Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license.
Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat.
We can research this topic together.
September 8, 1943: Marshal Pietro Badoglio announces the surrender of Italy to the Allies, orders Italian forces to "cease all acts of hostility against the Anglo-American forces wherever they may be met"September 12, 1943: Former Italian Premier Benito Mussolini freed from prison by Nazi raidKingdom of Italy leaves the AxisSeptember 23, 1943:"Italian Social Republic" created by Germany in Venice
The following events occurred in September 1943:
September 1, 1943 (Wednesday)
Amon Göth, the Nazi commandant of the Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp, decreed that the Jewish prisoners would no longer be allowed to work in the factories in neighboring Płaszów, including the one operated by Oskar Schindler. Thereafter, Jews were required to remain inside the camp at all times, although non-Jewish Poles could continue to work.
Minami-Tori-shima, a Japanese coral atoll that included an airstrip, located approximately 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from Tokyo, was attacked by the United States in the first successful strike of the new Fast Carrier Task Force. Rear Admiral Charles Pownall commanded Task Force 15, with three carriers (the Essex, the Yorktown and the Independence) and several support ships, that attacked the atoll.
September 2, 1943 (Thursday)
Seweryn Klajnman, an 18-year-old Jewish inmate at the Treblinka extermination camp, led an escape of 13 of his fellow prisoners. The group killed the Ukrainian SS guard, who was overseeing their work detail, with a crowbar. Klajnman then changed into the guard's uniform, and with rifle in hand and shouting orders, marched his group out of the camp's gates as if going to a new assignment.
MS Gripsholm repatriation ship
The ocean liner MS Gripsholm, operated by neutral Sweden to make exchanges of civilians between the Allied Powers and the Axis Powers, departed from Jersey City, New Jersey toward Mormugao in Portuguese India with 1,330 Japanese diplomats and their families residing in the United States on board. By agreement between the U.S. and Japan, the Japanese ship Teia Maru would bring American civilians to Mormugao, where an exchange would take place on October 15.
At the same time, General Giuseppe Castellano, acting with the authorization of the Italian government, secretly met with Allied officials at the village of Cassibile in Sicily to sign the Armistice of Cassibile, Italy's unconditional surrender, to "come into force at a moment most favorable to the Allies". U.S. Army General Walter Bedell Smith signed on behalf of the Allies.
The Nazi German SS began the arrest of thousands of Jews in Belgium, with two days of raids on the cities of Brussels and Antwerp. The first of ten deportations by railroad would begin on September 20.
Died:Leon Moisseiff, 70, American engineer and suspension bridge designer
September 4, 1943 (Saturday)
Premier Stalin and Patriarch Pimen
Soviet Union premier Joseph Stalin hosted Sergei Izvekov (the acting patriarch Pimen I of the Russian Orthodox Church), and two other metropolitans, and offered to allow the Church to hold worship services, in return for the Church's acknowledging "the legitimacy of the Soviet state" and refraining from criticism of the government's policies. The assembled clerics agreed, and the announcement of the end of restrictions was made the next day.
U.S. Army Air Forces Lieutenant Alex Doster became the first person to test the paratrooper pick-up system that had been designed by All American Aviation Company. Designed to rescue downed fliers who were stranded in terrain that could not be reached from the air, the All American system used the same principle that had been applied to the picking up of mail sacks from the air. Lt. Doster volunteered for the test, wearing a special harness that minimized the g-force that resulted from being picked up from the ground at a speed of 125 miles per hour (201 km/h), and, within three minutes, climbed aboard a Stinson aircraft piloted by Norm Rintoul.
Seventy-nine people were killed and 116 injured in a crash of an express train on the Pennsylvania Railroad at Philadelphia. The Congressional Limited express had been en route from Washington to New York City, with 541 passengers. At 6:08 pm, nine of the 16 cars on the train derailed, after an axle on the seventh one had caught fire, causing a chain reaction that sent the cars crashing into each other.
The important railway junction of Konotop fell to the Soviet 60th Army.
As the German Army retreated from the Ukrainian SSR in the Soviet Union, Heinrich Himmler issued his "scorched earth" (verbrannte Erde) order, with the goal to be "not one person remains, no cattle, no wheat, no railroad track ... neither a house nor a mine which would not be destroyed for years ... no well which would not be poisoned.
A fire at the Gulf Hotel in Houston killed 55 men, most of them elderly residents. The blaze broke out shortly after midnight at the three-story building.
The Italian submarine Velella was torpedoed and sunk off Salerno by the British submarine Shakespeare.
Italy surrendered to the Allied forces after more than three years as a member of the alliance of the Axis Powers. At 7:30 in the evening local time, radio listeners in Italy were stunned to hear their Prime Minister, Marshal Pietro Badoglio, read the statement that "The Italian Government, recognizing the impossibility of continuing the unequal struggle against the overwhelming power of the enemy, and with the object of avoiding further and more grievous harm to the nation, has requested an armistice from General Eisenhower ... This request has been granted. The Italian forces will, therefore, cease all acts of hostility against the Anglo-American forces wherever they may be met ..." U.S. Army General Dwight D. Eisenhower released the news of the unconditional surrender, "effective this instant", at the same time in a broadcast from Allied Headquarters in North Africa.
Half of the 70,000 Allied prisoners of war in Italy were able to escape in a single day, walking out of the camps when their prison guards deserted.
German troops had moved into northern Italy, where the 35,000 member Jewish population was concentrated, during the 45 days since the overthrow of Benito Mussolini.
Allied forces began the Dodecanese Campaign, an attempt to capture the Italian-held Dodecanese islands.
U.S. warplanes conducted the Frascati air raid, killing 485 civilians.
In his first public statement since March 22, Germany's Adolf Hitler delivered a radio address from Berlin to talk about the recent withdrawal of Italy from the war. Saying that "I see the time has come to speak again to the German people," Hitler said that the loss of Italy was not "due to lack of German assistance", but, rather, "failure or ill will of those elements which by systematic sabotage have caused capitulations."
Germany ordered the removal of 5,006 Jewish residents of Theresienstadt, which had been set aside by the Nazis as a city where Jewish intellectuals could be relocated to live without interference. The group was sent to Birkenau, near the extermination camp in Auschwitz, with orders that they receive Sonderbehandlung (special treatment) for six months. In March, the order would expire and the residents would be executed.
The first classes commenced at the Grace Bible Institute (Grace University from 1995 to 2018 before closing) in Omaha, Nebraska, with 23 students. The University educated over 9000 students.
Died:Julius Fučík, 40, Czech resistance leader, by execution
September 9, 1943 (Thursday)
Battleship RomaA Fritz X guided bomb
The Italian battleship Roma was attacked by German Nazi bombers and sunk by the new guided bomb, the Fritz X. The ship went down between Corsica and Sardinia and took with it 1,253 of its crew of 1,849 including the Commander of the Italian Navy, Admiral Carlo Bergamini. The wreckage would remain undiscovered for more than 68 years; on June 28, 2012, the government of Italy would announce that the Roma had been located.
The second phase of the Allied invasion of Italy, Operation Avalanche, commenced at 3:30 am, as the U.S. Army VI Corps and the British Army X Corps stormed the beaches at the Gulf of Salerno, and encountered heavy resistance from German forces. Lt. Gen. Mark W. Clark, who commanded the U.S. Fifth Army, decided not to precede the amphibious landings with an aerial bombardment of the German defenders, preserving an element of surprise at the expense of high casualties.
Iran, which had remained neutral since the outbreak of World War II, declared war against Germany, with a 73–4 vote by the Majlis to approve the decree of the reigning monarch, Reza Shah.
Two days after the government of Italy agreed to surrender, German troops invaded Rome, Naples and the rest of northern Italy. Prime Minister Pietro Badoglio and King Victor Emanuel III were able to flee through German lines and escape to Allied-controlled territory, and relocated the Kingdom's government to the city of Brindisi.
At noon, Vatican City closed the doors of the St. Peter's Basilica and blocked the gate of Sant'Anna, the main entrance to the independent nation from Rome, after giving sanctuary to Italians fleeing the Nazi occupation.
The "Solf Circle", a gathering of more than 75 Berlin citizens who were opposed to the Nazi German government, was betrayed after Elisabeth von Thadden invited a new member to their group, Dr. Paul Reckzeh. Dr. Reckzeh was a Swiss native and a physician at the Charité Hospital, but was an undercover agent for the Gestapo as well. Convincing the group that he was secretly opposed to the Nazis, Dr. Reckzeh offered to smuggle letters from the group to contacts in neutral Switzerland. Afterward, he took the incriminating evidence to the Gestapo, and members of the Solf Circle would be arrested on January 12; all but two of them would be executed, including Mrs. von Thadden. Hannah Solf, who had organized the group, would survive, albeit in a concentration camp.
Twenty-two of the Italian Navy's warships arrived at the British naval base at Malta, after fleeing La Spezia and Taranto. The number had four battleships, seven cruisers and 11 destroyers.
The German Navy successfully employed the G7es torpedo for the first time. The weapon, fired by the German submarine U-270, was the first homing torpedo, and struck the British Royal Navy frigate HMS Lagan, killing 28 of the frigate's crew.
The Italian submarine Argo was scuttled at Monfalcone to prevent capture by the Germans.
September 11, 1943 (Saturday)
Marshal Kesselring
German Field Marshal Albert Kesselring declared that all Italian territory was under German military control, an act that former dictator Benito Mussolini would later describe as reducing Italy to the status of a German "colony". Adolf Hitler ordered that the occupied Italian territory be divided into three zones, with the area around Rome extending south toward the front lines against the Allies, the Alpine mountain region ("Alpenvorland") and the coast along the Adriatic Sea ("Adriatische Kusterland"). Hitler also issued orders to deal with any Italian military units that had gone over to fight for the Allies, with all officers to be executed, and soldiers and non-coms to be deported to Germany as laborers.
German occupying forces executed the inhabitants of the Greek village of Aetos in Messenia, the southern peninsula of Greece.
The USS Savannah became the first American ship to be struck by Germany's Fritz-X bomb, which punched through the decks of the warship and then exploded inside, killing 197 men. The ship was heavily damaged, but not sunk, and proceeded to the Allied base at Malta.
A Fieseler Storch used in the Gran Sasso raidHotel Campo Imperiale
In the Gran Sasso raid, German SS Sturmbannfuhrer Otto Skorzeny led a rescue of Benito Mussolini, the recently deposed Italian dictator, who had been imprisoned at the Campo Imperiale Hotel, located in the Abruzzi Mountains. Shortly after 2:00 pm, eight gliders landed silently at the resort, bringing a team of German commandos. They were followed by 70 paratroopers, who secured the grounds while Skorzeny's team overpowered the Italian Army prison guards, who surrendered without a fight. Twenty minutes after the attack began, a German Fiesler Storch plane departed Gran Sasso with Mussolini and Skorzeny on board.
In the first ceremony of its type since the Russian Revolution, a new leader of the Russian Orthodox Church was invested, with Patriarch Sergius being sworn in at Moscow's Yelokovsky Cathedral.
The British hospital ship HMHS Newfoundland was struck by a Henschel Hs 293 glide bomb in the Mediterranean Sea. The patients and surviving crew were rescued and the ship was scuttled the next day.
The British light cruiser HMS Uganda was struck by a Fritz X glide bomb off Salerno, Sicily and severely damaged. She would undergo heavy repairs and return to service in October 1944 with the Royal Canadian Navy as HMCS Uganda until 1952 when it was renamed Quebec.
The first group of Japanese-American citizens was removed from the Tule Lake Relocation Center in California, to be dispersed among other United States internment camps. Over a period of 17 days, there were 6,250 Issei (immigrants to the U.S.) and Nisei (American natives) who were shipped out, after being deemed to be loyal citizens who still needed to be incarcerated. The camp was converted to a maximum security facility for those remaining Japanese-Americans deemed to be a threat.
Adolf Hitler told his aide, Karl Wolff, that he wanted Pope Pius XII deported to Germany. Wolff would testify about the directive after the end of World War II. At the same time, Ernst von Weiszacker, the German emissary to Vatican City, delivered Hitler's personal assurances to the Vatican that its sovereignty as an independent nation would be protected, and that its area within Rome would be exempt from attack.
General Ugo Cavallero, 62, former Chief of the Italian Supreme Command, by a self-inflicted gunshot wound. General Cavallero, who had been held in a Rome prison since the overthrow of Mussolini in July, had written a letter to Marshal Badoglio in August, "claiming that he despised Fascism and Mussolini", in an unsuccessful bid to be released. Cavallero was freed by the German occupiers on September 10, but his letter was soon discovered.
David Bacon, 29, American film actor, was murdered by an assailant who was never caught. After being stabbed, Bacon, "wearing only a swimsuit, with a knife protruding from his back" was able to drive away from the scene, and staggered out of his car after crashing into the curb at Santa Monica, California.
September 14, 1943 (Tuesday)
Benito Mussolini was flown to the Wolf's Lair for a meeting with Hitler, who informed him that it was imperative that a new Fascist government be set up to administer Italy.
The British battleship Warspite was struck by a Fritz X glide bomb off Altavilla Silentina and knocked out of the war until June 1944.
Ibrahim Biçakçiu, Bedri Pejani and Xhafer Deva declared Albania independent from Italy, which had annexed the nation in 1939. The Albanian state was occupied by two divisions of German troops, who arrived after the Italian surrender.
The Battle of Drashovica began between partisan fighters and German occupying forces in Albania.
Nazi forces began the Viannos massacres on the Greek island of Crete. Between this day and September 16 over 500 civilians were murdered by the Wehrmacht.
Men born on September 14, 1943, would later become those given highest priority by the draft lottery that would take place on December 1, 1969. Those persons who turned 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or 26 years old on September 14, 1969, would find their birthday to be the first to be picked in the first draft lottery after World War II.
Died:Jacob Gens, 38, Lithuanian policeman who had acted as the representative of the Vilna Ghetto during the Nazi occupation of the Lithuanian SSR, and co-operated with the Nazi SS in hopes of sparing a complete liquidation of the Ghetto before the end of the war. When the Germans ordered the destruction of all ghettos, Gens was summoned to Gestapo headquarters in Vilna and executed.
September 15, 1943 (Wednesday)
The United States Army revealed the existence of its formerly top secret weapon, the bazooka (officially the AT M-1 rocket launcher), the first rocket-propelled grenade weapon. A demonstration was given to assembled reporters at the Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia.
Three days after being freed from imprisonment by Germany, and seven weeks after his overthrow in July, Benito Mussolini was restored to leadership of Italy by the Nazi occupiers; German paratroopers also landed in St. Peter's Square at Vatican City in Rome, despite the Vatican's neutrality in the war. Mussolini made his announcement of a return to power from Adolf Hitler's headquarters at Rastenburg.
The M-1 bazooka
September 16, 1943 (Thursday)
The Salerno Mutiny occurred when 700 soldiers of the British Army's X Corps refused postings to new units fighting in the Italian Campaign at Salerno. The majority reconsidered after British Lt. General Richard McCreery talked to them, but 192 British forces (mostly from the 50th Northumbrian Division and the 51st Highland Division) refused, and were later court-martialed.
The Soviet Army recaptured the Black Sea port city of Novorossisk from German occupiers.
Germany began the first deportation of Jews from Italy, starting with the evacuation of Merano, for eventual relocation at Auschwitz.
U.S. Congressman James M. Curley of Massachusetts was indicted on charges of mail fraud and racketeering in obtaining war contracts. Curley had also served as the state's governor, and had been Mayor of Boston.
Twenty-three men and one woman, all personnel in the U.S. Navy, were killed, and 250 injured in an explosion of depth charge bombs at the Norfolk Naval Air Station in Virginia.
Twelve miners were killed in an explosion of the Three Point Coal Company mine in Harlan County, Kentucky, but another six were able to survive death from carbon monoxide when one of them, Shelley Farley, led them in using materials at hand to construct an airtight shelter.
Ho Chi Minh, who had been imprisoned in China for more than a year after trying to persuade the Nationalist government to assist his Viet Minh campaign against the French colonialists, was released. He would become the President of North Vietnam less than two years later.
Five hundred members of the SS Croatian Division, a division of Germany's SS, composed mostly of Bosnian Muslims, mutinied at Villefranche-de-Rouergue in France, killing several non-commissioned officers. About 150 of the rebels were killed when the uprising was suppressed, and several of the leaders of the uprising would be court-martialed and executed.
German Army General Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach, a prisoner of war in the Soviet Union and the prisoners' spokesman as president of the "League of German officers", presented a proposal to the Soviet Army for an army corps of 30,000 prisoners to be created to fight against Adolf Hitler. Seydlitz, joined by two other generals, outlined the plan five days later, calling for a massive force of 42,000 German soldiers to invade Germany; a commentator would later write, "Seydlits appears to have had no idea of the death rate of Stalingrad prisoners after the surrender."
Germany carried out "Plan Asche", evacuating 25,800 German soldiers from the Italian island of Sardinia, to the German-occupied French island of Corsica. In the process, the Germans abandoned the strategically located airfields to the British and American forces.
Mass deportations began of French Jews in Paris, with 1,150 being shipped in railroad freight cars to the Buchenwald concentration camp.
Germans and Cham Albanians began the Paramythia executions in the Greek town of Paramythia and its surrounding region. Between this day and September 29 a total of 201 Greek villagers were murdered.
In Lebanon, Maronite Christian leader Bechara El Khoury met with Sunni Muslim senior politician Riad Al Solh and worked out the National Pact, an arrangement for the post-independence government of the Middle Eastern nation. with the President to be a Christian, and the Prime Minister a Muslim. On October 8, President al-Khuri would appoint al-Sulh as the Prime Minister.
Baseball's St. Louis Cardinals captured the National League pennant with a 2–1 win over the Chicago Cubs in the first game of a doubleheader. At the time, they were 18 games ahead of the second place Brooklyn Dodgers.
Born:Joe Morgan, American baseball player and Hall of Fame enshrinee; in Bonham, Texas (d. 2020)
The mass German deportation purging of Belgium's Jewish population began, as a transport train departed for the Auschwitz concentration camp with about 1,000 prisoners. Five more such operations would take place in 1943, and four in 1944.
With Rome under control of German occupation forces, a representative of Germany's Reichsbank arrived at the headquarters of the Banca d'Italia, Italy's central bank, and ordered that 119 tons, nearly all of Italy's gold reserves, be placed in German custody in Milan.
The German submarine U-338 was depth charged and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by the Canadian corvette Drumheller, and the U-346 sank in Danzig Bay in a diving accident with the loss of 37 out of 43 crew.
The Massacre of the Acqui Division began. From this day through September 26 the Germans massacred over 5,000 Italian soldiers on the Greek island of Cephalonia.
The British corvette Polyanthus was torpedoed and sunk in the Bay of Biscay by U-952.
American singer Kate Smith appeared for 18 hours on the CBS Radio Network, starting at 8:00 a.m. in New York and continuing until 2:00 a.m. the next morning, appealing to her listeners to invest in U.S. war bonds. Her performance, which reached an estimated 85 million listeners, raised $39,000,000 and "was such a success that it has been researched as a sociological case study in mass persuasion".
Japan's Prime Minister Hideki Tojo declared a "time of emergency" in a government radio broadcast, and other reports were made urging the evacuation of Tokyo, with plans for the evacuation of the government there.
Belarusan Nazi Governor Kube
Wilhelm Kube, the Nazi Governor of German-occupied Belarus, was assassinated at his office in Minsk, by his maid, a woman who had secretly been a member of the Russian partisans. The maid, Elena Mazanik, had planted a time bomb in Kube's bedroom; she would be honored later as a Hero of the Soviet Union.
A group of Italian and foreign-born Jews were massacred by the German occupiers, with the bodies dumped into Lake Maggiore.
Against the recommendation of Nazi administrator Werner Best, Germany's Adolf Hitler gave approval for the deportation of the Jewish residents of Denmark, to begin on October 2.
Born:Toni Basil (stage name for Antonia Basilotta), American singer-songwriter, best known for her #1 song Mickey; in Philadelphia
September 23, 1943 (Thursday)
The Italian Social Republic, with its capital at Venice, was founded in northern Italy as a puppet state of Nazi Germany, with former Italian premier Benito Mussolini as the Head of State. The office of Mussolini, and most of the government ministries, was located in the resort town of Salò.
Ernst Kaltenbrunner, head of Germany's SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt— the Reich Office of Security — issued the order to arrange for the deportation of Jews from Nazi-occupied nations (Italy, Denmark, Hungary and Romania) as well as to negotiate plans for those in the neutral nations of Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Finland and Turkey.
Nine days after the execution of Jacob Gens, liquidation of the Jewish ghetto in the Lithuanian capital, Vilnius, began with the removal of 5,000 people, mostly women, children, and elderly people, who were sent to the Majdanek concentration camp.
Repairs were finished on the Möhne river dam, which had been heavily damaged in a British bombing raid on May 16; the Edersee Dam, which had been bombed in the same raid, was restored to full operation six days later.
The Soviet Red Army recaptured the Russian SFSR city of Smolensk from German occupiers leading to the total abandonment of the U.S.S.R. by German forces in what was described as "the greatest mass retreat in history".
The German Armed Forces command issued a public decree for the removal from service of anyone classified as a "Mischling of the First Degree", a person who had two Jewish, or otherwise non-Aryan, grandparents. Mixed marriages (between Jews and Gentiles) had already been barred by the Nuremberg Laws of 1933.
Baseball's New York Yankees clinched the American League pennant with a 2–1 win over the Detroit Tigers in 14 innings, ten games ahead of the Washington Senators with only nine games left.
Born:Robert Gates, U.S. Secretary of Defense 2006–2011, Director of Central Intelligence 1991–1993; in Wichita, Kansas
September 26, 1943 (Sunday)
Major Kappler, Rabbi Zolli and Pope Pius XII
Major Herbert Kappler, the German SS chief assigned to German-occupied Rome, delivered a 36-hour ultimatum to the city's Jewish community, requiring payment of fifty kilograms (110 pounds) of gold, as well as 100 million Italian lire, to SS headquarters, to avoid the mass arrest and deportation of Rome's Jews to concentration camps. Israel Zolli, the Chief Rabbi of Rome, appealed to the offices of Pope Pius XII for assistance. The Pope ordered the Vatican City treasury to deliver the remaining gold on Sunday; "probably, the Church officials melted down their religious vessels to deliver the ransom", a historian would write later.
The British destroyer Intrepid and the Greek destroyer Vasilissa Olga were bombed and sunk at the island of Leros by the Luftwaffe.
The Drysdale River Mission at Kalumburu, Western Australia, a community of Aboriginal and European Benedictine Roman Catholics, was attacked by 40 Japanese bombers and fighters, with the destruction of four of its buildings and the deaths of five people, including its leader.
Elements of the British Eighth Army entered Foggia and occupied the surrounding airfields unopposed. The capture of the airbase put the Allies within range of the Balkans, southern Germany and Poland.
The popular uprising known as the Four Days of Naples began against German forces occupying the city of Naples.
Assistant Professor Sam Ruben of the University of California, Berkeley, the 29-year-old co-discoverer of Carbon-14 that became the basis for radiocarbon dating, was fatally injured while conducting a laboratory experiment. Dr. Ruben was working with a defective ampoule containing the deadly chemical warfare compound phosgene, and inhaled a lethal dose when the ampoule leaked. He would die the next day.
Died:
Mao Zemin, 47, (the younger brother of Mao Zedong); and Chen Tanqiu, 47, along with other founders of the Chinese Communist Party, who were all arrested and executed on orders of General Sheng Shicai, the warlord of the Xinjiang Province.
Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz, a German diplomat in Nazi-occupied Denmark, secretly warned leaders of the Danish resistance of an order from Berlin for the arrest and deportation of the Kingdom's Jewish citizens, to begin on October 1. Over the next two weeks, Danish residents helped most of the nation's 8,000 Jews elude capture; Denmark's fishermen used their boats to ferry 7,200 people to neutral Sweden.
Ritter
General Julius Von Ritter, 50, administrator in German-occupied France who was in charge of the forced conscription and deportation of French men to work in Germany, assassinated by Marcel Rayman and other members of the French Resistance.
The tiny European duchy of Luxembourg was declared Judenrein ("cleansed of Jews") by German occupation forces, with the deportation of the last of the nation's 674 remaining Jewish citizens.
The American submarine USS Cisco was sunk in the Sulu Sea by Japanese aircraft and the gunboat Karatsu.
The 292 Jewish inmates of the Syrets concentration camp, located in the Ukrainian SSR, rose up against their German captors as their work assignment was drawing to a close. For six weeks, the prisoners had been directed to destroy the evidence of the massacre at Babi Yar, when the Germans murdered nearly 34,000 people over two days, on September 29 and 30, 1941. The group had labored at excavating and burning the bodies of the victims, then grinding and scattering the cremains. As it became clear that they, too, would be executed when the work was finished, the inmates, led by Vladimir Davydov, staged a mass race to the prison walls at dawn. The German guards, who delayed firing their machine guns until they realized what was happening, killed 280 of 292, but Davydov and eleven other men were able to escape, and would later reveal what had happened.
On the Royal Navy battleship HMS Nelson, anchored in the harbor of Valletta at Malta, Marshal Badoglio of Italy, accompanied by four of his generals and an admiral, met with U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower and his entourage, to sign Italy's articles of surrender.
The Four days of Naples concluded with the liberation of Naples from German occupation.
The papal encyclicalDivino afflante Spiritu was issued by Pope Pius XII, directing Biblical scholars within the Roman Catholic Church to acquire a knowledge of ancient languages for the purpose of "discovering and expounding the genuine meaning of the Sacred Books". The document was issued to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the 1893 issuance of the encyclical Providentissimus Deus by Pope Leo XIII.
Lewis, W. David; Trimble, William F. (1988). The Airway to Everywhere: A History of All American Aviation, 1937–1953. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 117.
Thigpen, Jerry L. (2001). The Praetorian STARShip: The Untold Story of the Combat Talon. Air University Press. pp. 24–25.
Wallace, Robert; Melton, H. Keith (2008). Spycraft: The Secret History of the CIA's Spytechs, from Communism to Al-Qaeda. Penguin. p. 258.
Astor, Gerald (2009). The Greatest War. Vol. II: D-Day and the Assault on Europe. Hachette Digital.
Edgar A. Haine, Railroad Wrecks (Associated University Presses, 1993) pp 111–112; "66 Killed, 106 Hurt In PRR Wreck" Pittsburgh Press, September 7, 1943, p1
"Scorched Earth", in Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements (A to F), Edmund Jan Osmańczyk and Anthony Mango, eds. (Taylor & Francis, 2003) p2019
"46 Die, 20 Hurt in Hotel Blaze— Many Leap to Their Death In Houston Fire", Pittsburgh Press, September 7, 1943, p1
"Official Texts of Surrender, Pittsburgh Press, September 8, 1943, p1
^ "Italian Fleet Escapes Nazis in Air Battle", Pittsburgh Press, September 12, 1943, p1; Nicholas Rankin, Ian Fleming's Commandos:The Story of the Legendary 30 Assault Unit (Oxford University Press, 2011) p192
"Ruhrstahl/Kramer X-1 (Fritz X)", in The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II, Chris Bishop, ed. (Sterling Publishing Company, 2002) p416
Milan N. Vego, Joint Operational Warfare: Theory and Practice (Government Printing Office, 2009) pX-70
Mercer, Derrik, ed. (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 589. ISBN978-0-582-03919-3.
Gholam Reza Afkhami, The Life and Times of the Shah (University of California Press, 2008) p87; Mehdi Heravi, Iranian-American Diplomacy (Ibex Publishers, 1999) p95
"ROME STORMED, CAPTURED, NAPLES TAKEN, NAZIS CLAIM, Pittsburgh Press, September 10, 1943, p1; "King, Badoglio Escape From Rome, Call Upon People To Fight Nazis", Pittsburgh Press, September 12, 1943, p1
^ Michael P. Riccards, Faith and Leadership: The Papacy and the Roman Catholic Church (Lexington Books, 2012) p412
^ David Cymet, History Vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church (Lexington Books, 2010
Jacques Delarue, Gestapo: A History of Horror (Skyhorse Publishing, 2008) p319; Peter Hoffmann, History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945 (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996) p32; William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall Of The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (Simon and Schuster, 1990) p1025
"Earthquake Rips Japan, Loss Heavy", Pittsburgh Press, September 11, 1943, p1
D. K. Brown, Nelson to Vanguard: Warship Development 1923–1945 (Naval Institute Press, 2006) p160
"Italy", by Meir Michaelis, in The World Reacts to the Holocaust (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996) p522
Jack Greene and Alessandro Massignani, The Black Prince and the Sea Devils: The Story of Valerio Borghese and the Elite Units of the Decima Mas (Da Capo Press, 2009) p141
Rick Atkinson, The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944 (Macmillan, 2008) pp 218–219
"Gran Sasso Raid", in World War II in Europe, David T. Zabecki, ed. (Taylor & Francis, 1999) p1519
"Russians Honor New Patriarch", Pittsburgh Press, September 13, 1943, p2
Linda Tamura, The Hood River Issei: An Oral History of Japanese Settlers in Oregon's Hood River Valley (University of Illinois Press, 1993) p196
Ray Moseley, Mussolini: The Last 600 days of Il Duce (Taylor Trade Publications, 2004) p51
Samuel W. Mitcham, Jr., Rommel's Desert War: The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps (Stackpole Books, 2007) p206
"Bacon, David", in The Encyclopedia of Unsolved Crimes, Michael Newton, ed. (Infobase Publishing, 2009) p28
Corvaja, Santi (2008). Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings. New York: Enigma Books. pp. 263–265. ISBN978-1-929631-42-1.
"World War II", in Historical Dictionary of Albania, Robert Elsie, ed. (Scarecrow Press, 2010) p486; "Deva, Xhafer", in Historical Dictionary of Kosovo, Robert Elsie, ed. (Scarecrow Press, 2004) p51
"Draft Lottery Is Held for 1970— 19-26-Year Olds Born on Sept. 14 head Callup List", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 2, 1969, p1
Jack Fischel, The Holocaust (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998) p91; "Gens, Jacob", SHOAH Resource Center, yadvashem.org
"Military Secret Revealed; Details of Bazooka Told", Pittsburgh Press, September 16, 1943, p7
"U.S. Indicts Congressman In War Fraud", Pittsburgh Press, September 16, 1943, p1
"17 Die, 257 Hurt in Naval Blast", Pittsburgh Press, September 17, 1943, p1
"12 Miners Killed In Kentucky Blast", Pittsburgh Press, September 17, 1943, p2
Beth W. Vinson, To Hell and Beyond: The First Enlisted Man's Version of What Happened As a Prisoner of War in Vietnam (Hillcrest Publishing Group, 2008) p58
Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration (Stanford University Press, 2001), p. 499
Antony Beevor, Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege, 1942–1943 (Penguin, 1999)
Barbara Brooks Tomblin, With Utmost Spirit: Allied Naval Operations in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945 (University Press of Kentucky, 2004)
Arthur D. Kahn, Experiment in Occupation: Witness to the Turnabout, Anti-Nazi War to Cold War 1944–1946 (Penn State Press, 2004) p51
Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: the Operation Reinhard Death Camps (Indiana University Press, 1999) p136
William Harris, Lebanon: A History, 600–2011 (Oxford University Press, 2012) p197
"Cardinals Clinch Pennant, Defeat Chicago Twice", Pittsburgh Press, September 20, 1943, p 3–12
"de Havilland Vampire", in The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II, Chris Bishop, ed. (Sterling Publishing Company, 2002) p326
Gianni Toniolo, Central Bank Cooperation at the Bank for International Settlements, 1930–1973 (Cambridge University Press, 2005) p253
"Smith, Kate", in The Home Front Encyclopedia: United States, Britain, And Canada in World Wars I And II James D. Ciment and Thaddeus Russell, eds. (ABC-CLIO, 2007) p722
Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich at War: 1939–1945 (Penguin, 2009)
"Italian Social Republic, Navy", World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia, Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p388
Peter Longerich, Holocaust:The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews (Oxford University Press, 2010) p390
Michael Good, The Search for Major Plagge: The Nazi who Saved Jews (Fordham University Press, 2006) pp 44–45
Horst Boog, et al., Germany and the Second World War, Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943–1944/5 (Oxford University Press, 2006) p40
"RUSSIANS CAPTURE SMOLENSK; 5TH ARMY TAKES NAPLES HILLS", Pittsburgh Press, September 25, 1943, p1
"Reds Storming Dnieper River Line, Nazis In History's Biggest Retreat", Pittsburgh Press, September 26, 1943, p1
Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck, The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Re-examined (Indiana University Press, 2002) pp 128–129
"Yanks Clinch Flag; Beat Tigers In 14th", Pittsburgh Press, September 26, 1943, p 3–11
Robert E. Aitken and Marilyn Aitken, Law Makers, Law Breakers, and Uncommon Trials (American Bar Association, 2007) p243; Michael Burleigh, Sacred Causes: The Clash of Religion and Politics, from the Great War to the War on Terror (HarperCollins, 2009) p278
Choo, Christine (2001). Mission Girls: Aboriginal Women on Catholic Missions in the Kimberley, Western Australia 1900–1950. University of Western Australia Publishing. p. 267.
_crowned.svg)
.svg)
Premier Stalin and Patriarch Pimen
_starboard_bow_view.jpg)
_copy.jpg)
Major Kappler, Rabbi Zolli and Pope Pius XII
_Kiev.jpg)