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(Redirected from Observant Franciscans) Mendicant Catholic religious order formed in 1209 This article is about primarily the Observant branch of the Friars Minor, formed in 1897. For the other branches within the movement, see Franciscans.
Order of Friars Minor
Ordo Fratrum Minorum (Latin)
Coat of arms of the Order of Friars Minor
AbbreviationPost-nominal letters O.F.M.
PredecessorOrder of Observant Friars Minor
Merged intoOn 4 October 1897, the Order of Discalced Friars Minor, Order of Observant Friars Minor, Order of Friars Minor Recollect, the Order of Reformed Friars Minor, et al., were merged into a single religious order named the Order of Friars Minor
Formation24 February 1209; 815 years ago (1209-02-24)
FounderSaint Francis of Assisi
Founded atAssisi, Italy
TypeMendicant Order Institute of Consecrated Life - Men
Legal statusReligious institute
HeadquartersGeneral Curia
Via di S. Maria Mediatrice, 2500165 Roma, Italia
Membership12,726 (8,771 priests) (2020)
Minister GeneralMassimo Fusarelli
MottoLatin:
Pax et bonum
English:
Peace and the good
MinistryPreaching, missionary, educational, parochial, charitable works
Parent organizationCatholic Church
SubsidiariesSecular Franciscan Order (1221)
Third Order of Saint Francis (1447)
SecessionsOrder of Friars Minor Conventual (1209)
Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (1520)
Websiteofm.org
Formerly calledOrder of Observant Friars Minor
Francis of Assisi, founder of the Order of Friars Minor; oldest known portrait in existence of the saint, dating back to St. Francis' retreat to Subiaco (1223–1224)

The Order of Friars Minor (commonly called the Franciscans, the Franciscan Order, or the Seraphic Order; postnominal abbreviation O.F.M.) is a mendicant Catholic religious order, founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi. The order adheres to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of the founder and of his main associates and followers, such as Clare of Assisi, Anthony of Padua, and Elizabeth of Hungary, among many others. The Order of Friars Minor is the largest of the contemporary First Orders within the Franciscan movement.

Francis began preaching around 1207 and traveled to Rome to seek approval of his order from Pope Innocent III in 1209. The original Rule of Saint Francis approved by the pope disallowed ownership of property, requiring members of the order to beg for food while preaching. The austerity was meant to emulate the life and ministry of Jesus Christ. Franciscans traveled and preached in the streets, while boarding in church properties. The extreme poverty required of members was relaxed in the final revision of the Rule in 1223. The degree of observance required of members remained a major source of conflict within the order, resulting in numerous secessions.

The Order of Friars Minor, previously known as the Observant branch (postnominal abbreviation OFM Obs.), is one of the three Franciscan First Orders within the Catholic Church, the others being the Capuchins (postnominal abbreviation OFM Cap.) and Conventuals (postnominal abbreviation OFM Conv). The Order of Friars Minor, in its current form, is the result of an amalgamation of several smaller Franciscan orders (e.g. Alcantarines, Recollects, Reformanti, etc.), completed in 1897 by Pope Leo XIII. The Capuchin and Conventual remain distinct religious institutes within the Catholic Church, observing the Rule of Saint Francis with different emphases. Franciscans are sometimes referred to as minorites or greyfriars because of their habit. In Poland and Lithuania they are known as Bernardines, after Bernardino of Siena, although the term elsewhere refers rather to Cistercians.

Name and demographics

See also: Franciscans and Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism

The "Order of Friars Minor" are commonly called simply the "Franciscans". This Order is a mendicant religious order of men that traces its origin to Francis of Assisi. Their official Latin name is the Ordo Fratrum Minorum Which is the name Francis gave his brotherhood. Having been born among the minorum (serfs, second class citizens), before his conversion, he aspired to move up the social ladder to the maiorum (nobles, first class citizens). After a life of conversion, the name of his brotherhood (Order of Second-Class Brothers) indicates his coming to an appreciation of his social condition on behalf of those who have no class or citizenship in society.

The modern organization of the Friars Minor comprises several separate families or groups, each considered a religious order in its own right under its own Minister General and particular type of governance. They all live according to a body of regulations known as the Rule of St Francis. These are:

The Order of Friars Minor

The Order of Friars Minor, known as the "Observants", most commonly simply called Franciscan friars, official name: "Friars Minor" (OFM). According to the 2013 Annuario Pontificio, the OFM has 2,212 communities; 14,123 members; 9,735 priests

Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin or simply Capuchins, official name: "Friars Minor Capuchin" (OFM Cap). it has 1,633 communities; 10,786 members; 7,057 priests

Conventual Franciscans

The Conventual Franciscans or Minorites, official name: "Friars Minor Conventual" (OFM Conv). It has 667 communities; 4,289 members; 2,921 priests

History

See also: Franciscans § History

Beginnings

A sermon on Mt 10:9 which Francis heard in 1209 made such an impression on him that he decided to fully devote himself to a life of apostolic poverty. Clad in a rough garment, barefoot, and, after the Evangelical precept, without staff or scrip, he began to preach repentance.

The mendicant orders had long been exempt from the jurisdiction of the bishop, and enjoyed (as distinguished from the secular clergy) unrestricted freedom to preach and hear confessions in the churches connected with their monasteries. This had led to endless friction and open quarrels between the two divisions of the clergy. This question was definitively settled by the Council of Trent.

Franciscan convent at Lopud in Croatia

Separate congregations

Amid numerous dissensions in the 14th century, a number of separate observances sprang up, almost like sects (to say nothing of the heretical parties of the Beghards and Fraticelli), some of which developed within the order on both hermit and cenobitic principles. They all operated generally under the authority of the Minister General of the Order, a member of the Observant branch, but were allowed their distinct practices. They included:

  • The Clareni or Clarenini, an association of hermits established on the river Clareno in the march of Ancona by Angelo da Clareno after the suppression of the Franciscan Celestines by Boniface VIII. Like several other smaller congregations, it was obliged in 1568 under Pope Pius V to unite with the general body of Observantists.
  • The quasi-Observantist brothers living under the rule of the Conventual ministers (Martinianists or "Observantes sub ministris"), such as the Colletans--formed under the guidance of Colette of Corbie and led by Boniface de Ceva in their reform attempts principally in France and Germany;
  • The reformed congregation founded in 1426 by the Spaniard Philip de Berbegal and distinguished by the special importance they attached to the little hood (cappuciola);
  • The Neutri, a group of reformers originating about 1463 in Italy, who tried to take a middle ground between the Conventuals and Observantists, but refused to obey the heads of either, until they were compelled by the pope to affiliate with the regular Observantists, or with those of the Common Life;
  • The Caperolani, a congregation founded about 1470 in North Italy by Pietro Caperolo, but dissolved on the death of its founder in 1481;
  • The Amadist friars, established by Amadeus of Portugal in 1472, the same year that he was selected to serve as the confessor to the pope. The Holy See entrusted him with the Church of San Pietro in Minotorio to serve as the motherhouse of his growing reform movement. They existed until 1568, when they were merged into the Observant branch of the Order.
Franciscan Church from 15th century in Przeworsk, Poland

Rule on property

A difference of opinion developed in the community concerning the interpretation of the rule regarding property. The Observants held to a strict interpretation that the friars may not hold any property either individually nor communally. The literal and unconditional observance of this was rendered impracticable by the great expansion of the order, its pursuit of learning, and the accumulated property of the large cloisters in the towns. Regulations were drafted by which all alms donated were held by custodians appointed by the Holy See, who would make distributions upon request. It was John XXII who had introduced Conventualism in the sense of community of goods, income, and property as in other religious orders, in contradiction to Observantism or the strict observance of the rule. Pope Martin V, in the Brief Ad statum of 23 August 1430, allowed the Conventuals to hold property like all other orders.

Attempted union between branches

Projects for a union between the two main branches of the order were put forth not only by the Council of Constance but by several popes, without any positive result. By direction of Pope Martin V, John of Capistrano drew up statutes which were to serve as a basis for reunion, and they were actually accepted by a general chapter at Assisi in 1430; but the majority of the Conventual houses refused to agree to them, and they remained without effect.

Equally unsuccessful were the attempts of the Franciscan Pope Sixtus IV, who bestowed a vast number of privileges on both original mendicant orders, but by this very fact lost the favor of the Observants and failed in his plans for reunion. Julius II succeeded in doing away with some of the smaller branches, but left the division of the two great parties untouched. This division was finally legalized by Leo X, after a general chapter held in Rome in 1517, in connection with the reform movement of the Fifth Lateran Council, had once more declared the impossibility of reunion. Leo X summoned on 11 July 1516 a general chapter to meet at Rome on the feast of Pentecost 31 May 1517. This chapter suppressed all the reformed congregations and annexed them to the Observants; it then declared the Observants an independent order, and separated them completely from the Conventuals. The less strict principles of the Conventuals, permitting the possession of real estate and the enjoyment of fixed revenues, were recognized as tolerable, while the Observants, in contrast to this usus moderatus, were held strictly to their own usus arctus or pauper.

Unification

All of the groups that followed the Franciscan Rule literally were united to the Observants, and the right to elect the Minister General of the Order, together with the seal of the order, was given to the group united under the Observants. This grouping, since it adhered more closely to the rule of the founder, was allowed to claim a certain superiority over the Conventuals. The Observant general (elected now for six years, not for life) inherited the title of "Minister-General of the Whole Order of St. Francis" and was granted the right to confirm the choice of a head for the Conventuals, who was known as "Master-General of the Friars Minor Conventual"—although this privilege never became practically operative.

In 1875, the Kulturkampf expelled the majority of the German Franciscans, most of whom settled in North America.

The habit and the French name Cordeliers

The habit has been gradually changed in colour and certain other details. Its colour, which was at first grey or a medium brown, is now a dark brown. The dress, which consists of a loose-sleeved gown, is confined by a white cord, from which is hung, since the fifteenth century, the Seraphic Rosary with its seven decades. Sandals are substituted for shoes. Around the neck and over the shoulders hangs the cowl.

The habit of referring to the Francisans as Cordeliers in France is said to date back to the Seventh Crusade, when Louis IX asked who the particularly zealous monks pursuing Saracens were, and was told they were "de cordes liés". Upon the crusaders return to France, the name became part of the language.

Notable friars

Saints and Beati

Francis of Assisi, the Seraphic Father
Berard of Carbio and his four companions, the Seraphic Protomartyrs
Antony of Padua and the Miracle of the Mule
Bonaventure, the Seraphic Doctor
Triumph of Bernardino of Siena in The Aracoeli in Rome

Arranged according to date of celebration which is marked in brackets.

Canonized

Beatified

Brother Giles before the Pope, Murillo
Francis of Assisi and Brother Leo in Meditation, El Greco
Blessed John Duns Scotus, van Ghent
The Nagasaki Martyrs

Friars declared Venerable or Servant of God

Missionaries

In China, Mongolia, India, and the Far East

In North Africa and the Middle East

Francis of Assisi and Illuminatus of Arce before the sultan. Fresco by Giotto.

In North America

Denis Jamay in 1615

In South and Central America

See also: List of missionaries to New Spain § Franciscans
Francis Solanus, Apostle of South America, with a native of Tucuman
Junipero Serra, Apostle of California
Fermín de Lasuén, founder of Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz in California

In Sub-Saharan Africa

In the South Pacific

Prelates

Bishops

Venerable Francesco Gonzaga, Bishop of Mantua

Cardinals

Nicholas IV, first Franciscan pope
Sixtus IV, second Franciscan pope

Popes

Scholars

Anthropologists

Historians

Paolino Veneto's map of the world from his Compendium (BNF lat. 4939)
Giovanni Giocondo

Philosophers and theologians

Alexander of Hales
William of Ockham
Nicholas of Lyre
Bonaventure Baron, O.F.M.

Scientists, polymaths, and mathematicians

Fra Pacioli and his collaborator Leonardo de Vinci
Wellcome Library, oil
Friar Bacon in his observatory at Merton College

Spiritual writers

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ "Order of Friars Minor (Institute of Consecrated Life - Men) [Catholic-Hierarchy]".
  2. "Seraphic Order", New Catholic Dictionary. 4 September 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  3. "Franciscans, Religious Order". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  4. "Saint Francis of Assisi, Italian Saint". Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  5. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bihl, Michael (1909). "Order of Friars Minor". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  6. ^ "The rule of the Franciscan Order from the Medieval Sourcebook". Fordham.edu. 1999-09-22. Archived from the original on 2013-05-27. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
  7. Paschal Robinson (1913). "Order of Friars Minor" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  8. Cavazos-González, OFM, Gilberto (2010). Greater than a Mother's Love: The Spirituality of Francis and Clare of Assisi, University of Scranton Press, p. xiv, 5, 11-12, 19, 21, 56, 65, 91, 110, 117; Micó, Julio, "Minorità" in Dizionario Francescano. Spiritualitภa cura di Ernesto Caroli, (2 ed) Padova: Messaggero di S. Antonio, 1995, p. 1115-1119.
  9. ^ Paschal Robinson (1913). "Franciscan Order" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  10. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 1422
  11. Paschal Robinson (1913). "St. Francis of Assisi" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  12. Léon Guibourgé (1957). "Les Cordeliers à Étampes". corpusetampois.com (in French).
  13. Robinson, Paschal. "St. Francis of Assisi." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 15 May 2018
  14. ^ A calendar of Franciscan saints, Irish Franciscans
  15. Donovan, Stephen. "St. Berard of Carbio." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 15 May 2018
  16. Heckmann, Ferdinand. "Sts. Peter Baptist and Twenty-Five Companions." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 15 May 2018
  17. Hess, Lawrence. "St. John Joseph of the Cross." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 15 May 2018
  18. Berchman's Bittle, OFMCap "St Benedict the Moor", "A Saint A Day" The Bruce Publishing Company, 1958
  19. Duffin, Jacalyn (2009). Medical Miracles: Doctors, Saints, and Healing in the Modern World. Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-19-533650-4.
  20. Heckmann, Ferdinand. "St. Peter de Regalado." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 15 May 2018
  21. Staniforth, Oswald. "St. Pascal Baylon." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 15 May 2018
  22. "Butler, Rev. Alban, The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints, Vol. V, by the Rev. Alban Butler, D. & J. Sadlier, & Company, 1864". Archived from the original on 2013-06-18. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
  23. Dal-Gal, Niccolò. "St. Anthony of Padua." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 15 May 2018
  24. Heckmann, Ferdinand. "St. Nicholas Pieck." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 15 May 2018
  25. Robinson, Paschal. "St. Bonaventure." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 15 May 2018
  26. Donovan, Stephen. "St. Francis Solanus." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 15 May 2018
  27. Oliger, Livarius. "St. Louis of Toulouse." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 15 May 2018
  28. Patricia Zapor (15 January 2015). "Pope's canonization announcement surprises even Serra's promoters". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015.
  29. Bihl, Michael. "St. Pacificus of San Severino." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 15 May 2018
  30. Reagan, Nicholas. "St. Peter of Alcántara." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 15 May 2018
  31. Hess, Lawrence. "St. John Capistran." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 15 May 2018
  32. Donovan, Stephen. "St. Didacus." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 15 May 2018
  33. Bihl, Michael. "St. Leonard of Port Maurice." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 15 May 2018
  34. Oliger, Livarius. "St. James of the Marches." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 15 May 2018
  35. "Humilis de Bisignano", Vatican News Service
  36. Monks of Ramsgate. "Thomas of Cora". Book of Saints, 1921. CatholicSaints.Info. 27 December 2016
  37. Oliger, Livarius. "Blessed John of Parma." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 15 May 2018
  38. Donovan, Stephen. "Bl. Angelo Carletti di Chivasso." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 15 May 2018
  39. Donovan, Stephen. "Bl. Conrad of Ascoli." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 15 May 2018
  40. Donovan, Stephen. "Bl. Agnellus of Pisa." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 15 May 2018
  41. Plassmann, Thomas. "Bl. Francis of Fabriano." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 15 May 2018
  42. Thaddeus, Father. "Blessed John Forest." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 15 May 2018
  43. Bihl, Michael. "Bl. Pacificus of Ceredano (Cerano)." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 15 May 2018
  44. Robinson, Paschal. "Blessed John of Fermo." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 15 May 2018
  45. "Blessed Gentile of Matelica from The Franciscan Book of Saints, Marion A. Habig, OFM".
  46. Donovan, Stephen. "Bl. Bernardine of Feltre." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 15 May 2018
  47. Donovan, Stephen. "Blessed Conrad of Offida." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 15 May 2018

Sources

Books

Articles

  • Halevi, Masha (2012). "Between Faith and Science: Franciscan Archaeology in the Service of the Holy Places". Middle Eastern Studies. 48 (2): 249–267. doi:10.1080/00263206.2012.653139. S2CID 144234605.
  • Schmucki, Oktavian (2000). "Die Regel des Johannes von Matha und die Regel des Franziskus von Assisi. Ähnlichkeiten und Eigenheiten. Neue Beziehungen zum Islam". In Cipollone, Giulio (ed.). La Liberazione dei 'Captivi' tra Cristianità e Islam: Oltre la Crociata e il Gihad: Tolleranza e Servizio Umanitario. Collectanea Archivi Vaticani. Vol. 46. Vatican City: Archivio Segreto Vaticano. pp. 219–244.

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