] fortified to 20% strength was used as the soaking solution circa 1909, but ] may have switched to a simple water/alcohol mixture. | |||
| * After soaking, discard the coca and kola and add the liquid to the syrup. | |||
| * Add {{convert|1|oz|abbr=on}} lime juice (a former ingredient, evidently, that Coca-Cola now denies) or a substitute such as a water solution of citric acid and ] at lime-juice strength. | |||
| * Mix together | |||
| ** {{convert|1/4|drachm|2|abbr=on}} orange oil, | |||
| ** {{convert|1/10|drachm|2|abbr=on}} ] (Chinese cinnamon) oil, | |||
| ** {{convert|1/2|drachm|2|abbr=on}} lemon oil, traces of | |||
| ** {{convert|2/5|drachm|2|abbr=on}} nutmeg oil, and, if desired, traces of | |||
| ** coriander, | |||
| ** neroli, and | |||
| ** ] oils. | |||
| * Add {{convert|1/10|oz|1|abbr=on}} water to the oil mixture and let stand for twenty-four hours at about {{convert|60|°F|abbr=on}}. A cloudy layer will separate. | |||
| * Take off the clear part of the liquid only and add the syrup. | |||
| * Add {{convert|7/10|oz|0|abbr=on}} ] (from vegetable source, not hog fat, so the drink can be sold to ]s and ]s who observe their respective religion's dietary restrictions) and {{convert|3/10|drachm|2|abbr=on}} of vanilla extract. | |||
| * Add water (treated with ]) to make a gallon of syrup. | |||
| ===Beal/''This American Life'' recipe=== | |||
| On February 11, 2011, ] revealed on his ] radio show, '']'', that the secret formula to Coca-Cola had been uncovered in "Everett Beal's Recipe Book", reproduced in the February 28, 1979, issue of the '']''. The formula found basically matched the formula found in Pemberton's diary.<ref>Katie Rogers, '']'' BlogPost, February 15, 2011, retrieved February 16, 2011.</ref><ref>Brett Michael Dykes, The Lookout, ] News, February 15, 2011.</ref><ref>David W. Freeman, ] News Healthwatch blogs, February 15, 2011.</ref> The recipe revealed contains:<ref> and (pdf), '']''.</ref> | |||
| *Fluid extract of ]: 3 ]s USP | |||
| *]: 3 oz | |||
| *]: 1 oz | |||
| *]: 30 lbs | |||
| *]: 2.5 gal | |||
| *] juice: 2 pints (1 quart) | |||
| *]: 1 oz | |||
| *]: 1.5 oz or more for color | |||
| The secret 7X flavor (use 2 oz of flavor to 5 gals syrup): | |||
| *]: 8 oz <!--Source: http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/427/original-recipe/recipe--> | |||
| *]: 20 drops | |||
| *] oil: 10 drops | |||
| *] oil: 30 drops | |||
| *] oil: 5 drops | |||
| *]: 10 drops | |||
| *] oil: 10 drops | |||
| == Physical security of the secret recipe == | |||
| After Dr. ] invented ] in 1886, the formula was kept a close secret, only shared with a small group and not written down. In 1891, ] became the sole proprietor of Coca-Cola after purchasing the rights to the business. Then, in 1919, ] and a group of investors purchased the Company from Candler and his family. To finance the purchase Woodruff arranged a loan and as collateral he provided documentation of the formula by asking Candler's son to commit the formula to paper. This was placed in a vault in the Guaranty Bank in New York until the loan was repaid in 1925. At that point, Woodruff reclaimed the secret formula and returned it to Atlanta and placed it in the Trust Company Bank, now SunTrust Bank, where it remained through 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coca-Cola Moves its Secret Formula to The World of Coca-Cola|url=http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/dynamic/press_center/2011/12/coca-cola-secret-formula-moves-to-the-world-of-coca-cola.html|date=December 8, 2011|publisher=The Coca-Cola Company|accessdate=December 19, 2011}}</ref> On December 8, 2011, the Coca-Cola Company moved the secret formula to a purpose built vault in a permanent interactive exhibit at the ] in ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Coke hides its secret formula in plain sight in World of Coca-Cola move|author=Leon Stafford|url=http://www.ajc.com/business/coke-hides-its-secret-1254829.html|newspaper=]|date=December 8, 2011 |accessdate=December 19, 2011}}</ref> | |||
| == Commercial teaser == | |||
| On January 23, 2011, during an NFL commercial, Coca-Cola teased that they would share the secret formula only to flash a comical "formula" for a few frames. This required the use of a video recording device to freeze on the formula for any analysis, which ultimately proved to be a marketing ploy with no intention of sharing the full official formula. Ingredients listed in the commercial included nutmeg oil, lime juice, cocoa, vanilla, caffeine, "flavoring" and a smile. | |||
| == See also == | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * , documentary by Olivia Mokiejewski, directed by Romain Icard, shown on ] ''Infrarouge'', January 8, 2013 {{fr icon}} | |||
| {{Varieties of Coca-Cola}} | |||
| {{Coca-Cola}} | |||
| {{Colas}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Coca-Cola Formula}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| {{Link GA|es}} | |||
Revision as of 00:21, 22 May 2013
I am the man-child of Paris.