Misplaced Pages

Shankar–Jaikishan
Shankar (left) and Jaikishan (right) on a 2013 stamp of India
Background information
Also known as	S-J
Genres	Film score, Indian classical music, Fusion music, Indo jazz
Occupation	Film Music director
Years active	1949 – 1987
Website	Official website

Shankar–Jaikishan (also known as S-J) were an Indian composer duo of the Hindi film industry, working together from 1949 to 1971. They are widely considered to be one of the greatest music composers of the Hindi film industry.

After Jaikishan’s death in 1971, Shankar continued as a music director alone until his own death in 1987. During this solo career, he was still credited as 'Shankar–Jaikishan'. Shankar–Jaikishan, along with other artists, composed "everlasting" and "immortal melodies" in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s. Their best work was noted for being "raga-based and having both lilt and sonority".

Early life

Shankar

Shankar Singh Ram Singh Raghuvanshi (15 October 1922 – 26 April 1987) was from Hyderabad, British India. During his formative years, Shankar played the tabla and learned the art formally from Baba Nasir Khansahib. For many years, Shankar studied as a disciple of the legendary composer Khawaja Khurshid Anwar, in whose orchestra he performed.

Shankar started his career with a theater group run by Satyanarayan and Hemawati, before shifting to Prithvi Theatre where he played tabla and performed some minor roles in plays. It was at Prithvi Theatre that he learnt to play and mastered several other instruments like Sitar, Accordion and Piano. Besides his work at Prithvi Theatre, he also started working as an assistant to the leading composer duo of Husnlal Bhagatram and nurtured the ambition of becoming an independent music director.

Jaikishan

Jaikishan Dayabhai Panchal (4 November 1929 – 12 September 1971) was born to Dahyabhai Panchal and his wife. As a child he lived in Bansda (Vansada), a town in the present-day state of Gujarat. Jaikishan was adept at playing the harmonium. Subsequently, he obtained his musical lessons from Sangeet Visharad Wadilalji and later from Prem Shankar Nayak. After moving to Mumbai, he became a disciple of Vinayak Tambe.

Formation of the composer duo

Apart from working at Prithvi Theatre, Shankar used to frequently visit the office of a Gujarati director, Chandravadan Bhatt, who had promised Shankar a break as composer when he produced a film. It was outside the office of Bhatt that Shankar saw Jaikishan a number of times. He started a conversation one day and discovered that Jaikishan was a harmonium player, and also visiting the same producer in search of work. Shankar later recollected that they developed a liking for each other and it was he who then and there assured Jaikishan of the job of a harmonium player at Prithvi Theatre (without asking Prithviraj Kapoor, fondly referred to as 'Papaji'). Papaji honoured Shankar's selection and gladly accepted Jaikishan as a harmonium player at Prithvi. Soon, the two developed a close friendship to the extent that the people started referring to them 'Ram-Lakshman' and by several similar-meaning nicknames. Apart from following their musical pursuits, they also used to play significant roles in various plays including the famous play Pathan.

While working in Prithvi Theatre, Shankar and Jaikishan used to compose tunes and were in touch with Raj Kapoor, who was working as an assistant to the famous director Kidar Sharma and was aspiring to be an actor/director. Thus, the three had met at Prithvi Theatre.

Music career

Breakthrough and rise to prominence (1949–1959)

Shankar-Jaikishan began their career in 1949 with Raj Kapoor's romantic drama Barsaat. The film proved to be an All Time Blockbuster at the box office and its soundtrack album a major success which not only established Shankar-Jaikishan, but also made Lata Mangeshkar the leading playback singer of Bollywood as songs sung by her, such as "Hawa Mein Udta Jaye, "Jiya Beqarar Hai", "Barsaat Mein Humse Mile" proved to be superhits.

Shankar-Jaikishan began the new decade with another Raj Kapoor film Awaara (1951), which again proved to be a huge commercial success and its soundtrack the best-selling Hindi film album of the 1950s with a number of chartbuster songs, including "Hum Tujhse Mohabbat Kar Ke", "Ghar Aaya Mera Pardesi" and "Awaara Hoon", which made Mukesh the playback voice for Kapoor and one of the leading playback singers of his time along with Mohammed Rafi. From 1952 to 1954, they composed for films like Daag (1952), Patita (1953), Aah (1953) and Boot Polish (1954), all of which memorable numbers, such as "Ae Mere Dil Kahin Aur Chal" (Daag), “Yaad Kiya Dil Ne” (Patita), "Raja Ki Aayegi Baaraat" (Aah) and "Nanhe Munne Bachche Teri Mutthi Mein Kya Hai" (Boot Polish).

They hit the big league in 1955 with Shree 420 and Seema, both of which had majority of songs written by Shailendra. Songs from both the films "Mera Joota Hai Japani", "Pyar Hua Iqrar Hua", "Ichak Dana Beechak Dana", "Mud Mud Ke Na Dekh" in the former and "Tu Pyar Ka Sagar Hai", "Kahaan Jaa Raha Hain", "Ye Duniya Gam Ka Mela Hai" in the latter proved to highly popular among the masses and played a major role in box office success of both the films. The following year, they composed for another Raj Kapoor starrer Chori Chori. The film was received well by critics as well as audience and its success was attributed to melodious music by Shankar-Jaikishan many of which topped the year-end annual list of Binaca Geetmala, such as "Panchhi Banoon, Udti Phiroon", a solo by Mangeshkar, "Aaja Sanam Madhur Chandni Mein Hum Tum Mile" and "Yeh Raat Bheegi Bheegi", both duets by Mangeshkar and Manna Dey. Chori Chori also won Shankar-Jaikishan their first Filmfare Award for Best Music Director. In the late-1950s, they delivered back-to-back musical hits with Bimal Roy's Yahudi (1958), L.V. Prasad's Chhoti Bahen (1959) and Raj Kapoor's Anari (1959), all three of which were critically and commercially successful, especially Anari which emerged as the highest-earning film of 1959 and one of the best-selling Hindi film album of the decade. It also won Shankar-Jaikishan their second Filmfare Award for Best Music Director.

Continued success, downturn and Jaikishan's death (1960–1971)

Shankar-Jaikishan began the 1960s with films, such as Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai and Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai, both of which had again maximum songs written by Shailendra. At the box office, both of them emerged successful and their songs proved to be chartbusters, which were - "Ajeeb Dastan Hai Yeh" and "Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai" (Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai), "Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai" and "Aa Ab Laut Chalen" (Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai). For Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai, Shankar-Jaikishan won their third Filmfare Award for Best Music Direction. From 1961 to 1963, they delivered back-to-back superhit songs like "Sau Saal Pehle" and "Jiya O Jiya" (Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai), "Dil Mera Ek Aas Ka Panchhi" and "Tum Roothi Raho" (Aas Ka Panchhi), "Chahe Koi Mujhe Junglee Kahe" and "Ehsaan Tera Hoga Mujh Par" (Junglee), "Tera Mera Pyaar Amar" and "Tujhe Jeevan Ki Dor Se" (Asli-Naqli), "Main Chali Main Chali" and "Aawaz Deke Humein Tum Bulao" (Professor), "Ruk Ja Raat" and "Yaad Na Jaye Beete Dinon Ki" (Dil Ek Mandir). The soundtrack of Junglee proved to be one of the best-selling Hindi film albums of the 1960s and for their work in the Shammi Kapoor fronted romantic comedy Professor, Shankar-Jaikishan received their fourth Filmfare Award for Best Music Director.

Shankar-Jaikishan hit their peak in the mid-1960s when they delivered a string of musical hits with Ayee Milan Ki Bela (1964), Rajkumar (1964), April Fool (1964), Sangam (1964), Arzoo (1965), Gumnaam (1965), Jaanwar (1965), Love In Tokyo (1966) and Suraj (1966). Majority of the songs from these films, such as "Mere Man Ki Ganga Aur Tere Man Ki Jamuna Ka", Yeh Mera Prem Patra Padhkar", Tumhe Aur Kya Du Mai Dil Ke Sivaye", "Tum Kamsin Ho Nadan Ho", "Main Kya Karoon Ram", "Dost Dost Na Raha", "Lal Chhadi Maidan Khadi", "Tumse Achha Kaun Hai", "April Fool Banaya, To Unko Gussa Aaya", "Aji Rooth Kar Ab Kahan Jaaiyega", "Ae Phoolon Ki Rani", "Love In Tokyo", "Baharon Phool Barsao" and "Titli Udi Ud Jo Chali", topped the year-end annual list of Binaca Geetmala and for Suraj, Shankar-Jaikishan won their fifth Filmfare Award for Best Music Director. Also the music of Sangam, Arzoo and Suraj proved to be the 1st, 8th and 13th best-selling Bollywood albums of the decade, respectively.

From 1967 onwards, they began to face competition from new crop of music directors, including Laxmikant-Pyarelal and Kalyanji-Anandji. Towards the end of decade, many of the films they composed music for flopped at the box office, with the notable exceptions being An Evening in Paris (1967), Brahmachari (1968), Duniya (1968), Kanyadaan (1968) and Prince (1969), which had memorable songs, such as "Aasman Se Aaya Farishta" and "Raat Ke Humsafar Thakke Ghar Ko Chale" (An Evening in Paris), "Dil Ke Jharokhe Mein" and "Aajkal Tere Mere Pyar Ke Charche" (Brahmachari), "Dooriyan Nazdikiyan Ban Gayi" (Duniya), "Likhe Jo Khat Tujhe" and "Meri Zindagi Mein Aate" (Kanyadaan) and "Badan Pe Sitare Lapete" (Prince). For Brahmachari, Shankar-Jaikishan won their sixth Filmfare Award for Best Music Director as well as their first BFJA Best Music Director Award (Hindi). In 1970, their notable compositions, included Mera Naam Joker, Dharti and Pehchan, none of which did well commercially, but their soundtracks received acclaim and for Pehchan and Mera Naam Joker, Shankar-Jaikishan received their seventh and eighth Filmfare Award for Best Music Director, respectively. In 1971, they composed music for Ramesh Sippy's romantic drama Andaz, which had Shammi Kapoor, Hema Malini, Rajesh Khanna and Simi Garewal in the lead roles. Upon release, Andaz emerged a superhit with its songs, "Zindagi Ek Safar Hai Suhana", a solo by Kishore Kumar, "Re Mama Re Mama Re", a solo by Mohammed Rafi topping the year-end annual list of Binaca Geetmala. Andaz also proved to be one of the last films Shankar-Jaikishan worked on as Jaikishan died on 12 September 1971 due to Liver Cirrhosis. For the film, they won their second and last BFJA Best Music Director Award (Hindi). Their other notable work that year was in Kal Aaj Aur Kal, which marked their final collaboration with R. K. Films. Two songs from the film "Aap Yahan Aaye Kisliye", "Tik Tik Tik Tik Chalti Jaye Ghadi" remain popular till date.

Further works (1972–1986)

After Jaikishan's untimely demise, Shankar continued to compose music under the name Shankar-Jaikishan and after few failures eventually saw blockbusters in Manoj Kumar starrers Be-Imaan (1972) and Sanyasi (1975), soundtracks of both of which were among the best-selling Hindi film albums of the 1970s with highly popular songs, "Jai Bolo Be-Imaan Ki" and "Patla Patla Reshmi Roomal" (Be-Imaan), "Chal Sanyasi Mandir Mein" and "Yeh Hai Geeta Ka Gyan" (Sanyasi). Also for Be-Imaan, Shankar-Jaikishan received their final Filmfare Award for Best Music Director. However, this success was short-lived as rest of the films he delivered music for in latter half of the 1970s and the 1980s, such as Dhoop Chhaon (1977), Duniyadari (1977), Garam Khoon (1980) and Papi Pet Ka Sawal Hai (1984), all sank without a trace. The last film Shankar worked on was the 1986 mythological drama film Krishna-Krishna, which didnt performed well critically or commercially.

Shankar's death

Shankar died on 26 April 1987. His death received little media coverage and his funeral was attended only by his family and some friends. The film industry was hardly present at his funeral, thus reinforcing the stereotype of its fickle-natured loyalties, when compared to Jaikishan's death in 1971, which drew the entire film industry. After Shankar died, the nearly 40 year old SJ banner came to an end, which was the end of what is widely regarded as the best music direction in Bollywood history.

Raj Kapoor later paid glowing tributes to Shankar in a televised interview. However, it was only after Raj Kapoor's own death in 1988 that the significance of his association with Shankar–Jaikishan was brought out in great detail.

Chandrakant Bhosle first noticed Shankar, as Shankar was popularly known among his friends, in Mumbai in 1945 when Shankarji arrived in Mumbai with ballet troupe of guru Krishnankutty and dancer Hemawati. Bhosle was a tabla player and had become closely associated with Shankar. He used to play rhythm in Shankar's orchestra from 1949 until Shankar's death. On the night of April 25, 1987, Shankar dropped Bhosle near Charni Road railway station where Bhosle stayed and drove off to his own residence at Churchgate. On 26 April Bhosle was, as usual, waiting for Shankar at around 10.00 a.m. to take him to the studio, but Shankar did not turn up so Bhosle went to the studio by taxi. All the musicians waited the whole day for Shankar in the studio but he did not turn up. The next day, Bhosle read the news of Shankar's death. Unfortunately, family members with whom Shankar was staying did not inform Bhosle, Raj Kapoor or anybody from the film fraternity about Shankar's death. It was Mr. Gokhale, who was once a cook in Shankarji's house, who later became Pujari in Gora Ram Mandir at Thakurdwar, Mumbai, who informed people that Shankarji was cremated hastily on the day of his death, without the knowledge of others.

Composition style

Shankar-Jaikishan's compositions broke new ground in Hindi film music. Apart from relying upon their knowledge of Indian classical music, they also employed western beats and orchestration. Shankar-Jaikishan were the pioneers in establishing the role of the orchestra in song compositions as a medium to express and enhance the meanings and feelings of songs rather than using it just as a `filler' as per the prevalent practice before their advent on the scene. They made use of the orchestra and musical instruments (often dozens or hundreds of them) in their songs which consisted of the following format: The song starts with a `prelude' (preparatory music to create and introduce the environment and mood for the beginning of the song), then the mukhda starts and is followed by 'interlude' containing music pieces on the orchestra. With very few exceptions ("Ye mera deewana pan hai" is a good example), they always used different interludes before each stanza. 'Multi-layered music studded with counter melodies' played by the orchestra accompanied while the 'mukhda' or the 'antara' of a song was being sung and finally came the `epilogue' – the music with which the song ended after the singer(s) had finished their singing.

Shankar-Jaikishan made a significant contribution in promoting Indian classical music throughout their career. It was their established practice to have at least one song in a movie based on semi-classical style. These included songs like `Jhanak-jhanak tori baje payaliya' (Mere Huzoor), `Chham chham baje re payaliya' (Jane-anjane), `Radhike tune bansari churayi' (Beti Bete), `Manmohana bade jhoothe' (old `Seema'), `Koi matwala aya mere dware' (Love in Tokyo), `Ajahu na ayae baalma, sawan beeta jaye' (Sanjh aur Savera), `Lapak jhapak tu aa re badarwa' (Boot polish), `Ye barkha bahar sautaniya ke dwar' (Mayur pankh), `Re man sur mein ga' (Lal pathar), `Sooni sooni sans ke sitar par' (Lal Patthar), `Kate na kate raina' (Mera naam joker), Hone Lagi Hai Raat Jawaan ( Naina) and numerous others. Their music in both `Basant Bahar' and Amrapali had every song based upon Indian classical music. While "raga Bhairavi" remained their perennial favorite, SJ used a variety of Raagas in their compositions.

Shankar Jaikishan also used the western classical-based waltz rhythm in a number of songs.

Shankar-Jaikishan gave a new style and meaning to the genre of sad songs by composing them on a fast tempo. Songs like "Zindagi Mein Hardam Rota Hi Raha" (Barsaat), "Tera Jana Dil Ke Armanon" (Anari), "Haye Tu Hi Gaya Mohe Bhool Re" (Kathputli), "Aye Mere Dil Kahin Aur Chal' (Daag) and "Andhe Jahan Ke Andhe Raate" (Patita) demonstrated this. The last two songs, along with many others (notably "Awaara Hoon" from the film Awaara), also demonstrate the composers’ use of musical instruments – a harmonium is used to produce the effect of a piano accordion.

Shankar Jaikishan made a major contribution towards the development of jazz music in India and the new genre Indo jazz. Their 1968 album Raaga-Jazz style is the earliest Indo-jazz recording in India. In this album, considered to be one of the most innovative, SJ created 11 songs based on Indian Ragas with saxophone, trumpet, sitar (by Rais Khan), tabla, bass etc.

Awards

Government recognitions

• 1968 – Shankar-Jaikishan were honoured with the Padmashri by the Government of India.
• 2013 – A postage stamp, bearing their faces, was released by India Post to honour them on 3 May 2013.

Filmfare Awards

FILMFARE AWARDS STARTED DURING 1954 FOR BEST MUSIC DIRECTOR:

Shankar-Jaikishan were the Winners for the films listed below:

Nominated

Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards

Winner

• 1968 – Best Music Director for the film Brahmachari
• 1971 – Best Music Director for the film Andaz

Achievements

• Barsaat has been rated the best soundtrack ever by Planet Bollywood on their "100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks". Other soundtrack in the list include Awaara, Sangam, Shree 420, Junglee, Chori Chori, Mera Naam Joker, Suraj, Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai, Anari.

Controversies

Alleged Dispute

In a signed article in Filmfare, Jaikishan identified unwittingly the song "Yeh Mera Prem Patra Padh Kar" (Sangam) as his composition. This led to a lot of bitterness between the two, as Shankar considered it a violation of the unwritten agreement between them. At about the same time, Shankar gave a break to singer Sharda and started promoting her as the new singing sensation in preference over Lata Mangeshkar. Jaikishan, however, stuck to Lata Mangeshkar for his compositions. In this period, Shankar and Jaikishan started taking individual contracts for films though every such film continued to show them together as the composers. Mohd. Rafi intervened and helped them settle their differences; however, it is conjectured that their relationship was not the same as earlier and this impacted the quality of their compositions which had started exhibiting a decline (which is clearly noticeable in the movies released during the last phases of Jaikishan's lifetime and those released just after his demise).

On the other hand, Jaikishan, Hasrat and Shankar all had denied, whenever quizzed on this topic, that there ever was any rift between them. In fact, according to Hasrat, the division of work was by mutual agreement to cope up with the heavy work load so that Shankar and Shailendra looked after one part of the work while Jaikishan and Hasrat on the other part but this division was not rigid; there was a lot of give and take between them even during this phase. Towards the end (just before Jaikishan's untimely demise), in several of their last movies such as Jane Anjane (1971), Andaaz (1971), Ankhon Ankhon Mein, Shankar and Jaikishan were known to be working together. In retrospect, it appears that the so-called rift between Shankar and Jaikishan was blown out of proportion by the media and vested interests and was used later to downgrade Shankar in his post-Jaikishan years.

Since Shankar continued to support Sharda (post Sangam era) and even ghost-composed music for her film and non-film albums, it is said that Lata Mangeshkar became angry with him and discontinued singing for him. Whereas there may be some truth in this assertion, the other fact is that Lata Mangeshkar had stopped working with him after Sangam due to her anger against both Raj Kapoor and Shankar in making her sing "Budhha Mil Gaya" from Sangam which she was not keen as she did not feel comfortable with the lyrics of the song. Later on she sang in Sanyasi, Duniyadari and Atmaram. Nevertheless, she continued singing for Jaikishan even after Sangam and till the end.

Plagiarism

Some of Shankar-Jaikishan's songs had tunes copied from foreign songs, such as "Kaun Hai Jo Sapnon Mein Aaya" from Jhuk Gaya Aasman (1968) was taken up from Elvis Presley's "Marguerita" from the film Fun in Acapulco. Other examples are - "Ghar Aaya Mera Pardesi" from Awaara (1951) was copied from Ala Baladi El Mahboub by Umm Kulthum, "Ajeeb Dastan Hai Yeh" from Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960) is based on "My Lips Are Sealed" by Jim Reeves, "April Fool Banaya, To Unko Gussa Aaya" from April Fool (1964) had similarities to "Take Me Back To Cairo", sung by Karim Shukry and the song "Gumnaam Hai Koi" from Gumnaam (1965) is a copy of "Charade" by Henry Mancini.

Discography

See also

• Dattaram Wadkar

References

1. ^ Dattatreya Pujari and M. Dharmakirthi (7 February 2020). Symphonic Journey of Shankar Jaikishan. Notion Press. ISBN 9781647339517. Archived from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
2. "Shankar Jaikishan Emperors of Music Bollywood Cinema of India". Scribd. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
3. ^ "Shankar-Jaikishan - Trendsetters of the Golden Era".
4. Chatterjee, Partha (16–29 June 2007). "A master's voice". Frontline. Vol. 24, no. 12. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
5. ^ "Shankar Jaikishan, Music Director". Cinemaazi.com website, Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
6. "Shah Rukh Khan in Kashmir for shooting of 'Dunki'".
7. "With Pathaan and Jawan, Shah Rukh Khan becomes only actor after Raj Kapoor to deliver 2 ATGs in a single year". 29 September 2023.
8. ^ "The enduring legacy of Shankar-Jaikishan". 24 September 2021.
9. ^ "Music Hits 1950-1959". Box Office India. 5 February 2010. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010.
10. "Bollywood Retrospect: The best of Shankar-Jaikishan in 10 songs - Part 1". 23 April 2016.
11. "Gulzar on Shailendra in Naya Gyanodaya". 2011.
12. Avijit Ghosh. "When Shailendra's 'Mera Joota Hai Japani' went global, thanks to 'Deadpool'". The Times of India.
13. Desai, Kishwar (2007). Darlinji. India: HarperCollins. p. 142. ISBN 978-81-7223-697-7.
14. Reliving the Geetmala lore. S.K. Screen, Friday, 22 September 2000, transcript available online at "Ameen Sayani/Press Reviews". Archived from the original on 5 September 2005. Retrieved 31 July 2006., accessed online on 29 July 2006
15. "Filmfare Awards (1953–2005)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2007.
16. "Filmfare Awards (1960) - Winners". The Times of India.
17. ^ "List of Best Music Directors (1953 - 2001)". Filmfare magazine. Archived from the original on 18 April 2005. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
18. "Opinion". 27 April 2024. {{cite web}}: Text "Shankar-Jaikishan: Masters of the Golden Age of Hindi Film Music" ignored (help)
19. ^ "Music Hits 1960–1969". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
20. "Filmfare Awards 1963". The Times of India.
21. "It's all in the name". The Hindu. 8 September 2002. Archived from the original on 24 March 2004. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
22. "Filmfare Awards 1967". The Times of India.
23. "How did Laxmikant-Pyarelal end Shankar-Jaikishan era in Bollywood? Happier, cheaper music". ThePrint. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
24. "1969– 32nd Annual BFJA Awards – Awards For The Year 1968". Bengal Film Journalists' Association. Archived from the original on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
25. Lal, Vinay; Nandy, Ashis (2006). Fingerprinting Popular Culture: The Mythic and the Iconic in Indian Cinema. Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 0195679180.
26. "Binaca Geetmala (1971)".
27. "1972– 35th Annual BFJA Awards – Awards For The Year 1971 (scroll down to Hindi Section)". Bengal Film Journalists' Association. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
28. Mohan, Madan, Raga Rock
29. Ranjan Das Gupta (4 February 2016). "Kal Aaj Aur Kal (1971)". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
30. ^ "Remembering Shankar, one-half of the legendary Shankar-Jaikishan duo". 26 April 2021.
31. "Music Hits 1970-1979". Box Office India. 5 February 2010. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010.
32. "Krishna-Krishna (1986)". Rotten Tomatoes.
33. Atkins, E. Taylor (2003), Jazz planet, University Press of Mississippi, ISBN 9781578066094, 1578066093, archived from the original on 8 April 2022, retrieved 20 October 2020
34. "List of Padma Shri Awardees (1954 - 2006) (see Shankar-Jaikishan's award listed under 1968)" (PDF). Government of India website. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
35. "100 years of Indian cinema: A philatelic celebration by India Post". 6 May 2013.
36. "1969– 32nd Annual BFJA Awards – Awards For The Year 1968". Bengal Film Journalists' Association. Archived from the original on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
37. "1972– 35th Annual BFJA Awards – Awards For The Year 1971 (scroll down to Hindi Section)". Bengal Film Journalists' Association. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
38. "100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks Ever - Part 4". Planet Bollywood. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
39. "Elvis Presley and his influence on Shammi Kapoor". 8 January 2018. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
40. "In photos: A tribute to the Nightingale of Bollywood Lata Mangeshkar". Mumbai Mirror. 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
41. "Inspired or blatantly copied? 10 Bollywood tunes we love". 19 June 2014.

Further reading

• Slobin, Mark, ed. (2008). Global Soundtracks: Worlds Of Film Music. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6882-3.
• Joshi, Padmanabh (2001). Shanker-Jaikishan: Sadabahar Film Sangeetna. Yugsarjak.

External links

• Shankar–Jaikishan at IMDb
• Shankar–Jaikishan at IMDb
• Shankar Jaikishan Biography, music database and blog
• Authentic information, features and collection of features
• Library of photos of Shankar-Jaikishan, Shailendra-Hasrat

• Filmfare Awards winners
• Indian jazz musicians
• Indian musical duos
• Harmonium players
• Hindi film score composers
• Telugu film score composers
• 20th-century Indian composers
• Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts