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Johor–Riau Malay
Greater Riau–Johoric
bahase Melayu Johor–Riau بهاس ملايو جوهر–رياو
The manuscript Gurindam 12 written by Raja Ali Haji uses Jawi script.
Pronunciation	Malay pronunciation: [bahasə Məlajʊ dʒɔhɔr riaʊ]
Native to	Indonesia Malaysia Singapore
Region	Malay Archipelago Indonesia Riau (coastal region) Riau Islands Malaysia Johor Kuala Lumpur Malacca Putrajaya Selangor Singapore
Ethnicity	Malays
Native speakers	L1: unknown (the classic form became extinct around the end of the 19th century) L2: 24,052,695 (2020, 2023–2024)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Malayic Malay Johor–Riau Malay
Early forms	Old Malay Classical Malay
Standard forms	Indonesian (in Indonesia) Malaysian Malay (in Malaysia and Brunei) Singaporean Malay (in Singapore)
Dialects	Johor Malay Malacca Malay Riau Coastal Malay Riau Islands Malay Selangor Malay
Writing system	Latin Jawi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	sing1270
Map of the former territory of the Johor–Pahang–Riau–Lingga Sultanate, where the Johor–Riau Malay language developed.
Map of Johor–Riau Malay dialects distribution around the Malay Peninsula, also the east coast of Riau and the Riau Islands.   Johor Malay   Malacca Malay   Riau Coastal Malay   Riau Islands Malay   Selangor Malay   Singaporean Malay (standard form)

Johor–Riau Malay is a Malay dialect that is most closely related to Classical Malay used during the Malacca Sultanate and after the fall of the Malacca Sultanate, it then shifted to the first Johor Sultanate, namely the Johor–Pahang–Riau–Lingga alliance. Its derivatives are still spoken by the Malays in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Riau Islands, and the coast of the mainland Riau.

Johor–Riau Malay was originally a continuation of Classical Malay (Malay: bahasa Melayu Klasik), until it later developed into its own language variety. Ultimately, around the end of the 19th century, the language separated mainly into Johor Malay and Riau Malay (Coastal and Islands). Then also other languages that are quite close are Malacca Malay and Selangor Malay. After the formation of Malaysia and Indonesia, especially the Johor Malay continued to develop, influencing the standard form of Malaysian Malay, while the Riau Malay (mainly the Islands dialect) continued to develop until it became Indonesian language as its standard form.

Internal classification

Johor Malay

Johor Malay has its own varieties. The Johor people who live on the west coast have their own variation of the Johor Malay dialect, namely the Muar sub-dialect. The Muar sub-dialect often pronounces at the end by changing it to in the standard variety, as in the word beso 'big' and others. Other areas, apart from the Muar dialect, also use the same native Johor dialect as that used by residents in Riau Islands, Indonesia. This is very much influenced by the Malay community in the Johor–Riau Sultanate which maintains its identity quite strongly, so even though Johor and the Riau Islands are currently separate, they still maintain the same identity. The general dialect of Johor–Riau Malay is characterized by the pronunciation of the letter at the end as in the words saye 'i am'. This dialect has the largest number of speakers in Malaysia. Apart from Johor, speakers are also found in Malacca, Selangor, and Kuala Lumpur, and in the southern part of Perak, especially in Batang Padang and Hilir Perak. Meanwhile, Johor residents who live in Mersing generally speak Kuala Terengganu dialect.

Malacca Malay

Malacca Malay is spoken mainly in the state of Malacca on the west coast. This language is very closely related to Classical Malay because it is the area where the center of the Malacca Sultanate was founded. The dialect is similar to the Malay dialects in other southern parts of the Malay Peninsula.

Riau Malay

Riau Malay (bahasa Melayu Riau; Jawi script: بهاس ملايو رياو) is the original form of the Malay language which is directly derived from Old Malay through its classical variety known as Johor–Riau Malay. This form of language is used as the basis of Standard Malay, which is a variety of standard language for the Malay language which is used semi-formally in Riau and Riau Islands. The sub-dialects closest to the Classical Malay variety are the Coastal and Islands dialects.

Selangor Malay

Selangor Malay is very similar to Malaysian Malay which is the standard form and official language in Malaysia. This dialect is spoken in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur which are the urban areas of the capital, also in Putrajaya.

Vocabulary comparison

The following is a comparison of vocabulary between Johor Malay, Malacca Malay, Riau Malay (Coastal and Islands), and Selangor Malay.

See also

• Classical Malay
• Malaysian Malay
• Indonesian language
• History of the Malay language
• Malay dialects and varieties

References

Notes

1. Calculated based on the gross estimate of the populations in Riau (6,969,031; as of 2024), Riau Islands (2,220,043; as of 2024), Johor (4,100,900; as of 2023), Kuala Lumpur (2,075,600; as of 2024), Malacca (1,027,500; as of 2023), Putrajaya (119,700; as of 2024), Selangor (6,994,423; as of 2020), and Malay Singaporeans population (545,498; as of 2020).

Footnotes

1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Greater Riau–Johoric". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2. ^ Sneddon, James N. (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 0-86840-598-1.
3. Mills, L. A. (2003). British Malaya 1824–67 (p. 86– 87). Selangor, Malaysia: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Call no.: RSEA 959.5 MIL.
4. Brown, I. (2009). The territories of Indonesia. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85743-215-2
5. Malik, H. Abdul (2020). "Bahasa Melayu Kepulauan Riau Sebagai Bahasa Ibu" (PDF). fkip.umrah.ac.id (in Indonesian). Tanjungpinang, Indonesia: Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
6. Mukhlis Abu Bakar (2019). "Sebutan Johor-Riau dan Sebutan Baku dalam Konteks Identiti Masyarakat Melayu Singapura" [Sebutan Johor-Riau and Sebutan Baku in the Context of the Singapore Malay Identity]. Issues in Language Studies (in Malay). 8 (2): 61–78. doi:10.33736/ils.1521.2019.
7. Fathira, Vina (2018). "Isoglosses Boundary in a Language Mapping of Riau Malay Language" [Batas Isoglos dalam Pemetaan Bahasa Melayu Riau]. J-SHMIC: Journal of English for Academic. 5 (1): 143–152.
8. "Local Wisdom Based on Riau-Malay Language in Kuantan Singingi Regency" [Kearifan Lokal Berbasis Bahasa Melayu Riau di Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi]. International Conference on Language, Literature, and Education (ICLLE). 2018.
9. Tambusai, A. (2020). "Morphological typology of Riau Malay Language" [Tipologi Morfologi Bahasa Melayu Riau]. Rumpun Jurnal Persuratan Melayu. 8 (1): 56–64.
10. Ningsih, Rika (2021). "Politeness in Language of Riau Malay Students: A Linguistic Phenomenon" [Kesantunan Berbahasa Pelajar Melayu Riau: Sebuah Fenomena Linguistik]. Journal of Language. 12 (13). Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT).
11. "The River Eco-Lexicons in the Texts of Riau Malay" [Eko-Leksikon Sungai dalam Naskah Melayu Riau]. AICS-Social. 2021.
12. Anne, Lilya (2011). "Dialek Melayu Selangor". Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan (in Malay). Tanjung Malim, Malaysia: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.

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