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Lebachacanthus Temporal range: Early Permian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Specimen in Urzeitmeer-Museum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Order:	†Xenacanthida
Family:	†Diplodoselachidae Soler-Gijon, 1997
Genus:	†Lebachacanthus Soler-Gijon, 1997
Type species
Lebachacanthus senckenbergianus (Fritsch, 1889)
Other species
L. colloseus Heidtke, 2007 L. pollichiae Heidtke, 2007
Synonyms
Orthacanthus senckenbergianus Fritsch, 1889

Lebachacanthus is a genus of extinct xenacanth cartilaginous fish known from the late Carboniferous-Early Permian of Europe. Well-preserved specimens, originally identified as Orthacanthus, are known from Meisenheim Formation in Germany. During the late Paleozoic, xenacanths were the apex predators of freshwater ecosystems, preying on small amphibians.

Description

Like most other xenacanthids, this genus possessed an array of spines arising from the dorsal fins. It exceeded 3 metres (9.8 ft) and even could reach 3.5 metres (11 ft). The genus is often confused with the similar genus Orthacanthus; the two genera belong to entirely separate families. The teeth of this fish were multi-cusped, with the central cusp flanked by two sharp accessory "tines" on which its prey would be impaled and trapped, in preparation for being swallowed whole. It had an abundance of pectoral fins, two next to the head, two in the middle, one near the end, and one under the caudal fin.

Paleobiology

Lebachacanthus patrolled both fresh and marine waters, possibly preying on larvae of the temnospondyli and acanthodians. The genus displays sexually dimorphic features; females had longer fin spines than males. Histological and biometric analyses of the spines of specimens provides information on the development and age at death of the fish and the environmental conditions in which they lived.

References

1. Ivanov, Alexander (30 August 2005). "Early Permian chondrichthyans of the Middle and South Urals". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 8 (2): 127–138. doi:10.4072/rbp.2005.2.05. ISSN 1519-7530.
2. Luccisano, Vincent; Pradel, Alan; Amiot, Romain; Pouillon, Jean-Marc; Kindlimann, René; Steyer, Jean-Sébastien; Cuny, Gilles (2022). Cavin, Lionel (ed.). "Systematics, ontogeny and palaeobiogeography of the genus Orthacanthus (Diplodoselachidae, Xenacanthiformes) from the lower Permian of France". Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (6). Bibcode:2022PPal....8E1470L. doi:10.1002/spp2.1470. ISSN 2056-2799.
3. ^ Kriwet, J.; Witzmann, F.; Klug, S.; Heidtke, U. H. (2007). "First direct evidence of a vertebrate three-level trophic chain in the fossil record". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 275 (1631): 181–186. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1170. PMC 2596183. PMID 17971323.
4. ^ Beck, Kimberly; Soler-Gijon, Rodrigo; Carlucci, Jesse; Willis, Raymond (2014). "Morphology and histology of dorsal spines of the xenacanthid shark Orthacanthus platypternus from the Lower Permian of Texas, USA: Palaeobiological and palaeoenvironmental implications" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.00126.2014. S2CID 53979047.
5. Soler-Gijón, R. (2004). "Development and growth in xenacanth sharks: new data from Upper Carboniferous of Bohemia". G. Arratia, M.V.H. Wilson, and R. Cloutier (Eds.), Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates: 533–562.
6. Soler-Gijón, Rodrigo (December 2000). "Phylogenetic relationships of Lebachacanthidae (Xenacanthiformes; Elasmobranchii)". PalZ. 74 (3): 363–377. Bibcode:2000PalZ...74..363S. doi:10.1007/BF02988107.
7. Hotton, Nicholas (1952). "Jaws and Teeth of American Xenacanth Sharks". Journal of Paleontology. 26 (3): 489–500. JSTOR 1299956.

Further reading

• Long, John A.; Young, Gavin C. (May 1995). "Sharks from the Middle-Late Devonian Aztec Siltstone, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica" (PDF). Records of the Western Australian Museum. 17: 287–308. Retrieved 10 March 2022.

v t e Total group Chondrichthyes (including "acanthodians")
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Infraphylum: Gnathostomata Gnathostomata see Gnathostomata Chondrichthyes see below↓
Chondrichthyes Chondrichthyes †Cassidiceps †Euthacanthus †Latviacanthus †Ramirosuarezia? †Sinacanthidae Hunanacanthus Neosinacanthus Sinacanthus Tarimacanthus †"Ischnacanthiformes" Acanthospina Campylodus Granulacanthus Machaeracanthus? Onchus Serradentus Acritolepidae Acritolepis Monospina Nerepisacanthus Pechoralepis Ischnacanthidae Arcticacanthus Arenaceacanthus Atopacanthus Bracteatacanthus Cacheacanthus Erymnacanthus Euryacanthus Gomphonchus Grenfellacanthus Ischnacanthus Marsdenius? Persacanthus Plectrodus Rockycampacanthus Rohonilepis Taemasacanthus Tricuspicanthus Xylacanthus Podoliacanthidae Drygantacanthus Kasperacanthus Podoliacanthus Poracanthodidae Gomphonchoporus Machaeraporus Obruchevacanthus? Poracanthodes Radioporacanthodes Taimyrolepis Trundlelepis Zemlyacanthus †Diplacanthiformes Bryantonchus Culmacanthus? Devononchus Striacanthus Tetanopsyrus Uraniacanthus Diplacanthidae Diplacanthus Milesacanthus Ptychodictyon Rhadinacanthus †Acanthodiformes Halimacanthodes Howittacanthus Acanthodidae Acanthodes Acanthodopsis Traquairichthys Cheiracanthidae Cheiracanthus Fallodentus Ginkgolepis Homalacanthus Markacanthus Mesacanthidae Lodeacanthus Melanoacanthus Mesacanthus Orcadacanthus Promesacanthus Teneracanthus? Triazeugacanthus "Climatiiformes" and related taxa †Brochoadmones †Dobunnacanthus †Fanjingshania? †Kathemacanthus †Lupopsyroides †Lupopsyrus †Obtusacanthus †Paucicanthus †Ptomacanthus †Qianodus? †Vernicomacanthus †Climatiidae Brachyacanthus Climatius Erriwacanthus Nodocosta? Parexus Sevyacanthus †Gyracanthidae Aganacanthus? Ankylacanthus Gyracanthides Gyracanthus Oracanthus? "Conventionally defined chondrichthyans" see below↓
"Conventionally defined chondrichthyans" "Conventionally defined chondrichthyans" †Carcharopsis †Celtiberina †Gladbachus? †Gogoselachus †Karksiodus †Leonodus †Plesioselachus †Polymerolepis †Protodus †Samarodus †Shenacanthus? †Squatinactis †Antarctilamnidae Antarctilamna Wellerodus? †Mcmurdodontidae Maiseyodus Mcmurdodus †Pucapampellidae Gydoselache Pucapampella †Omalodontiformes Siberiodus Aztecodontidae Aztecodus Manberodus Omalodontidae Doliodus? Omalodus Portalodus †"Ctenacanthiformes" Neosaivodus Saivodus Sculptospina Tamiobatis Ctenacanthidae Arduodens? Cladodoides Cladodus Ctenacanthus Goodrichthys Natarapax? Troglocladodus Heslerodidae Avonacanthus Bythiacanthus Dracopristis Glencartius Glikmanius Heslerodoides Heslerodus Kaibabvenator Nanoskalmae †Jalodontidae Adamantina Isacrodus Jalodus Keuperodus Texasodus †Phoebodontidae Diademodus? Phoebodus Thrinacodus †Symmoriiformes Dwykaselachus Ferromirum Kawichthys Kungurodus? Maiseyacanthus Cladoselachidae? Cladoselache Maghriboselache Falcatidae Cosmoselachus Cretacladoides? Damocles Denaea Falcatus Ozarcus? Stethacanthulus Symmoriidae Akmonistion Cobelodus Crioselache? Stethacanthus Symmorium †Bransonelliformes Barbclabornia Bransonella †Xenacanthiformes Orthacanthus Tikiodontus Diplodoselachidae Decentrodus Diplodoselache Hagenoselache Hokomata Lebachacanthus Taquaralodus Xenacanthidae Mooreodontus Plicatodus Triodus Wurdigneria Xenacanthus Crown-Chondrichthyes Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Incertae sedis scale-based taxa †Altholepidiformes? Altholepis Tezakia †Elegestolepidida? Kannathalepis Elegestolepididae Deltalepis Elegestolepis Ellesmereia †Mongolepidida? Solinalepis Mongolepididae Mongolepis Rongolepis Sodolepis Taklamakanolepis Teslepis Shiqianolepidae Chenolepis Shiqianolepis Tielikewatielepis Xiaohaizilepis Xinjiangichthys †Tchunacanthidae Fecundosquama Lenacanthus Tchunacanthus †Vesperaliidae Acanthacanthus Vesperalia Others †Canyonlepis? †Frigorilepis? †Funicristata †Gualepis †Ivanelepis †Jolepis †Karksilepis †Lunalepis †Nobilesquama †Nostolepis †Nostovicina †Ohiolepis †Seretolepis †Tuvalepis †Wellingtonella? †Yuanolepis
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