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Not to be be confused with- .

The term race or racial group usually refers to the categorization of s into s or s on the basis of various sets of characteristics. The most widely used human racial are based on salient visual s (especially , or and ), and self-identification..

Some scientists argue that although race is a safe concept in other species, it cannot be applied to humans.. The 's view of race varies a lot at time from the version of race .

More recent genetic studies indicate that skin colour may change radically over as few as 25 generations, or about 2,500 years, given the influence of the environment.

The apparent criteria

By appearance only

's map of apparent 'racial categories' from On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind ().

Huxley states: 'It is to the Xanthochroi and Melanochroi, taken together, that the absurd denomination of "Caucasian" is usually applied'.]

The usual involved over the years to define people by common pseudo-scientific (non-scientific) list of physical features. The belief was those who looked alike were derived from a common ancestor (like the children of a big family looking like their 2 common parents). In the people of the World divided in to 4 or in some cases 5 categories, based on skin colour and to a degree the shape of the face as well. The categories were as follows, by times-

• White skinned= White/European (eg- , and ).
• Suntanned/Olive skinned= European (eg- and ) and (eg- and ).
• Yellow skinned and slant eyed= (eg- s, and ).
• Brown skinned= Indic/Indian (eg- and ).
• Black skinned and flat nosed= Black/Negroid/Negro (eg- s, s and n s).

• • A supposed 'Turkish' nose and a 'Jewish' nose could be theoretically taken as proof of or ancestral roots. The attitude towards identifying Jews relied on this pseudo-science! The Nazis also persecuted the , who were considered part of the 'Indic' race.

• • The of the , 's /, , 's and of were generally thought of as isolated and unrelated groups that had divided off early humans much earlier on in evaluation.

By about the the scientifically inclined Europeans were sub-dividing the 'White race' in to 3 or 4 supposed sub-races, which were-

• Blond hair, white skinned, blue or grey eyes= s/ (eg- and Dutch)
• Dark haired/ white skinned, brown eyed= (eg- Russians, , English and ).
• Dark haired, suntanned/olive skinned, brown eyed, normal nose= Mediterranean European (eg- Italians and ). The was said to have bigger noses than people.
• Red hair, suntanned/olive or white skinned, brown or green eyes= / (eg- , and Dutch.

There was much prejudice based upon this perception of the world as the Europeans and Orientals both regarded them selves as superior to the other skin colours. This all lead to racism, a non-scientific theory, or , that a particular race had become or to another via . It advocated that in the races that make up the human race, there are deep, biologically determined differences, which should not be crossed, because, it is "extremely undesirable. It also states races should live separately and not intermarry. A supporter of racism is called a . These attitudes in turn created the horrors of African , , the s, and .

which divides humanity in to 4 skin colour groups (Black, Brown, Yellow and White).]

The mid racial classification by American anthropologist , divided humanity into five races:

• Caucasoid (White) race
• Negroid (Black) race
• Capoid (Bushmen/Hottentots) race
• Mongoloid (Oriental/ Amerindian) race
• Australoid (Australian Aborigine and Papuan) race

In his landmark book , Coon defined the as encompassing the regions of , , , the , , and . His work drew some charges of obsolete thinking or outright from a few critics, but some of the terminology he employed continues to be used even today, although the "-oid" suffixes now have in part taken on negative connotations.

In the 21st-Century, Coon's role came under further critical scrutiny when , noted that the American Coon, "actively aided the segregationist cause in violation of his own standards for scientific objectivity.".

would have been called an ‘Aryan‘ back then.]

In the late , ans began using the term to refer to the original and their descendants up to the present day (i.e., the --those s who are speak the ). It was also assumed at the time, that, Aryans were a naturally superior people. By the late , some ans began to use the name Aryan for only the peoples of Europe (one branch of the Indo-European peoples), as a "pure," "noble" and racially "superior" race they claimed were descended from the original . The that the Aryans first came from became especially popular in and to a lesser degree in , and .

There was much prejudice based upon this perception of the world as the Europeans and Orientals both regarded them selves as superior to the other skin colours, which lead to the horrors of African , , the s, and . The accidental misinterpretation of the works of (known as ) only helped to fuel the non-scientific opinions of 'race' and 'racial superiority'.

Genetics and haplogroups

In (the study of in different living things), the s most commonly studied are haplogroups and , both of which can be used to define the ''.

  Haplogroup A (Hg A)   B (Hg B)

All of these molecules are part of the ancestral haplogroup, but at some point in the past a mutation occurred in the , mutation A, which produced a new lineage.]

In , the haplogroups most commonly studied are and , both of which can be used to define genetic populations. Y-DNA is passed solely along the line, from father to son, while mtDNA is passed down the line, from mother to daughter. In theory the children of even a big family all share the DNA of their 2 common parents.

All of these DNA haplogroup molecules are part of the bigger ancestral haplogroup, but at some point in the past a mutation occurred in the , mutation A, which produced a new lineage this is haplogroup A and is defined by it's mutation as mutation A. At some more recent point in the past, a new , mutation B, occurred in a person carrying haplogroup A; mutation B defined haplogroup B. B is a subgroup, or subclade of haplogroup A; both haplogroups A and B are subgroups (subclades) of the ancestral haplogroup and so on.

For example- Korean males display a 35% frequency of the subclade and a lower frequency of and . is the predominant male lineage among the .

Theoretically, is the random change in gene frequencies between generations, but, a few individuals may leave behind more descendants and thus genes than other individuals. The genes of the next generation will be the genes of these “lucky” individuals' children, not necessarily the healthier or “better” individuals' children.

Social Darwinism, intelligence (IQ) and race

' refers to various ideologies based on a concept that competition is active among all individuals, or even whole nations as in human societies.

It is a social adaptation of the theory of as first invented by . explains success in various animal populations as the outcome of competition between any individual s for limited resources popularly known as "", a term first used by either , or .

Fascist movements have commonly held views of nations, races, and societies. Italian Fascist shortly after claimed that conflict was inevitable in society:

Conflict is in fact the basic law of life in all social organisms, as it is of all biological ones; societies are formed, gain strength, and move forwards through conflict; the healthiest and most vital of them assert themselves against the weakest and less well adapted through conflict; the natural evolution of nations and races takes place through conflict. Alfredo Rocco

, the Nazis utilized social to promote their concept of the German nation was part of the and believed in the competition of races. The Nazis tried to strengthen the ‘Aryan race’ in Germany by murdering those they regarded as weaker, like Jews, , Gypsies and .

It was believed until recently that race and were connected. The fact that environment, such as ing, content and consumption/boozing has a significant effect on IQ undermines the case for the use of IQ data as a source of genetic information .

This prejudice was partially applied in Europe and the USA to both- the , , , Blacks, Gypsies, ns, Italians, Turkish Cypriots, Slavic and Russia's s tribes.

Racism, colonialism and African slavery

When ans came to America, they killed thousands of s and when the European settlers got to Australia, they started killing of large numbers of s. In both cases, they regarded the native people as predestined to be inferior and not worth helping. This view was based on the Europeans' opinions on and how it could be used to judge the value of the native peoples. With the birth of their empires, many other native tribes suffered in , , , , , and .

a Relatively small numbers of White settlers and British (then including Irish) convicts attacked and removed Aboriginal populations from the South Eastern parts of Australia . Aboriginals in particular suffered, most of them on the Island being killed by settlers or disease. The complete extermination of the population was achieved on the orders of the now 'criminal against humanity' in . His actions would now be called a !

The peaked in the late 18th century, when the largest number of slaves were captured on expeditions into the interior of West Africa. These expeditions were typically carried out by people from the stronger African kingdoms like the , and , against weaker African tribes and peoples. Europeans rarely entered the interior of Africa, due to fear of and moreover fierce African resistance.. Many millions of were killed while they were held as prisoners or as s by the Europeans and . The and some others call this "".

Japan also held similar beliefs about and in their colonies.

Racism in World war 2

The 'Aryan nations'.

For the main articles see- and .

and Gypsies about to be deported in , May 22, .]

Alleged scientific findings of racial differences were used by to justify the with its concept of "Großdeutschland" () and the cial idea. The attitude towards the Jews were and falsely blamed them for Germany's defeat in and the . The Nazis and some of their allies, like , committed against the during the of . Some of the Hungarian native matched the Nazi racial ideal and were used as proof that Hungary was a and nation, like , , etc.

The (Template:Lang-pl) of August, 1944 at in ), was the scene of the largest single in the . According to different sources, some 40,000 to 100,000 Polish and s were killed by the troops.

by German military personnel.]

About 12 million, most of whom were , were employed in the German war economy as .. The Nazis regarded as disposable slave labour and "", which were only of being worked to death if not shot where they stood. The anti-Semitic massacre, in Byelorussia serves as an example of how Germany treated it's racial enemies.

(1911-1994) was a far-right and , in the 1970s head of the short-lived He was member of the representing the Nationale Aktion in the legislature 1967-1971. Schwarzenbach's Republican Party originated as a split off the in 1971, with which it merged once again in 1990, into the . The SD is amongst both the oldest the lest successful of Europe's far right parties.

Both Aryanism and the concept still linger on among some parts Germany and Austria. These attitudes are prevalent in parts of the former and in . and migrant labours have been attacked in some formerly towns in the . has rejected it's flirting with the far right. The German and are a modern example of this. They also play on the partly true, but over stated, claims that 'to many' foreigners are 'flooding' into their countries. Both parties are affiliated to the U.K.'s .

For the main article see- .

Sweden was another country that once considered it's self to be part of the 'Aryan belt' and of Aryan racial stock. The most virulent form was in the form of a informal breading program to reduce more 'Aryans' and less '', along with some intermittent and/or indirect help for during World War 2. While it became a haven for refugees from Norden and the Baltic states, and Swedes were involved in rescuing Scandinavian victims of internment camps." --- Nordstrom, p. 318: "By late 1943 Sweden was a haven for some 11,000 refugees from Denmark, including over 7,000 Danish Jews, and about 30,000 Norwegians."---> Nevertheless, internal and external critics have argued that Sweden could have done more to resist the Nazi war effort, even if risking occupation.. Sweden had to play a careful balancing game between the opposing forces throughout the war.

The minor (Nationaldemokraterna, ND) , formed by a faction of the in . The party describes itself as a / ("national democratic"), and party. While many in the mainstream media have designated the party as and/or the party has publicly rejected these descriptions as a smear. As far as can be told, it is vehemently , especially when concerning Blacks, hard-line and citizens of the .

of the visited Sweden whilst campaigning before the and gave the National Democrats his endorsement.

Eastern Europe

For the main article see- the .

.]

Both the and Hungary's were virulently anti-Semitic and believed the Jews were naturally criminals and workshy. During the 's, short rule in Hungary, thousands of s were murdered outright or sent to .

Like 's , they also persecuted the , who were considered part of the allegedly inferior and supposedly criminally inclined 'Indic' race. During , the embarked on systematic attempt at of the Romanies/Gypsies, known as the . The Nazis also knowingly killed of thousands of , , , and s.

Most Germans and Austrians are ashamed of this era, but Hungary has yet to really face up to what it did to the as support for the fledgling party rises.

For the main article see- the .

The was an fascist movement and political party in from 1927 to 1941. They despised and denounced both Jews, and Gypsies.

Some Romanian people still support these prejudice views even today.

For the main articles see- the and .

The and were racist militia in the former Yugoslavia. The Ustaše was openly pro-Nazi and anti-every one else. The Chetniks were Nazi sympathisers who hated Jews, Gypsies and s. These sentiments tried to re-emerge during the break up of the former during the .

Both Lithuania, the Czech republic, Slovakia, Byeloruss and the Ukraine once had a long standing hatred of , , and Gypsies, which came to the for during Wold War 2. Events like the 's anti-Semitic ,., came as little surprise to the . Pro- like (Lietuvos saugumo policija), and were actively supporting the German in such act.

Some older still dislike Germans for what they did in World War 2 and Slovaks also vehemently dislike and Gypsies, who they stereotype as naturally criminally inclined.

Italy

For the main article see- .

Fascist , in a speech to denounce , claimed that Jewish bankers in and were bound by the chains of to , and claimed that 80 percent of the leaders were Jews.

Many Italian fascists held anti-Slavist] views, especially against neighbouring nations, who they saw as being in competition with Italy, which had laid claim to the .

Mussolini said would get it's own way and was willing to use force to settle arguments. An early example was Italy's bombardment of the island of in . Soon after he succeeded in setting up a in and crushed a rebellion in , which had been an Italian since . Italy went on and brutally conquered , , and in .

Italy, like , and mistakenly regarded all and Gypsies as stupid, racially inferior due to the effects of and undeserving of there basic rights! Anti-Arab discrimination was also used in parts of .

Some Italians still harbor preducses against , Gypsy and immigrants today.

The -come- (Template:Lang-nl, NSB) was a and later . The NSB did well during the and the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the , after Germany had occupied the .

Anti-Indonesian sentiments are now being roused in by similar parties, like the the (Template:Lang-nl, PVV) in the , which once ruled over Indonesia and has a large racially community in it.

Both V.B. and the P.V.V. want the and the racially akin province of to merge in to one, united, land.

Poland

.]

The Poles once had long standing hatred and of Russians, Jews, , , Jews and Gypsies, which came to the for during Wold War , in event such as . Many Poles fearcly resent what the did in the and the did in World War 2. Anti-Semitism has some grassroots support in Poland.

Like in other nations across the world, there are several organizations in and public support of these parties is marginal.

demonstration in 2008, celebrating the anniversary of in ().]

The was one of the larger groups active in the early 1990s, The current major neo-fascist movement is the NOP under the leadership of . founded the organization "Niklot" in , promoting Slavic supremacy (a form of the Nazis' ). Like the ultra-Catholic station, they have , , anti- and program.

United States and Canada

, in . Obviously only Whites could eat there, whilst non-Whites were not welcomed!]

racism has been a major issue in the country since before its founding. Historically dominated by socially and ethnically diverse White race in the as a concept became significant in relation to other groups. Generally in the country have been most onerously applied to , s and some "" action against immigrants among others.

The , and had trouble in America, during the 19th Century, but the Blacks fell foul of the s which once racially separated the racist parts of America between Blacks and Whites. These first emerged in the late and lasted to the mid and the .

from an American magazine, , says that the Irish are similar to 'Negroes'.]

The cold blooded use of on Mr by the in saw torn apart by several days of versus White and . The L.A.P.D. had a reputation befor then of having a heavy anti Black bias, as well as a reported dislike for . Thankfully this has all changed and any overt racists in the forces have been removed.

]s / and Blacks are still hated in parts of America, while the horror of , 2001, has heightened the American fears about and in general.

has also had a few anti-Chinese and anti-Native American riots in times and during the , but now it's virtually died out in the much more tolerant modern state.

Africa

For the main artical see- The system.

were a system was used to deny many rights of people The laws allowed the white minority to keep the Black majority out of certain areas. Black people had to carry special papers (passes) or have permission to live and work in particular areas. Whites opposed intermarriage with non-whites and were also discriminated against, but not as badly as the Non-whites. The of 1949 prohibited marriage between persons of different races and the of 1950 made a . The Blacks suffered greatly and were even banned from ing at one point.

For the main article see the- .

The of was the mass killing of hundreds of thousands of 's and politically moderate by and ultimately , Hutus under the ideology. The pygmies were also killed by both sides. Hutus and Tutsis had hated each other for centuries, but had managed to co-exist until the s colonised the various local countries. The Prussian authorities approved of social Darwinism and helped the Tutsis to rule over the Hutus. This only counted to foster the hatred that erupted in and in the , which killed about 900,000 people !

Anti-Chinese riots hit Lusaka, , in 2006 and , in 2007 . Most Africans fear the Chinese are trying to colonise Africa like the Europeans did in Victorian times. Chinese is a growing fear in both and the .

Abidjan in were hit by the more exspeted Anti-white riots in 2004 . The often brutal European colonial rule has left many bitter feelings in .

Australia and New Zealand

and were also tainted with racism to. Asustralia has had a long traditional hatred of . The anti- demonstrations that took place in the Burrangong region, in , between 1860 and 1861. They lead to the . They occurred on the goldfields at Spring Creek, Stoney Creek, Back Creek, Wombat, Blackguard Gully, Tipperary Gully, and Lambing Flat (now ) In December 1920, Anti- and (mainly from in ) communities took place in , a town in northern .

By the the situation had no improved much. The on the evening of Saturday 14 February 2004 was an event in the inner suburb of sparked by the death of the teenager, Thomas 'TJ' Hickey, were until about the 1970's regarded as inferior people by most White Australians. The horror of helped stoke the causes of the were a series of motivated mob confrontations which originated in and around , a beachfront suburb of Sydney, , Australia. Soon after the riot, ethnically motivated violent incidents occurred in several other Sydney suburbs. The and were the primary targets. In , , students protested against what they claimed were racist attacks by white youns, blocking streets in the city centre as they did so.

New Zealand has a smoldering dislike of Australians and in some quarters. (Takaparawhau in ) is a coastal piece of land in , , , overlooking the . The area has significance in New Zealand history for its role in Māori protests against forced by non New Zealanders. New Zealanders have until about the 1970's regarded Maori as an inferior people

Both and the have also had anti-Chinese in recent years.

There is also a unrelated Bastion Point near , , .

Asia

For the full articles see- , , , .

The , s, , s and have regularly clashed in the , . The rivalries between these nationally are as old as the pre-Soviet, states they emerged from. The of 1990 were an ethnic conflict between and that took place in in the city of , that was then a part of the (Kyrgyz SSR).

The racist were an instance of and anti-government unrest in , the capital of the , from February 12–14, 1990.

The , in 1981 was an important event in the . An organized mob went on a rampage on the nights of to , , burning the in . The and s have had a long standing feud though out history over who was in charge of northern Sri Lanka, in particular, the dominated .

For the main articles see- the and the .

students clash with police forces.]

The were a principal factor in the . They occurred in several parts of , but most notably in the capital and largest city, . The riots were triggered by economic problems like food shortages and mass in Indonesia.

It soon degenerated in to a by the ethically against the people living in .

, and have also had anti-Chinese and Anti- riots over the years.

For the main articles see- the The , the , the and the 2009 .

The protests were mass demonstrations and riots against n students in , , which lasted from December 1988, to the following January. The students were from China's former allies in Africa like and .

During 2008, many students that had failed to except Tibet’s re-assimilation in to China, during the , after about 200 years of intermittent independence, decided to riot on the anniversary of the Tibetan’s failed anti-Chinese rebellion. The riots were bloodily suppressed and defeated by a combination of Chinese riot police and troops in . Most Chinese regarded Tibet as rightfully theirs and the Tibetan people as an inferior and disorderly people. Most are kept off the as the region is developed for the benefit of ‘Greater China’.

By 2009, the Uyghur realised they were in virtually the same situation. The were the final boiling over of simmering versus Chinese that dated back to the province’s re-annexation after a brief spell of independence during and between the World Wars. The Chinese regard Uyghur as backward peasants and keep them on a lower level on the . Chinese media blamed ’criminal elements’ for the riot broke out on 5 July 2009 in , the capital city of the , in northwestern . Rioting on the first day involved at least 1,000 in a protest that escalated into attacks on people after confrontations with police. Police attempted to quell the rioters with , and armoured vehicles by imposing a in most urban areas. In total, officials said that 197 people died with 1,721 others injured as hundreds of Han people clashed with both police and Uyghurs on 7 July . Authorities also shut down Internet services and restricted cell phone services in Ürümqi for the night. On 8 July, cut short his attendance of the and returned to China due to the situation in Xinjiang.

and have also had Anti- riot over the years.

The new world attitude

With the revelations of what the had done to it's victims and how the movement tried to liberate the from racist rule in and the southern (eg- and ), the old ideas about race were swept away along with the prejudices that followed in it's wake! Blacks could vote in South Africa after a 50 year ban and the word 'Nigger' fell out use.

In some cases , the and "" have taken the situation to the opposite extreme, leading to accusations in the , and of , that is to say racism in favour, not against the ethnic minorities. Political correctness is a term applied to , ideas, policies, or behaviour seen as seeking to minimize offence to gender, racial, cultural, disabled, aged or other identity groups. Conversely, the term "politically incorrect" is used to refer to language or ideas that may cause offense or that are unconstrained by or (eg- and ). An example of is the term is a racially term for a in a domestic job (, ), comparing them to a Black servant employed in the house of a White master during slavery. where he explains that the slaves called "House Negroes" working in the house and "Field Negroes" laboured outside. Such terms are now considered and abhorrent.

Text of speech his :

The is now a country and in 2006, it became the third nation in world history to reach 300 million people. and each each got just over 1 billion people in them.

The spectacular growth of the Hispanic population through from principally among other places combined with and generally high are noted as a partial factor for the USA's rising population in the last quarter-century. The also found /Amerindians at their highest population ever, 4.5 million, since the U.S was founded in 1776.

is also a diverse and country. Nowadays, most Brazilians classify themselves as being Whites, closely followed by the 'Brown group' (). Racial has been part of the country's history and most Brazilians can trace their origin to an, , and n ancestors. The only real racial trouble comes in the fact that the Whites have a tendency of getting the better jobs and houses, whilst the Blacks have a tendency to be left back in the s.

Related pictures

• A racially segregated bus station in , in May . The s racially separated parts of America between Blacks and Whites.
• A billiard hall for only , in , in .
• The cafe has two entry doors for two rooms: one for "Whites" only and "Coloureds" only.
• An African-American youth at a drinking ‘coloured only’ in a courthouse lawn in , in .
• Punch] cartoon depicting of Belgium as a rubber vine entangling a Congolese man.
• The Rexist flag.
• The VNV flag.
• were classed as ‘Aryans‘.
• Portuguese] were classed as ‘s‘.
• Mr , of in , would have been classed as an 'Alpine'. He was in .
• Arabs were classed as ‘Middle Eastern’.
• The Chinese were classed as ‘Orientals’.
• Hmong] tribe were classed as ‘Orientals’.
• Amerindians, like the , were classed as ‘Orientals’ and once killed by White .
• The of were yet another tribe classed as supposed ‘Orientals’ or an Oriental and Aryan mix.
• s would have been oddly classed as either 'Orientals' or 'Middle Eastern'
• Indian]s were classed as ‘Indics’.
• Gypsies were classed as ’Indics’, They did face a degree of persecution even in 1920's . The picture was taken in .
• Gambian]s were classed as ‘Negroids’.
• the Congolese were also classed as ‘Negroids’.
• Israeli] Physicians, Mr is of ish decent and could become a victim of anti-Semites.
• The were once classified as an 'earlier off shoot' of the that came in to existence long before most others did.
• The ] were also once falsely classified as a supposed early off shoot of the human race.

See also

• The
• The
• The s
• The
• Dr
• The
• The s
• The
• s
• Mr
• The
• The
• The
• The melee

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45. Zhifen Ju, "Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draftees after the outbreak of the Pacific war", 2002.
46. Alan Sykes, The Radical Right in Britain (British History in Perspective), Palgrave Macmillan, 2004 p. 131
47. African immigrants riot in Spain, BBC NEWS
48. 'Race killing' sparks French riot
49. Bourne, Henry Richard Fox (1903). Civilisation in Congoland: A Story of International Wrong-doing. London: P. S. King & Son. p. 253. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
50. Forbath, Peter (1977). The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic Rivers. . p. 374. ISBN 0061224901.
51. http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/08/30/daily/leopold-book-review.html
52. Hochschild p.226-232
53. Liang (2007), p. 265f.
54. Civil Rights Act of 1964
55. ]
58. Alistair Boddy-Evans. African History: Apartheid Legislation in South Africa, . Accessed 5 June 2007.
59. See, e.g., Rwanda: How the genocide happened, , April 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of every 10 Tutsis were killed.
60. See, e.g., Rwanda: How the genocide happened, , April 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of every 10 Tutsis were killed in Rwanda alone.
61. Why China Is Trying To Colonize Africa
62. LESOTHO: Anti-Chinese resentment flares
63. Rwanda Syndrome on the Ivory Coast
64. France's 'Little Iraq'
65. Police cordon At Bastion Point (3rd of 3) (from . Accessed 2008-07-31.)
66. State media and government officials refer to it as '乌鲁木齐“7·5”打砸抢烧严重暴力犯罪事件' (lit. Ürümqi 7·5 Rioting Serious Violent Criminal Incident).
67. Epstein, Gady (5 July 2009). "Uighur Unrest". . Retrieved 5 July 2009.
68. aljazeera
69. "China's Xinjiang hit by violence". . 6 July 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
70. Wong, Edward (5 July 2009). "Migrants Describe Grief From China's Strife". . Retrieved 9 July 2009.
71. "Han Chinese launch revenge attacks on Uighur property". . 5 July 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
72. Xinhua197
73. AP (17 July 2009). "Initial probe completed and arrest warrants to be issued soon, Xinjiang prosecutor says". South China Morning Post. p. A7.
74. Graham-Harrison and Yu Le, Emma (6 July 2009). "Residents say Internet down in Xinjiang riot city". {{cite news}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
75. "Internet cut in Urumqi to contain violence: media". AFP. 7 July 2009.
77. U.S. Population Tops 300 Million
78. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html CIA - The World Factbook -- Rank Order - Population
79. Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000
80. Bibliothèque Virtuelle Gilberto Freyre - L'oeuvre

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