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Hengsha
The position of Hengsha (red) within Shanghai (Note that this map does not display the enclaves of Jiangsu on Chongming)
Hengsha Island
Traditional Chinese	橫沙島
Simplified Chinese	横沙岛
Literal meaning	Heng Sands Island
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Héngshā Dǎo
Hengsha Township
Traditional Chinese	橫沙鄉
Simplified Chinese	横沙乡
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Héngshā Xiāng

Hengsha (横沙岛, Shanghainese: Waan So Tau) is a low-lying alluvial island at the mouth of the Yangtze River in eastern China. Together with the islands of Chongming and Changxing, it forms Chongming District, the northernmost area of the provincial-level municipality of Shanghai. Its population was 33,400 in 2008.

Name

Heng is the horizontal, rightward stroke ⟨一⟩ used in writing Chinese characters, similar in form to a dash. It is also used to mean "horizontal". It was applied to the island for the way it formerly stood athwart the mouth of the Yangtze, although time has now given it a round or heart-like shape and moved it in line with Changxing.

History

Hengsha first emerged from the Yangtze in 1858. It began to be reclaimed for agricultural purposes in 1886 or 1890. Hengsha Township was established in 1909. Between its formation and 1958, the island gradually expanded towards the northwest while receding to the southeast: together, these actions caused the island to "migrate" about 5.25 kilometers (3.3 mi) in the direction of Changxing. Under the Republic, the island carried on an active trade in grains via junk.

Hengsha was originally part of Chuansha County, which later merged into Pudong. In 1958, the island was placed under Baoshan County, as its ferries operated from the harbor of Wusong at the mouth of the Huangpu. The island's wandering was ended by the erection of a seawall and stabilization of the banks around the island. The next year, it saw a major influx of population, including boat people who were organized into fishing brigades. During the Down to the Countryside Movement, many of the sent-down youth from Shanghai travelled no further than Hengsha, where they assisted in reclamation, urban defense, and propaganda efforts.

Hengsha was named among the first set of national tourist resorts (t 國家級旅遊度假村, s 国家级旅游度假村, p guójiā jí lǚyóu dùjià cūn) by Beijing in October 1992. Initial plans called for the construction of a casino, although that was cancelled. In March 2002, the Shanghai Municipal Government approved plans to develop Hengsha as an international conference center and forest park, with tree coverage over at least 70% of the island. In 2005, it was moved from the jurisdiction of Baoshan District to Chongming County.

Geography

Hengsha is located in the channel of the Yangtze River flowing south of Chongming and north of the districts of Baoshan and Pudong immediately before its entrance into the East China Sea. Hengsha is the southeasternmost of the three islands of Chongming County, separated from Changxing to its west by the Hengsha Xiaogang Channel.

Hengsha is fairly round, with a height north-to-south of about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) and a breadth east-to-west of about 8 kilometers (5.0 mi). Constantly expanding, it covered about 56 square kilometers (22 sq mi) in 2010 and had an average elevation of 2.87 meters (9 ft 5 in).

Land reclamation

Hengsha is the site of significant land reclamation works, with dykes constructed to its southeast in order to drain and fill approximately 100 square kilometers during the lifetime of the project.

Economy

The orchards of Hengsha are the center for Shanghai's production of citrus fruits. Other crops include rice, cotton, and rape. Both freshwater and marine fishing are practiced, principally landing two kinds of anchovy. The island is also being developed for ecotourism and high-end resorts, including an international conference center, communities of low-density luxury villas, and yacht clubs.

One of Shanghai's commercial cemeteries is located on the island and the Hengsha Xiaogang Channel is also used for sea burials and the dispersing of ashes.

Government

Hengsha is administered as a single township, also named Hengsha. This is divided into 24 villages, including one fishing village. The main settlement is at Xinmin (新民居委会, Xīnmín Jūwěihuì). The others are:

Infrastructure

Unlike Chongming and Changxing, Hengsha remains connected to the rest of Shanghai only by ferry service. There are plans for a small airport to be constructed.

In popular culture

Hengsha is one of the main settings of the 2011 video game Deus Ex: Human Revolution, in which it is depicted as a major metropolitan area.

See also

• Islands of Shanghai & of China

References

1. ^ "Hengsha" in the Encyclopedia of Shanghai, pp. 126 f. Archived 2013-03-02 at the Wayback Machine Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers (Shanghai), 2010. Hosted by the Municipality of Shanghai.
2. ^ Office of Shanghai Chronicles. 岛、沙 . Shanghai Municipal Government (Shanghai), 2015. Accessed 12 Jan 2015. (in Chinese)
3. China Industrial Handbooks: Kiangsu: First Series of the Reports by the National Industrial Investigation, p. 997. Chinese Bureau of Foreign Trade (Nanking), 1933.
4. White (1981), p. 398.
5. White, Lynn T. III. "Shanghai–Suburb Relations, 1949–1966" in Shanghai: Revolution and Development in an Asian Metropolis, p. 262. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 1981.
6. Bramall, Chris. Industrialization of Rural China, p. 148. Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2007. ISBN 0199275939.
7. "Soldiers and Civilians on Hengsha Link Their Hearts" in Nung-ts'un Ch'ing-nien , No. 17. 10 September 1967. (in Chinese) Translated and reprinted in Selections from China Mainland Magazines, pp. 3 ff. American Consulate General (Hong Kong), 1968.
8. Airey, David & al. Tourism in China: Policy and Development Since 1949, p. 184. Routledge (Milton Park), 2011.
9. PATA Travel News: Asia/Pacific, p. 36. Pacific Area Travel Association, 1992.
10. "Chongming County" in the Encyclopedia of Shanghai, pp. 50 ff. Archived 2013-03-02 at the Wayback Machine
11. "SHANGHAI CHINA". www.shanghai.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2019-11-28.
12. Aveline-Dubach, Natacha. "The Revival of the Funeral Industry in Shanghai: A Model for China" in Invisible Population: The Place of the Dead in East-Asian Megacities, p. 79. Lexington Books (Lanham), 2012.
13. Davies, Douglas J. & al. Encyclopedia of Cremation, p. 57. Ashagate Publishing (Aldershot), 2005.
14. Kevin VanOrd (October 22, 2013). "Deus Ex: Human Revolution – Director's Cut Review". Gamespot.

External links

• Chongming County's official English-language website Archived 2019-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
• 横沙岛 at Hudong Baike (in Chinese)

31°20′35.4″N 121°50′36″E / 31.343167°N 121.84333°E / 31.343167; 121.84333 (Hengsha Island)

• Islands of Shanghai
• Chongming District
• Township-level divisions of Shanghai