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The Encyclopédistes (French: [ɑ̃siklɔpedist]) (also known in British English as Encyclopaedists, or in U.S. English as Encyclopedists) were members of the Société des gens de lettres, a French writers' society, who contributed to the development of the Encyclopédie from June 1751 to December 1765 under the editors Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, and only Diderot from 1765 to 1772.
History
The composition of the 17 volumes of text and 11 volumes of plates of the Encyclopédie was the work of over 150 authors belonging, in large part, to the intellectual group known as the philosophes. They promoted the advancement of science and secular thought and supported the tolerance, rationality, and open-mindedness of the Enlightenment.
More than a hundred encyclopédistes have been identified. They were not a unified group, neither in ideology nor social class. Below some of the contributors are listed in alphabetical order, by the number of articles that they wrote, and by the identifying "signature" by which their contributions were identified in the Encyclopédie.
Beyond the known collaborators – at least in name – many articles are not signed and certain authors expressed a desire to remain anonymous. Other authors, Allard or Dubuisson for example, remain a mystery to us. Moreover, the sporadic research into the quotations, borrowings, and plagiarisms in the Encyclopédie – the illustrations as well as the text – illuminate a group of "indirect" collaborators.
Among some excellent men, there were some weak, average, and absolutely bad ones. From this mixture in the publication, we find the draft of a schoolboy next to a masterpiece.
— Denis Diderot
A machine-generated and incomplete list of authors sorted by number of posts can be found at the project ARTFL. There are lists by frequency and by letter.
Contributors
Denis Diderot
Diderot had just finished the translation of A Medicinal Dictionary by Robert James when the publicist André le Breton charged him, on 16 October 1747, to resume the project of translating the English Cyclopaedia that Jean Paul de Gua de Malves could not successfully complete. Diderot undertook the history of ancient philosophy, wrote the Prospectus and the System of Human Knowledge, and, with D'Alembert, revised all the articles.
Le chevalier de Jaucourt
Louis de Jaucourt is little known in other respects but was one of the principal authors in the disciplines of economics, literature, medicine, and politics.
D'Alembert
Jean le Rond d'Alembert is the author of the Preliminary Discourse and of several articles. In 1752 d'Alembert, who was tired of the mocking, cries of indignation, and religious persecution against the Encyclopédie, retired from the encyclopedic undertaking. Subsequently, his contributions were limited to the subject of mathematics, a sensible topic in the eyes of censors.
Alphabetical
- Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d'Argenville
- Antoine-Gaspard Boucher d'Argis
- Arnulphe d'Aumont
- Jacques-Nicolas Bellin
- Jacques-François Blondel
- Claude Bourgelat
- Jean-François-Henri Collot
- Étienne Noël Damilaville
- Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton
- Denis Diderot
- César Chesneau Du Marsais
- Marc-Antoine Eidous
- Jean-Baptiste de La Chapelle
- Guillaume Le Blond
- André le Breton
- Georges-Louis Le Sage
- Antoine Louis
- Baron d'Holbach
- Louis de Jaucourt
- Jacques-Raymond Lucotte
- Philippe-Antoine Magimel
- Edmé-François Mallet
- Sara Espada Bernardos
- Paul-Jacques Malouin
- Jean-François Marmontel
- Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu
- Adrien Quiret de Margency
- Jean-Baptiste-Pierre le Romain
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches
- Pierre Tarin
- François-Vincent Toussaint
- Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune
- Urbain de Vandenesse
- Gabriel François Venel
- Suzanne Verdier
- Voltaire
- Claude Yvon
Number of articles
71,818 articles in 17 volumes:
- 37,870 – XXX (unsigned or undetermined)
- 17,288 – Louis de Jaucourt
- 5,394 – Denis Diderot
- 4,268 – Boucher d'Argis
- 1,925 – Edmé-François Mallet
- 1,309 – Jean Le Rond d'Alembert
- 994 – Jacques-Nicolas Bellin
- 720 – Guillaume Le Blond
- 707 – Gabriel François Venel
- 693 – Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton
- 541 – Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d'Argenville
- 482 – Jacques-François Blondel
- 449 – Antoine Louis
- 428 – Marc-Antoine Eidous
- 414 – Baron d'Holbach
- 388 – François-Vincent Toussaint
- 344 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- 337 – Pierre Tarin
- 227 – Claude Bourgelat
- 214 – Jean-Baptiste de La Chapelle
- 199 – Urbain de Vandenesse
- 192 – Arnulphe d'Aumont
- 129 – César Chesneau Du Marsais
- 119 – Cahusac
- 108 – Le Roy
- 107 – Landois
- 91 – Beauzée
- 78 – Paul-Jacques Malouin
- 70 – Jean-Baptiste-Pierre le Romain
- 61 – Louis-Jacques Goussier, also supervisor of the engraved plates
- 56 – Malouin
- 45 – Lenglet Du Fresnoy
- 41 – Daubenton|Diderot
- 39 – Claude Yvon
- 39 – Daubenton|Vandenesse
- 32 – Boucher d'Argis
- 26 – de La Chapelle|d'Alembert
- 26 – Voltaire
- 25 – Diderot|Mallet
- 23 – Daubenton|Jaucourt
- 22 – Daubenton, le Subdelegue
- 21 – Barths
- 20 – Mallet|Diderot
- 20 – Formey
- 20 – Daubenton|Jaucourt
- 14 – Rousseau|d'Alembert
- 14 – Beauzee
- 13 – Watelet
- 13 – Boucher d'Argis
- 12 – Douchet et Beauzee
- 12 – Daubenton|d'Argenville
- 11 – Diderot|Vandenesse
- 10 – Jacques-François de Villiers
- 10 – Marmontel
- 10 – Forbonnais
- 9 – Papillon
- 9 – Mallet|d'Alembert
- 9 – Daubenton|Daubenton, le Subdelegue
- 8 – Faiguet
- 7 – d'Argenville|Diderot
- 7 – Tarin
- 7 – Pestr
- 7 – Jaucourt
- 7 – Bellin|Bellin
- 6 – Vandenesse|Diderot
- 6 – Toussaint|Mallet
- 6 – Durival
- 6 – Beauzee et Duchet
- 5 – d'Aubenton
- 5 – d'Alembert|Diderot
- 5 – Yvon|Diderot
- 5 – Venel|Venel
- 5 – Menuret
- 5 – Mallet|Mallet
- 5 – Diderot|Daubenton
- 5 – Daubenton|d'Argenville|Vandenesse
- 5 – Daubenton|Vandenesse|Diderot
- 5 – C. D. J.|Jaucourt
- 4 – d'Alembert|Mallet
- 4 – Romilly
- 4 – Rallier
- 4 – Louis|Diderot
- 4 – Blondel|Diderot
By letter
In the Encyclopédie, the authors are identified by a letter at the end of an article.
- (A) – Boucher d'Argis
- (a) – Lenglet Du Fresnoy
- (B) – Cahusac
- (b) – Venel
- (C) – Pestré
- (c) – Daubenton, le Subdélégué
- (D) – Goussier
- (d) – d'Aumont
- (E) – de La Chapelle
- (e) – Bourgelat
- (F) – Dumarsais
- (f) – de Villiers
- (G) – Mallet
- (g) – Barthès
- (H) – Toussaint
- (h) – Morellet
- (I) – Daubenton
- (K) – d'Argenville
- (L) – Tarin
- (M) – Malouin
- (m) – Ménuret de Chambaud
- (N) – Vandenesse
- (O) – d'Alembert
- (P) – Blondel
- (Q) – Le Blond
- (R) – Landois
- (S) – Rousseau
- (T) – Le Roy
- (V) – Eidous
- (X) – Yvon
- (Y) – Louis
- (Z) – Bellin
- (*) – Diderot
- (D.J.) – de Jaucourt
- (—) – d'Holbach
- (V.D.F.) – Forbonnais
- (E.R.M.) – Douchet and Beauzée
See also
References
- "Encyclopaedists". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
- Frank A. Kafker and Serena Kafker, The Encyclopedists as Individuals: A Biographical Dictionary of the Authors of the Encyclopédie (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1988).
- Frank A. Kafker, The Encyclopedists as a Group: A Collective Biography of the Authors of the Encyclopédie (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1996).
- ^ "The ARTFL Encyclopédie – ARTFL Encyclopédie". Encyclopedie.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
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