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In computational chemistry and computational physics, the embedded atom model, embedded-atom method or EAM, is an approximation describing the energy between atoms and is a type of interatomic potential. The energy is a function of a sum of functions of the separation between an atom and its neighbors. In the original model, by Murray Daw and Mike Baskes, the latter functions represent the electron density. The EAM is related to the second moment approximation to tight binding theory, also known as the Finnis-Sinclair model. These models are particularly appropriate for metallic systems. Embedded-atom methods are widely used in molecular dynamics simulations.

Model simulation

In a simulation, the potential energy of an atom, ${\displaystyle i}$, is given by

${\displaystyle E_{i}=F_{\alpha }\left(\sum _{j\neq i}\rho _{\beta }(r_{ij})\right)+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{j\neq i}\phi _{\alpha \beta }(r_{ij})}$,

where ${\displaystyle r_{ij}}$ is the distance between atoms ${\displaystyle i}$ and ${\displaystyle j}$, ${\displaystyle \phi _{\alpha \beta }}$ is a pair-wise potential function, ${\displaystyle \rho _{\beta }}$ is the contribution to the electron charge density from atom ${\displaystyle j}$ of type ${\displaystyle \beta }$ at the location of atom ${\displaystyle i}$, and ${\displaystyle F}$ is an embedding function that represents the energy required to place atom ${\displaystyle i}$ of type ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ into the electron cloud.

Since the electron cloud density is a summation over many atoms, usually limited by a cutoff radius, the EAM potential is a multibody potential. For a single element system of atoms, three scalar functions must be specified: the embedding function, a pair-wise interaction, and an electron cloud contribution function. For a binary alloy, the EAM potential requires seven functions: three pair-wise interactions (A-A, A-B, B-B), two embedding functions, and two electron cloud contribution functions. Generally these functions are provided in a tabularized format and interpolated by cubic splines.

See also

• Interatomic potential
• Lennard-Jones potential
• Bond order potential
• Force field (chemistry)

References

1. Daw, Murray S.; Mike Baskes (1984). "Embedded-atom method: Derivation and application to impurities, surfaces, and other defects in metals". Physical Review B. 29 (12). American Physical Society: 6443–6453. Bibcode:1984PhRvB..29.6443D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.29.6443.
2. Daw, Murray S.; Foiles, Stephen M.; Baskes, Michael I. (1993). "The embedded-atom method: a review of theory and applications". Mat. Sci. Eng. Rep. 9 (7–8): 251. doi:10.1016/0920-2307(93)90001-U.
3. "Pair - EAM". LAMMPS Molecular Dynamics Simulator. Retrieved 2008-10-01.

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