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This article documents the most distant astronomical objects discovered and verified so far, and the time periods in which they were so classified.

For comparisons with the light travel distance of the astronomical objects listed below, the age of the universe since the Big Bang is currently estimated as 13.787±0.020 Gyr.

Distances to remote objects, other than those in nearby galaxies, are nearly always inferred by measuring the cosmological redshift of their light. By their nature, very distant objects tend to be very faint, and these distance determinations are difficult and subject to errors. An important distinction is whether the distance is determined via spectroscopy or using a photometric redshift technique. The former is generally both more precise and also more reliable, in the sense that photometric redshifts are more prone to being wrong due to confusion with lower redshift sources that may have unusual spectra. For that reason, a spectroscopic redshift is conventionally regarded as being necessary for an object's distance to be considered definitely known, whereas photometrically determined redshifts identify "candidate" very distant sources. Here, this distinction is indicated by a "p" subscript for photometric redshifts.

The proper distance provides a measurement of how far a galaxy is at a fixed moment in time. At the present time the proper distance equals the comoving distance since the cosmological scale factor has value one: ${\displaystyle a(t_{0})=1}$. The proper distance represents the distance obtained as if one were able to freeze the flow of time (set ${\displaystyle dt=0}$ in the FLRW metric) and walk all the way to a galaxy while using a meter stick. For practical reasons, the proper distance is calculated as the distance traveled by light (set ${\displaystyle ds=0}$ in the FLRW metric) from the time of emission by a galaxy to the time an observer (on Earth) receives the light signal. It differs from the “light travel distance” since the proper distance takes into account the expansion of the universe, i.e. the space expands as the light travels through it, resulting in numerical values which locate the most distant galaxies beyond the Hubble sphere and therefore with recession velocities greater than the speed of light c.   

Most distant spectroscopically-confirmed objects

Most distant astronomical objects with spectroscopic redshift determinations

Image	Name	Redshift (z)	Light travel distance (Gly)	Proper distance (Gly)	Type	Notes
	JADES-GS-z14-0	z = 14.32+0.08 −0.20			Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.
	JADES-GS-z14-1	z = 13.90+0.17 −0.17			Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.
	JADES-GS-z13-0	z = 13.20+0.04 −0.07	13.576 / 13.596 / 13.474 / 13.473	33.6	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.
	UNCOVER-z13	z = 13.079+0.014 −0.001	13.51	32.56	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.
	JADES-GS-z12-0	z = 12.63+0.24 −0.08	13.556 / 13.576 / 13.454 / 13.453	32.34	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRCam and JWST/NIRSpec, and CIII] line emission with JWST/NIRSpec. Most distant spectroscopic redshift from emission lines; most distant detection of non-primordial elements (C, O, Ne).
	UNCOVER-z12	z = 12.393+0.004 −0.001	13.48	32.21	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.
	GLASS-z12	z = 12.117+0.01 −0.01	13.536 / 13.556 / 13.434 / 13.433	33.2	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST/NIRCam, confirmed by ALMA detection of emission
	UDFj-39546284	z = 11.58+0.05 −0.05	13.512 / 13.532 / 13.410 / 13.409	31.77	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.
	CEERS J141946.36+525632.8 (Maisie's Galaxy)	z = 11.44+0.09 −0.08	13.4	31.69	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST
	CEERS2 588	z = 11.04	13.45	31.45	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST
	GN-z11	z = 10.6034 ± 0.0013	13.481 / 13.501 / 13.380 / 13.379	31.18	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy; detection of the Lyman break with HST at 5.5σ and carbon emission lines with Keck/MOSFIRE at 5.3σ. Conclusive redshift by JWST in February 2023
	JADES-GS-z10-0 UDFj-39546284	z = 10.38+0.07 −0.06	13.449 / 13.469 / 13.348 / 13.347	31.04	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec
	JD1	z = 9.793±0.002	13.409 / 13.429 / 13.308 / 13.307	30.12	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec
	Gz9p3	z=9.3127 ± 0.0002	13.277	30.27	Galaxy	A galaxy merger with a redshift estimated from , Ne and H emission lines detected with JWST.
	MACS1149-JD1	z = 9.1096±0.0006	13.361 / 13.381 / 13.261 / 13.260	30.37	Galaxy	Detection of hydrogen emission line with the VLT, and oxygen line with ALMA
	EGSY8p7	z = 8.683+0.001 −0.004	13.325 / 13.345 / 13.225 / 13.224	30.05	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter; detection of Lyman-alpha with Keck/MOSFIRE at 7.5σ confidence
	SMACS-4590	z = 8.496	13.308 / 13.328 / 13.208 / 13.207	29.71	Galaxy	Detection of hydrogen, oxygen, and neon emission lines with JWST/NIRSpec
	A2744 YD4	z = 8.38	13.297 / 13.317 / 13.197 / 13.196	29.50	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha and emission detected with ALMA at 4.0σ confidence
	MACS0416 Y1	z = 8.3118±0.0003	13.290 / 13.310 / 13.190 / 13.189	29.44	Galaxy	emission detected with ALMA at 6.3σ confidence
	GRB 090423	z = 8.23+0.06 −0.07	13.282 / 13.302 / 13.182 / 13.181	30	Gamma-ray burst	Lyman-alpha break detected
	RXJ2129-11002	z = 8.16±0.01	13.175	29.31	Galaxy	doublet, Hβ, and doublet as well as Lyman-alpha break detected with JWST/NIRSpec prism
	RXJ2129-11022	z = 8.15±0.01	13.174	29.30	Galaxy	doublet and Hβ as well as Lyman-alpha break detected with JWST/NIRSpec prism
	EGS-zs8-1	z = 7.7302±0.0006	13.228 / 13.248 / 13.129 / 13.128	29.5	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy
	SMACS-6355	z = 7.665	13.221 / 13.241 / 13.121 / 13.120	28.83	Galaxy	Detection of hydrogen, oxygen, and neon emission lines with JWST/NIRSpec
	z7_GSD_3811	z = 7.6637±0.0011	13.221 / 13.240 / 13.121 / 13.120	28.83	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter
	SMACS-10612	z = 7.658	13.221 / 13.241 / 13.120 / 13.119	28.83	Galaxy	Detection of hydrogen, oxygen, and neon emission lines with JWST/NIRSpec>
	QSO J0313–1806	z = 7.6423±0.0013	13.218 / 13.238 / 13.119 / 13.118	30	Quasar	Lyman-alpha break detected
	ULAS J1342+0928	z = 7.5413±0.0007	13.206 / 13.226 / 13.107 / 13.106	29.36	Quasar	Redshift estimated from emission
	z8_GND_5296	z = 7.51	13.202 / 13.222 / 13.103 / 13.102	30.01	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter
	A1689-zD1	z = 7.5±0.2	13.201 / 13.221 / 13.102 / 13.101	30	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy
	GS2_1406	z = 7.452±0.003	13.195 / 13.215 / 13.096 / 13.095	28.62	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter
	GN-108036	z = 7.213	13.164 / 13.184 / 13.065 / 13.064	29	Galaxy	Lyman alpha emitter
	SXDF-NB1006-2	z = 7.2120±0.0003	13.164 / 13.184 / 13.065 / 13.064	29	Galaxy	emission detected
	BDF-3299	z = 7.109±0.002	13.149 / 13.169 / 13.051 / 13.050	28.25	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy
	ULAS J1120+0641	z = 7.085±0.003	13.146 / 13.166 / 13.048 / 13.047	29.85	Quasar	Redshift estimated from Si III]+C III] and Mg II emission lines
	A1703 zD6	z = 7.045±0.004	13.140 / 13.160 / 13.042 / 13.041	29	Galaxy	Gravitationally-lensed Lyman-alpha emitter
	BDF-521	z = 7.008±0.002	13.135 / 13.155 / 13.037 / 13.036	28.43	Galaxy	Lyman-break galaxy
	G2_1408	z = 6.972±0.002	13.130 / 13.150 / 13.032 / 13.030	28.10	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter
	IOK-1	z = 6.965	13.129 / 13.149 / 13.030 / 13.029	28.09	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter
	LAE J095950.99+021219.1	z = 6.944	13.126 / 13.146 / 13.028 / 13.027	28.07	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter
	SDF-46975	z = 6.844	13.111 / 13.131 / 13.013 / 13.012	27.95	Galaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter
	PSO J172.3556+18.7734	z = 6.823+0.003 −0.001	13.107 / 13.127 / 13.010 / 13.009	27.93	Quasar (astrophysical jet)	Redshift estimated from Mg II emission
§ The tabulated distance is the light travel distance, which has no direct physical significance. See discussion at distance measures and Observable Universe † Numeric value obtained using Wright (2006) with ${\displaystyle H_{0}}$ = 70, ${\displaystyle \Omega _{CM}}$ = 0.30, ${\displaystyle \Omega _{DE}}$ = 0.70.

Candidate most distant objects

Since the beginning of the James Webb Space Telescope's (JWST) science operations in June 2022, numerous distant galaxies far beyond what could be seen by the Hubble Space Telescope (z = 11) have been discovered thanks to the JWST's capability of seeing far into the infrared. Previously in 2012, there were about 50 possible objects z = 8 or farther, and another 100 candidates at z = 7, based on photometric redshift estimates released by the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) project from observations made between mid-2002 and December 2012. Some objects included here have been observed spectroscopically, but had only one emission line tentatively detected, and are therefore still considered candidates by researchers.

List of most distant objects by type

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2023)

Timeline of most distant astronomical object recordholders

Objects in this list were found to be the most distant object at the time of determination of their distance. This is frequently not the same as the date of their discovery.

Distances to astronomical objects may be determined through parallax measurements, use of standard references such as cepheid variables or Type Ia supernovas, or redshift measurement. Spectroscopic redshift measurement is preferred, while photometric redshift measurement is also used to identify candidate high redshift sources. The symbol z represents redshift.

List of objects by year of discovery that turned out to be most distant

This list contains a list of most distant objects by year of discovery of the object, not the determination of its distance. Objects may have been discovered without distance determination, and were found subsequently to be the most distant known at that time. However, object must have been named or described. An object like OJ 287 is ignored even though it was detected as early as 1891 using photographic plates, but ignored until the advent of radiotelescopes.

See also

• Age of the universe
• List of largest cosmic structures
• List of exoplanet extremes
• Lists of astronomical objects
• List of most distant stars
• Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure

References

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