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Forsythia europaea

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Species of flowering plant

Forsythia europaea
Conservation status

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Genus: Forsythia
Species: F. europaea
Binomial name
Forsythia europaea
Degen & Bald.

Forsythia europaea, commonly known as Albanian forsythia or European forsythia, is a species of flowering plant in the olive family, with a native range from Montenegro to northern Albania. It is the only species of Forsythia native to Europe; prior to its discovery in Albania in 1897, it was thought that all Forsythia were native to East Asia.

Description

F. europaea is a shrub, and can grow up to 10 ft (3 m) tall. Its leaves are 5–8 cm (2.0–3.1 in) in length, and are generally entire (smooth edged). It produces numerous yellow flowers, which are 1.25 in (3.2 cm) in diameter.

The shrub produces prolonged elliptical fruit capsules that grow to 5.4−6.0 mm by 1.8−2.2 mm. The fruit capsules have a fine granulate, slightly lustrous, glabrous, gold-yellow to brown appearance.

Phylogeny

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Find sources: "Forsythia europaea" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021)
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The closest relative of F. europaea is F. giraldiana, a species of Forsythia native to China.

Cultivation

F. europaea was first cultivated in 1899, at Kew Gardens in London, United Kingdom. It is not as widely cultivated as other species of Forsythia as it is not as ornamental, although it is still occasionally grown in parks and gardens.

Cultivars produced by hybridisation of F. europaea with F. ovata, a more ornamental species of Forsythia native to Korea, include:

  • Forsythia 'Meadowlark', which was developed at North Dakota State University. It produces deep-yellow flowers from its third year onwards, the buds of which are hardy to −35 °F (−37 °C). Its leaves are ivy-green.
  • Forsythia 'Northern Sun', which was developed at the University of Minnesota. It grows 10 ft (3 m) tall and 8 ft (2.4 m) wide. Plants produce large, gold-coloured flowers, the buds of which are hardy to −30 °F (−34 °C).

References

  1. Shuka, L.; Rivers, M.C. (2017). "Forsythia europaea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  2. ^ "Forsythia europaea (FOSEU)". gd.eppo.int. 2002-02-14. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  3. "Forsythia europaea | Albanian forsythia". rhs.org.uk. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  4. "Forsythia europaea Degen & Bald". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  5. ^ Wilson, Ernest Henry (1930). "For many years". Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 4 (3): 12. doi:10.5962/p.322127. ISSN 0196-6057. JSTOR 42961929. S2CID 239435277.
  6. ^ DeWolf, Gordon P.; Hebb, Robert S. (1971). "The Story of Forsythia". Arnoldia. 31 (2): 41–63. ISSN 0004-2633. JSTOR 42953867.
  7. ^ Wilson, Ernest Henry (1928). "Forsythia europaea". Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 2 (1): 4. doi:10.5962/p.321901. ISSN 0196-6057. JSTOR 42962296. S2CID 253930976.
  8. "The Forsythias" (PDF). Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 4. 4 (1): 1–8. 2 April 1937.
  9. Bojnanský, Vít; Fargašová, Agáta (2007-09-17). Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: The Carpathian Mountains Region. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-5362-7.
  10. Kim, Ki-Joong (1999-03-01). "Molecular phylogeny of Forsythia (Oleaceae) based on chloroplast DNA variation". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 218 (1): 113–123. doi:10.1007/BF01087039. ISSN 1615-6110. S2CID 25856546.
  11. OLEKSIICHENKO, Nadiia; GATALSKA, Nadiia; MAVKO, Mariana (2018). "The Colour-Forming Components of Park Landscape and the Factors That Influence the Human Perception of the Landscape Colouring". Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management. 13 (2): 38–52. ISSN 2065-3913. JSTOR 26422068.
  12. Anderson, Edgar (1934). "HARDY FORSYTHIAS: With a Short Account of the History of Garden Forsythias and Remarks Regarding Their Possible Future Development". Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 2 (3): 9–14. doi:10.5962/p.322249. ISSN 0196-6057. JSTOR 42962071.
  13. ^ Mahr, Susan (18 April 2016). "Forsythia, Forsythia spp" (PDF). Wisconsin Master Gardener. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  14. ^ Herman, Dale E.; Evers, Norman P. (1984). "More on Forsythia 'Meadowlark'". Arnoldia. 44 (2): 30–31. ISSN 0004-2633. JSTOR 42954190.
  15. ^ "Forsythia x intermedia". hvp.osu.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  16. ^ "Forsythia 'Northern Sun'". www.chicagobotanic.org. Chicago Botanic Garden. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
Taxon identifiers
Forsythia europaea


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