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Edge-localized mode

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An edge-localized mode (ELM) is a plasma instability occurring in the edge region of a tokamak plasma due to periodic relaxations of the edge transport barrier in high-confinement mode. Each ELM burst is associated with expulsion of particles and energy from the confined plasma into the scrape-off layer. This phenomenon was first observed in the ASDEX tokamak in 1981. Diamagnetic effects in the model equations expand the size of the parameter space in which solutions of repeated sawteeth can be recovered compared to a resistive MHD model. An ELM can expel up to 20 percent of the reactor's energy.

Issues

ELM is a major challenge in magnetic fusion research with tokamaks, as these instabilities can:

  • Damage wall components (in particular divertor plates) by ablating them away due to their extremely high energy transfer rate (GW/m);
  • Potentially couple or trigger other instabilities, such as the resistive wall mode (RWM) or the neoclassical tearing mode (NTM).

Prevention and control

A variety of experiments/simulations have attempted to mitigate damage from ELM. Techniques include:

  • Application of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) with in-vessel current carrying coils can eliminate or weaken ELMs.
  • Injecting pellets to increase the frequency and thereby decrease the severity of ELM bursts (ASDEX Upgrade).
  • Multiple small-scale ELMs (000s/s) in tokamaks to prevent the creation of large ones, spreading the associated heat over a larger area and interval
  • Increase the plasma density and, at high densities, adjusting the topology of the magnetic field lines confining the plasma.

History

In 2003 DIII-D began experimenting with resonant magnetic perturbations to control ELMs.

In 2006 an initiative (Project Aster) was started to simulate a full ELM cycle including its onset, the highly non-linear phase, and its decay. However, this did not constitute a “true” ELM cycle, since a true ELM cycle would require modeling the slow growth after the crash, in order to produce a second ELM.

As of late 2011, several research facilities had demonstrated active control or suppression of ELMs in tokamak plasmas. For example, the KSTAR tokamak used specific asymmetric three-dimensional magnetic field configurations to achieve this goal.

In 2015, results of the first simulation to demonstrate repeated ELM cycling was published.

In 2022, researchers began testing the small ELM hypothesis at JET to assess the utility of the technique.

See also

References

  1. F., Wagner; A.R., Field; G., Fussmann; J.V., Hofmann; M.E., Manso; O., Vollmer; José, Matias (1990). "Recent results of H-mode studies on ASDEX". 13th International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion: 277–290. hdl:10198/9098.
  2. Halpern, F D; Leblond, D; Lütjens, H; Luciani, J-F (2010-11-30). "Oscillation regimes of the internal kink mode in tokamak plasmas". Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 53 (1): 015011. doi:10.1088/0741-3335/53/1/015011. ISSN 0741-3335. S2CID 122868427.
  3. ^ Choi, Charles Q. (20 October 2022). "Controlled chaos may be the key to unlimited clean energy". Inverse. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  4. Lee, Chris (13 September 2018). "A third dimension helps Tokamak fusion reactor avoid wall-destroying instability". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
  5. Leonard, A.W. (11 September 2014). "Edge-localized modes in tokamaks". Physics of Plasmas. 21 (9): 090501. Bibcode:2014PhPl...21i0501L. doi:10.1063/1.4894742. OSTI 1352343.
  6. T.E. Evans; et al. (2008). "RMP ELM suppression in DIII-D plasmas with ITER similar shapes and collisionalities". Nucl. Fusion. 92 (48): 024002. Bibcode:2008NucFu..48b4002E. doi:10.1088/0029-5515/48/2/024002. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0026-FFB5-4. S2CID 54039023.
  7. ^ Harrer, G. F.; Faitsch, M.; Radovanovic, L.; Wolfrum, E.; Albert, C.; Cathey, A.; Cavedon, M.; Dunne, M.; Eich, T.; Fischer, R.; Griener, M.; Hoelzl, M.; Labit, B.; Meyer, H.; Aumayr, F. (2022-10-10). "Quasicontinuous Exhaust Scenario for a Fusion Reactor: The Renaissance of Small Edge Localized Modes". Physical Review Letters. 129 (16): 165001. arXiv:2110.12664. Bibcode:2022PhRvL.129p5001H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.165001. PMID 36306746. S2CID 239768831.
  8. "Fusion-reactor instabilities can be optimized by adjusting plasma density and magnetic fields". Physics World. Nov 4, 2022.
  9. T.E. Evans; et al. (2004). "Suppression of Large Edge-Localized Modes in High-Confinement DIII-D Plasmas with a Stochastic Magnetic Boundary". Physical Review Letters. 92 (23): 235003. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92w5003E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.235003. PMID 15245164.
  10. Kwon, Eunhee (2011-11-10). "KSTAR announces successful ELM suppression". Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  11. Park, Jong-Kyu; Jeon, YoungMu; In, Yongkyoon; Ahn, Joon-Wook; Nazikian, Raffi; Park, Gunyoung; Kim, Jaehyun; Lee, HyungHo; Ko, WonHa; Kim, Hyun-Seok; Logan, Nikolas C.; Wang, Zhirui; Feibush, Eliot A.; Menard, Jonathan E.; Zarnstroff, Michael C. (2018-09-10). "3D field phase-space control in tokamak plasmas". Nature Physics. 14 (12): 1223–1228. Bibcode:2018NatPh..14.1223P. doi:10.1038/s41567-018-0268-8. ISSN 1745-2473. OSTI 1485109. S2CID 125338335.
  12. Orain, François; Bécoulet, M; Morales, J; Huijsmans, G T A; Dif-Pradalier, G; Hoelzl, M; Garbet, X; Pamela, S; Nardon, E (2014-11-28). "Non-linear MHD modeling of edge localized mode cycles and mitigation by resonant magnetic perturbations" (PDF). Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 57 (1): 014020. doi:10.1088/0741-3335/57/1/014020. ISSN 0741-3335. S2CID 44243673.

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