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Variables generated for this change

VariableValue
Edit count of the user (user_editcount)
95389
Name of the user account (user_name)
'Kvng'
Age of the user account (user_age)
562809394
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups)
[ 0 => 'extendedconfirmed', 1 => 'patroller', 2 => '*', 3 => 'user', 4 => 'autoconfirmed' ]
Rights that the user has (user_rights)
[ 0 => 'extendedconfirmed', 1 => 'patrol', 2 => 'createaccount', 3 => 'read', 4 => 'edit', 5 => 'createtalk', 6 => 'writeapi', 7 => 'viewmyprivateinfo', 8 => 'editmyprivateinfo', 9 => 'editmyoptions', 10 => 'abusefilter-log-detail', 11 => 'urlshortener-create-url', 12 => 'centralauth-merge', 13 => 'abusefilter-view', 14 => 'abusefilter-log', 15 => 'vipsscaler-test', 16 => 'collectionsaveasuserpage', 17 => 'reupload-own', 18 => 'move-rootuserpages', 19 => 'createpage', 20 => 'minoredit', 21 => 'editmyusercss', 22 => 'editmyuserjson', 23 => 'editmyuserjs', 24 => 'sendemail', 25 => 'applychangetags', 26 => 'viewmywatchlist', 27 => 'editmywatchlist', 28 => 'spamblacklistlog', 29 => 'mwoauthmanagemygrants', 30 => 'reupload', 31 => 'upload', 32 => 'move', 33 => 'autoconfirmed', 34 => 'editsemiprotected', 35 => 'skipcaptcha', 36 => 'ipinfo', 37 => 'ipinfo-view-basic', 38 => 'transcode-reset', 39 => 'transcode-status', 40 => 'createpagemainns', 41 => 'movestable', 42 => 'autoreview', 43 => 'enrollasmentor' ]
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app)
false
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile)
false
Page ID (page_id)
34062
Page namespace (page_namespace)
0
Page title without namespace (page_title)
'WAV'
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle)
'WAV'
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit)
[]
Page age in seconds (page_age)
692607095
Action (action)
'edit'
Edit summary/reason (summary)
'review: formatting consistency. use footnote better.'
Old content model (old_content_model)
'wikitext'
New content model (new_content_model)
'wikitext'
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext)
'{{short description|File format standard for storing audio on PCs}} {{distinguish|WavPack}} {{redirect|Wav|the scientific wave|Wave|the waves of water|Wind wave|other uses}} {{redirect|Wave Sound|the festival|Wave Sound (festival)}} {{Infobox file format | name = Waveform Audio File Format (WAVE/WAV) | icon = AudacityWAV.png | logo = | screenshot = | caption = | extension = .wav .wave | mime = audio/vnd.wave,<ref>{{cite IETF |rfc=2361 |title=WAVE and AVI Codec Registries |first=E. |last=Fleischman |publisher=IETF |date=June 1998 |doi=10.17487/RFC2361 |access-date=2009-12-06}}</ref> audio/wav, audio/wave, audio/x-wav<ref>{{cite news|url=http://filext.com/file-extension/WAV |title=File Extension .WAV Details |publisher=Filext.com |access-date=2015-08-10}}</ref> | type code = WAVE | uniform type = com.microsoft.waveform-audio | magic = | owner = [[IBM]] and [[Microsoft]] | released = {{Start date and age|1991|08|df=yes}}<ref name="MPI1">{{cite web |url=https://www.aelius.com/njh/wavemetatools/doc/riffmci.pdf |title=Multimedia Programming Interface and Data Specifications 1.0 |author1=IBM |author2=Microsoft |date=August 1991 |access-date=2020-12-26}}</ref><!-- {{Start date|YYYY|mm|dd|df=yes}} --> | latest release version = Multiple Channel Audio Data and WAVE Files | latest release date = {{Start date and age|2007|03|07|df=yes}} (update)<ref name="wav-specifications">{{cite web |url=https://www.mmsp.ece.mcgill.ca/Documents/AudioFormats/WAVE/WAVE.html |title=Audio File Format Specifications - WAVE or RIFF WAVE sound file |publisher=McGill University |author=P. Kabal |date=2006-06-19 |access-date=2010-03-16}}</ref><ref name="multichaud">{{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/device/audio/multichaud.mspx |title=Multiple Channel Audio Data and WAVE Files |publisher=Microsoft Corporation |date=2007-03-07 |access-date=2010-03-16}}</ref> | genre = [[Audio file format]], [[Container format (digital)|container format]] | container for = | contained by = | extended from = [[Resource Interchange File Format|RIFF]] | extended to = [[Broadcast Wave Format|BWF]], [[RF64]] | standard = | free = | url = }} '''Waveform Audio File Format''' ('''WAVE''', or '''WAV''' due to its [[filename extension]];<ref name="MPI1" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000001.shtml |title=WAVE Audio File Format |website=[[Library of Congress]] |date=2008-09-12 |access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite IETF |draft=draft-ema-vpim-wav-00 |title=Waveform Audio File Format, MIME Sub-type Registration |first1=Laile L. |last1=Di Silvestro |first2=Greg |last2=Baribault |publisher=IETF |date=June 20, 1999 |access-date=2009-12-06}}</ref> pronounced {{IPAc-en|w|æ|v|}} or {{IPAc-en|w|eɪ|v|}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/wav_file|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207062953/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/wav_file|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 7, 2018|title=Definition of WAV file in English|work=Oxford English Living Dictionary}}</ref>) is an [[audio file format]] standard, developed by [[IBM]] and [[Microsoft]], for storing an audio [[bitstream]] on [[personal computer]]s. It is the main format used on [[Microsoft Windows]] systems for [[uncompressed audio]]. The usual bitstream encoding is the [[linear pulse-code modulation]] (LPCM) format. WAV is an application of the [[Resource Interchange File Format]] (RIFF) [[bitstream format]] method for storing data in ''chunks'', and thus is similar to the [[8SVX]] and the [[Audio Interchange File Format]] (AIFF) format used on [[Amiga]] and [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] computers, respectively. == Description == The WAV file is an instance of a [[Resource Interchange File Format]] (RIFF) defined by [[IBM]] and [[Microsoft]].<ref name="MPI1" /> The RIFF format acts as a ''wrapper'' for various [[audio coding format]]s. Though a WAV file can contain [[audio data compression|compressed]] audio, the most common WAV audio format is uncompressed audio in the [[linear pulse-code modulation]] (LPCM) format. LPCM is also the standard audio coding format for [[audio CD]]s, which store two-channel LPCM audio [[Sampling (signal processing)|sampled]] at [[44.1&nbsp;kHz]] with 16 [[Audio bit depth|bits per sample]]. Since LPCM is uncompressed and retains all of the samples of an audio track, professional users or audio experts may use the WAV format with LPCM audio for maximum audio quality.<ref name="Ryan">{{cite web|last1=Branson|first1=Ryan (21 October 2015)|title=What Makes WAV Better than MP3|url=https://videoconversiontools.wordpress.com/2015/10/21/what-makes-wav-better-than-mp3/|website=Online Video Converter|date=21 October 2015|access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> WAV files can also be edited and manipulated with relative ease using software. On Microsoft Windows, the WAV format supports compressed audio using the [[Audio Compression Manager]] (ACM). Any ACM [[codec]] can be used to compress a WAV file. The [[user interface]] (UI) for Audio Compression Manager may be accessed through various programs that use it, including [[Sound Recorder (Windows)|Sound Recorder]] in some versions of Windows. Beginning with [[Windows 2000]], a <code>WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE</code> header was defined which specifies [[surround sound|multiple audio channel data]] along with speaker positions, eliminates ambiguity regarding sample types and container sizes in the standard WAV format and supports defining custom extensions to the format.<ref name="wav-specifications" /><ref name="multichaud" /><ref name="mbwf">{{citation |url=http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3306-2009.pdf |title=EBU Tech 3306 - MBWF / RF64: An Extended File Format for Audio |date=July 2009 |author=EBU |access-date=2010-01-19 |archive-date=2009-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122155436/http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3306-2009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Specification=== ====RIFF==== A RIFF file is a tagged file format. It has a specific container format (a ''chunk'') with a header that includes a four-character tag ([[FourCC]]) and the size (number of bytes) of the chunk. The tag specifies how the data within the chunk should be interpreted, and there are several standard FourCC tags. Tags consisting of all capital letters are reserved tags. The outermost chunk of a RIFF file has a <code>RIFF</code> tag; the first four bytes of chunk data are an additional FourCC tag that specify the form type and are followed by a sequence of subchunks. In the case of a WAV file, the additional tag is <code>WAVE</code>. The remainder of the RIFF data is a sequence of chunks describing the audio information. The advantage of a tagged file format is that the format can be extended later while maintaining [[backward compatibility]].<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|p=1{{hyphen}}1}}<!--HYPEN PAGE - not a page range -->, "The main advantage of RIFF is its extensibility; file formats based on RIFF can be future-proofed, as format changes can be ignored by existing applications."</ref> The rule for a RIFF (or WAV) reader is that it should ignore any tagged chunk that it does not recognize.<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 56}}, "Programs must expect (and ignore) any unknown chunks encountered, as with all RIFF forms."</ref> The reader will not be able to use the new information, but the reader should not be confused. The specification for RIFF files includes the definition of an <code>INFO</code> chunk. The chunk may include information such as the title of the work, the author, the creation date, and copyright information. Although the <code>INFO</code> chunk was defined for RIFF in version 1.0, the chunk was not referenced in the formal specification of a WAV file. Many readers had trouble processing this. Consequently, the safest thing to do from an interchange standpoint was to omit the <code>INFO</code> chunk and other extensions and send a lowest-common-denominator file. There are other [[Resource Interchange File Format#INFO chunk placement problems|INFO chunk placement problems]]. RIFF files were expected to be used in international environments, so there is <code>CSET</code> chunk to specify the country code, language, dialect, and [[code page]] for the strings in a RIFF file.<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|pp=2{{hyphen}}17 to 2{{hyphen}}18}}</ref> For example, specifying an appropriate <code>CSET</code> chunk should allow the strings in an <code>INFO</code> chunk (and other chunks throughout the RIFF file) to be interpreted as Cyrillic or Japanese characters. RIFF also defines a <code>JUNK</code> chunk whose contents are uninteresting.<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|p=2{{hyphen}}18}}</ref> The chunk allows a chunk to be deleted by just changing its FourCC. The chunk could also be used to reserve some space for future edits so the file could be modified without being resized. A later definition of RIFF introduced a similar <code>PAD</code> chunk.<ref>Microsoft Multimedia Standards Update, New Multimedia Data Types and Data Techniques, Revision 3.0, April 15, 1994, page 6.</ref> ====RIFF WAVE==== The top-level definition of a WAV file is:<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 56}}</ref> <pre><WAVE-form> → RIFF('WAVE' <fmt-ck> // Format of the file [<fact-ck>] // Fact chunk [<cue-ck>] // Cue points [<playlist-ck>] // Playlist [<assoc-data-list>] // Associated data list <wave-data> ) // Wave data </pre> The top-level RIFF form uses a <code>WAVE</code> tag. It is followed by a mandatory <code><nowiki><fmt-ck></nowiki></code> chunk that describes the format of the sample data that follows. This chunk includes information such as the sample encoding, number of bits per channel, the number of channels, and the sample rate. The WAV specification includes some optional features. The optional <code><nowiki><fact-ck></nowiki></code> chunk reports the number of samples for some compressed coding schemes. The <code><nowiki><cue-ck></nowiki></code> chunk identifies some significant sample numbers in the wave file. The <code><nowiki><playlist-ck></nowiki></code> chunk allows the samples to be played out of order or repeated rather than just from beginning to end. The associated data list (<code><nowiki><assoc-data-list></nowiki></code>) allows labels and notes to be attached to cue points; text annotation may be given for a group of samples (e.g., caption information). Finally, the mandatory <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code> chunk contains the actual samples in the format previously specified.<!--[[User:Kvng/RTH]]--> Note that the WAV file definition does not show where an <code>INFO</code> chunk should be placed. It is also silent about the placement of a <code>CSET</code> chunk (which specifies the character set used). The RIFF specification attempts to be a formal specification, but its formalism lacks the precision seen in other tagged formats. For example, the RIFF specification does not clearly distinguish between a set of subchunks and an ordered sequence of subchunks.<!-- Compare ASN SET-OF and SEQUENCE-OF --> The RIFF form chunk suggests it should be a sequence container.<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 56}}</ref> specifies sequencing information in the RIFF form of a WAV file consistent with the formalism: "However, <code><fmt-ck></code> must always occur before <code><wave-data></code>, and both of these chunks are mandatory in a WAVE file."</ref> The specification suggests a LIST chunk is also a sequence: "A LIST chunk contains a list, or ordered sequence, of subchunks."<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 23}}</ref> However, the specification does not give a formal specification of the <code>INFO</code> chunk; an example <code>INFO</code> LIST chunk ignores the chunk sequence implied in the <code>INFO</code> description.<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 21}}, <code>INAM</code> appears before <code>ICOP</code></ref> The LIST chunk definition for <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code> does use the LIST chunk as a sequence container with good formal semantics. The WAV specification allows for not only a single, contiguous, array of audio samples, but also discrete blocks of samples and silence that are played in order. Most WAV files use a single array of data. The specification for the sample data is confused:<ref>Specification from {{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991}} which also describes how the production syntax is interpreted.</ref> <pre>The <wave-data> contains the waveform data. It is defined as follows: <wave-data> → { <data-ck> | <data-list> } <data-ck> → data( <wave-data> ) <wave-list> → LIST( 'wavl' { <data-ck> | // Wave samples <silence-ck> }... ) // Silence <silence-ck> → slnt( <dwSamples:DWORD> ) // Count of silent samples </pre>These productions are confused. Apparently <code><nowiki><data-list></nowiki></code> (undefined) and <code><nowiki><wave-list></nowiki></code> (defined but not referenced) should be identical. Even if that problem is fixed, the productions then allow a <code><nowiki><data-ck></nowiki></code> to contain a [[Recursion (computer science)|recursive]] <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code> (which implies data interpretation problems). The specification should have been something like: <pre><wave-data> → { <data-ck> | <wave-list> } <data-ck> → data( <bSampleData:BYTE> ... ) <wave-list> → LIST( 'wavl' { <data-ck> | // Wave samples <silence-ck> }... ) // Silence <silence-ck> → slnt( <dwSamples:DWORD> ) // Count of silent samples </pre>to avoid the recursion. WAV files can contain embedded IFF "lists", which can contain several "sub-chunks".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.borg.com/~jglatt/tech/wave.htm |title=WAVE File Format |date=1999-11-15 |access-date=2010-03-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19991115123323/http://www.borg.com/~jglatt/tech/wave.htm |archive-date = 1999-11-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ccrma.stanford.edu/courses/422/projects/WaveFormat/ |title=WAVE PCM soundfile format |date=2003-01-20 |access-date=2010-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827003349/http://ccrma.stanford.edu/courses/422/projects/WaveFormat/ |archive-date=2009-08-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lightlink.com/tjweber/StripWav/WAVE.html |title=The WAVE File Format |access-date=2010-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722003211/http://www.lightlink.com/tjweber/StripWav/WAVE.html |archive-date=2011-07-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Metadata== As a derivative of RIFF, WAV files can be tagged with [[metadata]] in the INFO chunk. In addition, WAV files can embed any kind of metadata, including but not limited to [[Extensible Metadata Platform]] (XMP) data<ref>{{cite book |title=XMP SPECIFICATION PART 3: STORAGE IN FILES |date=2016 |publisher=Adobe Systems Incorporated |pages=24–25 |url=https://wwwimages2.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/xmp/pdfs/XMP%20SDK%20Release%20cc-2016-08/XMPSpecificationPart3.pdf |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225154501/https://wwwimages2.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/xmp/pdfs/XMP%20SDK%20Release%20cc-2016-08/XMPSpecificationPart3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> or [[ID3]] tags<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.audacityteam.org/wiki/WAV#Metadata |title=WAV |publisher=Audacity |access-date=2020-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232733/https://wiki.audacityteam.org/wiki/WAV#Metadata |archive-date=2020-11-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> in extra chunks. Applications may not handle this extra information or may expect to see it in a particular place. Although the RIFF specification requires that applications ignore chunks they do not recognize, some applications are confused by additional chunks.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} == Popularity == Uncompressed WAV files are large, so [[file sharing]] of WAV files over the [[Internet]] is uncommon except among video, music and audio professionals where the uncompressed form has become the most popular of all audio formats and, for most, high speed large bandwidth web connections are commonplace. Many audio and music software manufacturers now favour it as their default file format though others are often supported. The high resolution of the format makes it suitable for retaining [[Generation loss|first generation]] archived files of high quality, for use on a system where disk space is not a constraint, or in applications such as audio editing where the time involved in compressing and uncompressing data, and the losses in quality of such conversions are a concern. ===Use by broadcasters=== In spite of their large size, uncompressed WAV files are used by most radio broadcasters, especially those that have adopted a tapeless system. * [[BBC Radio]] in the UK uses 48&nbsp;kHz 16-bit two-channel WAV audio as standard in their [[SCISYS]] dira audio editing and playout system. * The UK Commercial radio company [[Global Radio]] uses 44.1&nbsp;kHz 16-bit two-channel WAV files in the Genesys playout system, and throughout their broadcast chain. * The [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] "D-Cart" system, which was developed by the Australian broadcaster, uses 48&nbsp;kHz 16-bit two-channel WAV files, which is identical to that of [[Digital Audio Tape]]. * The Digital Radio Mondiale consortium uses WAV files as an informal standard for transmitter simulation and receiver testing. == Limitations == The WAV format is limited to files that are less than 4 [[Gibibyte|GiB]], because of its use of a [[32-bit]] unsigned [[integer]] to record the file size header. Although this is equivalent to about 6.8 hours of CD-quality audio (44.1&nbsp;kHz, 16-bit stereo), it is sometimes necessary to exceed this limit, especially when greater [[sampling rate]]s, [[Audio bit depth|bit resolutions]] or [[Surround sound|channel count]] are required. The W64 format was therefore created for use in [[Sound Forge]]. Its [[64-bit]] header allows for much longer recording times. The [[RF64]] format specified by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] has also been created to solve this problem. == Non-audio data == Since the sampling rate of a WAV file can vary from 1 [[hertz|Hz]] to 4.3 [[GHz]], and the number of channels can be as high as 65535, .wav files have also been used for non-audio data. [[LTspice]], for instance, can store multiple circuit trace [[waveform]]s in separate channels, at any appropriate sampling rate, with the full-scale range representing ±1 [[volt|V]] or [[ampere|A]] rather than a sound pressure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ltspice.linear.com/software/scad3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227091041/http://ltspice.linear.com/software/scad3.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-27 |url-status=dead |date=2009 |title=LTspice IV |publisher=Linear Technologies Corporation |access-date=2015-09-04 |page=95}}</ref> == Audio compact discs == Audio [[compact disc]]s (CDs) do not use the WAV file format, using instead [[Red Book (audio CD standard)|Red Book audio]]. The commonality is that audio CDs are encoded as uncompressed [[pulse-code modulation]] (PCM), which is one of the formats supported by WAV. WAV is a file format for a computer to use that cannot be understood by most CD players directly. To record WAV files to an Audio CD the file headers must be stripped, the contents must be transcoded if not already stored as PCM, and the PCM data written directly to the disc as individual tracks with zero-padding added to match the CD's sector size. In order for PCM audio to be able to be [[Optical_disc_authoring|burned]] to a CD, it should be in the 44.1&nbsp;kHz, 16-bit stereo format. ==Comparison of coding schemes== {{Main article|Audio compression (data)}} {{Further|Comparison of audio coding formats}} Audio in WAV files can be encoded in a variety of audio coding formats, such as [[GSM]] or [[MP3]], to reduce the file size. This is a reference to compare the [[Monaural|monophonic]] (not [[stereophonic]]) audio quality and compression bitrates of audio coding formats available for WAV files including [[Pulse-code modulation|PCM]], [[ADPCM]], Microsoft [[GSM 06.10]], [[CELP]], [[Smart Bitrate Control|SBC]], [[Truespeech]] and [[MPEG]] Layer-3. These are the default ACM codecs that come with Windows. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Format ! Bitrate ([[kbit/s]]) ! 1 minute ([[Kibibyte|KiB]]) |- | 11,025&nbsp;Hz 16&nbsp;bit PCM | 176.4 | 1292 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz 16&nbsp;bit PCM | 128 | <span style="display:none">0</span>938 |- | 11,025&nbsp;Hz 8&nbsp;bit PCM | <span style="display:none">0</span>88.2 | <span style="display:none">0</span>646 |- | 11,025&nbsp;Hz [[µ-Law]] | <span style="display:none">0</span>88.2 | <span style="display:none">0</span>646 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz 8&nbsp;bit PCM | <span style="display:none">0</span>64 | <span style="display:none">0</span>469 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz µ-Law | <span style="display:none">0</span>64 | <span style="display:none">0</span>469 |- | 11,025&nbsp;Hz 4&nbsp;bit [[ADPCM]] | <span style="display:none">0</span>44.1 | <span style="display:none">0</span>323 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz 4&nbsp;bit ADPCM | <span style="display:none">0</span>32 | <span style="display:none">0</span>234 |- | 11,025&nbsp;Hz GSM 06.10 | <span style="display:none">0</span>18 | <span style="display:none">0</span>132 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz MP3 16&nbsp;kbit/s | <span style="display:none">0</span>16 | <span style="display:none">0</span>117 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz GSM 06.10 | <span style="display:none">0</span>13 | <span style="display:none">0</span>103 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz [[Lernout & Hauspie]] SBC 12&nbsp;kbit/s | <span style="display:none">0</span>12 | <span style="display:none">00</span>88 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz [[DSP Group]] [[Truespeech]] | <span style="display:none">00</span>9 | <span style="display:none">00</span>66 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz MP3 8&nbsp;kbit/s | <span style="display:none">00</span>8 | <span style="display:none">00</span>60 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz Lernout & Hauspie [[CELP]] | <span style="display:none">00</span>4.8 | <span style="display:none">00</span>35 |} The above are WAV files; even those that use [[MP3]] compression have the <code>.wav</code> extension. == See also == * [[Audio Compression Manager]] * [[Broadcast Wave Format]] (BWF) * [[Comparison of audio coding formats]] * [[RF64]], an extended file format for audio (multichannel file format enabling file sizes to exceed 4 gigabytes) * [[Windows Media Audio]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category|Waveform audio format}} * [https://www.mmsp.ece.mcgill.ca/Documents/AudioFormats/WAVE/WAVE.html WAVE file format specifications] - from McGill University, (Last update: 2011-01-03) * [https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/audio/extensible-wave-format-descriptors Extensible Wave-Format Descriptors] from Microsoft (Updated October 26, 2017) * [http://dream.cs.bath.ac.uk/researchdev/wave-ex/wave_ex.html More information on WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE] - University of Bath * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113195252/http://www.borg.com/~jglatt/tech/wave.htm WAVE File Format - technical details] (1999) * [http://wavmetadata.blogspot.com WAV & BWF Metadata Guide] * [http://www.cipa.jp/std/documents/e/DC-008-2012_E.pdf Exif tags]; see, for example, page 128 {{Compression formats}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wav}} [[Category:Audio file formats]] [[Category:Digital container formats]] [[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1991]] [[Category:Microsoft Windows multimedia technology]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{short description|File format standard for storing audio on PCs}} {{distinguish|WavPack}} {{redirect|Wav|the scientific wave|Wave|the waves of water|Wind wave|other uses}} {{redirect|Wave Sound|the festival|Wave Sound (festival)}} {{Infobox file format | name = Waveform Audio File Format (WAVE/WAV) | icon = AudacityWAV.png | logo = | screenshot = | caption = | extension = .wav .wave | mime = audio/vnd.wave,<ref>{{cite IETF |rfc=2361 |title=WAVE and AVI Codec Registries |first=E. |last=Fleischman |publisher=IETF |date=June 1998 |doi=10.17487/RFC2361 |access-date=2009-12-06}}</ref> audio/wav, audio/wave, audio/x-wav<ref>{{cite news|url=http://filext.com/file-extension/WAV |title=File Extension .WAV Details |publisher=Filext.com |access-date=2015-08-10}}</ref> | type code = WAVE | uniform type = com.microsoft.waveform-audio | magic = | owner = [[IBM]] and [[Microsoft]] | released = {{Start date and age|1991|08|df=yes}}<ref name="MPI1">{{cite web |url=https://www.aelius.com/njh/wavemetatools/doc/riffmci.pdf |title=Multimedia Programming Interface and Data Specifications 1.0 |author1=IBM |author2=Microsoft |date=August 1991 |access-date=2020-12-26}}</ref><!-- {{Start date|YYYY|mm|dd|df=yes}} --> | latest release version = Multiple Channel Audio Data and WAVE Files | latest release date = {{Start date and age|2007|03|07|df=yes}} (update)<ref name="wav-specifications">{{cite web |url=https://www.mmsp.ece.mcgill.ca/Documents/AudioFormats/WAVE/WAVE.html |title=Audio File Format Specifications - WAVE or RIFF WAVE sound file |publisher=McGill University |author=P. Kabal |date=2006-06-19 |access-date=2010-03-16}}</ref><ref name="multichaud">{{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/device/audio/multichaud.mspx |title=Multiple Channel Audio Data and WAVE Files |publisher=Microsoft Corporation |date=2007-03-07 |access-date=2010-03-16}}</ref> | genre = [[Audio file format]], [[Container format (digital)|container format]] | container for = | contained by = | extended from = [[Resource Interchange File Format|RIFF]] | extended to = [[Broadcast Wave Format|BWF]], [[RF64]] | standard = | free = | url = }} '''Waveform Audio File Format''' ('''WAVE''', or '''WAV''' due to its [[filename extension]];<ref name="MPI1" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000001.shtml |title=WAVE Audio File Format |website=[[Library of Congress]] |date=2008-09-12 |access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite IETF |draft=draft-ema-vpim-wav-00 |title=Waveform Audio File Format, MIME Sub-type Registration |first1=Laile L. |last1=Di Silvestro |first2=Greg |last2=Baribault |publisher=IETF |date=June 20, 1999 |access-date=2009-12-06}}</ref> pronounced {{IPAc-en|w|æ|v|}} or {{IPAc-en|w|eɪ|v|}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/wav_file|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207062953/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/wav_file|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 7, 2018|title=Definition of WAV file in English|work=Oxford English Living Dictionary}}</ref>) is an [[audio file format]] standard, developed by [[IBM]] and [[Microsoft]], for storing an audio [[bitstream]] on [[personal computer]]s. It is the main format used on [[Microsoft Windows]] systems for [[uncompressed audio]]. The usual bitstream encoding is the [[linear pulse-code modulation]] (LPCM) format. WAV is an application of the [[Resource Interchange File Format]] (RIFF) [[bitstream format]] method for storing data in ''chunks'', and thus is similar to the [[8SVX]] and the [[Audio Interchange File Format]] (AIFF) format used on [[Amiga]] and [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] computers, respectively. == Description == The WAV file is an instance of a [[Resource Interchange File Format]] (RIFF) defined by [[IBM]] and [[Microsoft]].<ref name="MPI1" /> The RIFF format acts as a ''wrapper'' for various [[audio coding format]]s. Though a WAV file can contain [[audio data compression|compressed]] audio, the most common WAV audio format is uncompressed audio in the [[linear pulse-code modulation]] (LPCM) format. LPCM is also the standard audio coding format for [[audio CD]]s, which store two-channel LPCM audio [[Sampling (signal processing)|sampled]] at [[44.1&nbsp;kHz]] with 16 [[Audio bit depth|bits per sample]]. Since LPCM is uncompressed and retains all of the samples of an audio track, professional users or audio experts may use the WAV format with LPCM audio for maximum audio quality.<ref name="Ryan">{{cite web|last1=Branson|first1=Ryan (21 October 2015)|title=What Makes WAV Better than MP3|url=https://videoconversiontools.wordpress.com/2015/10/21/what-makes-wav-better-than-mp3/|website=Online Video Converter|date=21 October 2015|access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref> WAV files can also be edited and manipulated with relative ease using software. On Microsoft Windows, the WAV format supports compressed audio using the [[Audio Compression Manager]] (ACM). Any ACM [[codec]] can be used to compress a WAV file. The [[user interface]] (UI) for Audio Compression Manager may be accessed through various programs that use it, including [[Sound Recorder (Windows)|Sound Recorder]] in some versions of Windows. Beginning with [[Windows 2000]], a <code>WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE</code> header was defined which specifies [[surround sound|multiple audio channel data]] along with speaker positions, eliminates ambiguity regarding sample types and container sizes in the standard WAV format and supports defining custom extensions to the format.<ref name="wav-specifications" /><ref name="multichaud" /><ref name="mbwf">{{citation |url=http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3306-2009.pdf |title=EBU Tech 3306 - MBWF / RF64: An Extended File Format for Audio |date=July 2009 |author=EBU |access-date=2010-01-19 |archive-date=2009-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122155436/http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3306-2009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Specification=== ====RIFF==== A RIFF file is a tagged file format. It has a specific container format (a ''chunk'') with a header that includes a four-character tag ([[FourCC]]) and the size (number of bytes) of the chunk. The tag specifies how the data within the chunk should be interpreted, and there are several standard FourCC tags. Tags consisting of all capital letters are reserved tags. The outermost chunk of a RIFF file has a <code>RIFF</code> tag; the first four bytes of chunk data are an additional FourCC tag that specify the form type and are followed by a sequence of subchunks. In the case of a WAV file, the additional tag is <code>WAVE</code>. The remainder of the RIFF data is a sequence of chunks describing the audio information. The advantage of a tagged file format is that the format can be extended later while maintaining [[backward compatibility]].<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|p=1{{hyphen}}1}}<!--HYPEN PAGE - not a page range -->, "The main advantage of RIFF is its extensibility; file formats based on RIFF can be future-proofed, as format changes can be ignored by existing applications."</ref> The rule for a RIFF (or WAV) reader is that it should ignore any tagged chunk that it does not recognize.<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 56}}, "Programs must expect (and ignore) any unknown chunks encountered, as with all RIFF forms."</ref> The reader will not be able to use the new information, but the reader should not be confused. The specification for RIFF files includes the definition of an <code>INFO</code> chunk. The chunk may include information such as the title of the work, the author, the creation date, and copyright information. Although the <code>INFO</code> chunk was defined for RIFF in version 1.0, the chunk was not referenced in the formal specification of a WAV file. Many readers had trouble processing this. Consequently, the safest thing to do from an interchange standpoint was to omit the <code>INFO</code> chunk and other extensions and send a lowest-common-denominator file. There are other [[Resource Interchange File Format#INFO chunk placement problems|INFO chunk placement problems]]. RIFF files were expected to be used in international environments, so there is <code>CSET</code> chunk to specify the country code, language, dialect, and [[code page]] for the strings in a RIFF file.<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|pp=2{{hyphen}}17 to 2{{hyphen}}18}}</ref> For example, specifying an appropriate <code>CSET</code> chunk should allow the strings in an <code>INFO</code> chunk (and other chunks throughout the RIFF file) to be interpreted as Cyrillic or Japanese characters. RIFF also defines a <code>JUNK</code> chunk whose contents are uninteresting.<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|p=2{{hyphen}}18}}</ref> The chunk allows a chunk to be deleted by just changing its FourCC. The chunk could also be used to reserve some space for future edits so the file could be modified without being resized. A later definition of RIFF introduced a similar <code>PAD</code> chunk.<ref>Microsoft Multimedia Standards Update, New Multimedia Data Types and Data Techniques, Revision 3.0, April 15, 1994, page 6.</ref> ====RIFF WAVE==== The top-level definition of a WAV file is:<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 56}}</ref> <pre><WAVE-form> → RIFF('WAVE' <fmt-ck> // Format of the file [<fact-ck>] // Fact chunk [<cue-ck>] // Cue points [<playlist-ck>] // Playlist [<assoc-data-list>] // Associated data list <wave-data> ) // Wave data </pre> The top-level RIFF form uses a <code>WAVE</code> tag. It is followed by a mandatory <code><nowiki><fmt-ck></nowiki></code> chunk that describes the format of the sample data that follows. This chunk includes information such as the sample encoding, number of bits per channel, the number of channels, and the sample rate. The WAV specification includes some optional features. The optional <code><nowiki><fact-ck></nowiki></code> chunk reports the number of samples for some compressed coding schemes. The <code><nowiki><cue-ck></nowiki></code> chunk identifies some significant sample numbers in the wave file. The <code><nowiki><playlist-ck></nowiki></code> chunk allows the samples to be played out of order or repeated rather than just from beginning to end. The associated data list (<code><nowiki><assoc-data-list></nowiki></code>) allows labels and notes to be attached to cue points; text annotation may be given for a group of samples (e.g., caption information). Finally, the mandatory <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code> chunk contains the actual samples in the format previously specified. Note that the WAV file definition does not show where an <code>INFO</code> chunk should be placed. It is also silent about the placement of a <code>CSET</code> chunk (which specifies the character set used). The RIFF specification attempts to be a formal specification, but its formalism lacks the precision seen in other tagged formats. For example, the RIFF specification does not clearly distinguish between a set of subchunks and an ordered sequence of subchunks.<!-- Compare ASN SET-OF and SEQUENCE-OF --> The RIFF form chunk suggests it should be a sequence container. Sequencing information is specified in the RIFF form of a WAV file consistent with the formalism: "However, <code><nowiki><fmt-ck></nowiki></code> must always occur before <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code>, and both of these chunks are mandatory in a WAVE file."<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 56}}</ref> The specification suggests a <code>LIST</code> chunk is also a sequence: "A LIST chunk contains a list, or ordered sequence, of subchunks."<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 23}}</ref> However, the specification does not give a formal specification of the <code>INFO</code> chunk; an example <code>INFO</code> <code>LIST</code> chunk ignores the chunk sequence implied in the <code>INFO</code> description.<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 21}}, <code>INAM</code> appears before <code>ICOP</code></ref> The <code>LIST</code> chunk definition for <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code> does use the <code>LIST</code> chunk as a sequence container with good formal semantics.<!--[[User:Kvng/RTH]]--> The WAV specification allows for not only a single, contiguous, array of audio samples, but also discrete blocks of samples and silence that are played in order. Most WAV files use a single array of data. The specification for the sample data is confused:<ref>Specification from {{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991}} which also describes how the production syntax is interpreted.</ref> <pre>The <wave-data> contains the waveform data. It is defined as follows: <wave-data> → { <data-ck> | <data-list> } <data-ck> → data( <wave-data> ) <wave-list> → LIST( 'wavl' { <data-ck> | // Wave samples <silence-ck> }... ) // Silence <silence-ck> → slnt( <dwSamples:DWORD> ) // Count of silent samples </pre>These productions are confused. Apparently <code><nowiki><data-list></nowiki></code> (undefined) and <code><nowiki><wave-list></nowiki></code> (defined but not referenced) should be identical. Even if that problem is fixed, the productions then allow a <code><nowiki><data-ck></nowiki></code> to contain a [[Recursion (computer science)|recursive]] <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code> (which implies data interpretation problems). The specification should have been something like: <pre><wave-data> → { <data-ck> | <wave-list> } <data-ck> → data( <bSampleData:BYTE> ... ) <wave-list> → LIST( 'wavl' { <data-ck> | // Wave samples <silence-ck> }... ) // Silence <silence-ck> → slnt( <dwSamples:DWORD> ) // Count of silent samples </pre>to avoid the recursion. WAV files can contain embedded IFF "lists", which can contain several "sub-chunks".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.borg.com/~jglatt/tech/wave.htm |title=WAVE File Format |date=1999-11-15 |access-date=2010-03-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19991115123323/http://www.borg.com/~jglatt/tech/wave.htm |archive-date = 1999-11-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ccrma.stanford.edu/courses/422/projects/WaveFormat/ |title=WAVE PCM soundfile format |date=2003-01-20 |access-date=2010-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827003349/http://ccrma.stanford.edu/courses/422/projects/WaveFormat/ |archive-date=2009-08-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lightlink.com/tjweber/StripWav/WAVE.html |title=The WAVE File Format |access-date=2010-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722003211/http://www.lightlink.com/tjweber/StripWav/WAVE.html |archive-date=2011-07-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Metadata== As a derivative of RIFF, WAV files can be tagged with [[metadata]] in the INFO chunk. In addition, WAV files can embed any kind of metadata, including but not limited to [[Extensible Metadata Platform]] (XMP) data<ref>{{cite book |title=XMP SPECIFICATION PART 3: STORAGE IN FILES |date=2016 |publisher=Adobe Systems Incorporated |pages=24–25 |url=https://wwwimages2.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/xmp/pdfs/XMP%20SDK%20Release%20cc-2016-08/XMPSpecificationPart3.pdf |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225154501/https://wwwimages2.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/xmp/pdfs/XMP%20SDK%20Release%20cc-2016-08/XMPSpecificationPart3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> or [[ID3]] tags<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.audacityteam.org/wiki/WAV#Metadata |title=WAV |publisher=Audacity |access-date=2020-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232733/https://wiki.audacityteam.org/wiki/WAV#Metadata |archive-date=2020-11-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> in extra chunks. Applications may not handle this extra information or may expect to see it in a particular place. Although the RIFF specification requires that applications ignore chunks they do not recognize, some applications are confused by additional chunks.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} == Popularity == Uncompressed WAV files are large, so [[file sharing]] of WAV files over the [[Internet]] is uncommon except among video, music and audio professionals where the uncompressed form has become the most popular of all audio formats and, for most, high speed large bandwidth web connections are commonplace. Many audio and music software manufacturers now favour it as their default file format though others are often supported. The high resolution of the format makes it suitable for retaining [[Generation loss|first generation]] archived files of high quality, for use on a system where disk space is not a constraint, or in applications such as audio editing where the time involved in compressing and uncompressing data, and the losses in quality of such conversions are a concern. ===Use by broadcasters=== In spite of their large size, uncompressed WAV files are used by most radio broadcasters, especially those that have adopted a tapeless system. * [[BBC Radio]] in the UK uses 48&nbsp;kHz 16-bit two-channel WAV audio as standard in their [[SCISYS]] dira audio editing and playout system. * The UK Commercial radio company [[Global Radio]] uses 44.1&nbsp;kHz 16-bit two-channel WAV files in the Genesys playout system, and throughout their broadcast chain. * The [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] "D-Cart" system, which was developed by the Australian broadcaster, uses 48&nbsp;kHz 16-bit two-channel WAV files, which is identical to that of [[Digital Audio Tape]]. * The Digital Radio Mondiale consortium uses WAV files as an informal standard for transmitter simulation and receiver testing. == Limitations == The WAV format is limited to files that are less than 4 [[Gibibyte|GiB]], because of its use of a [[32-bit]] unsigned [[integer]] to record the file size header. Although this is equivalent to about 6.8 hours of CD-quality audio (44.1&nbsp;kHz, 16-bit stereo), it is sometimes necessary to exceed this limit, especially when greater [[sampling rate]]s, [[Audio bit depth|bit resolutions]] or [[Surround sound|channel count]] are required. The W64 format was therefore created for use in [[Sound Forge]]. Its [[64-bit]] header allows for much longer recording times. The [[RF64]] format specified by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] has also been created to solve this problem. == Non-audio data == Since the sampling rate of a WAV file can vary from 1 [[hertz|Hz]] to 4.3 [[GHz]], and the number of channels can be as high as 65535, .wav files have also been used for non-audio data. [[LTspice]], for instance, can store multiple circuit trace [[waveform]]s in separate channels, at any appropriate sampling rate, with the full-scale range representing ±1 [[volt|V]] or [[ampere|A]] rather than a sound pressure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ltspice.linear.com/software/scad3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227091041/http://ltspice.linear.com/software/scad3.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-27 |url-status=dead |date=2009 |title=LTspice IV |publisher=Linear Technologies Corporation |access-date=2015-09-04 |page=95}}</ref> == Audio compact discs == Audio [[compact disc]]s (CDs) do not use the WAV file format, using instead [[Red Book (audio CD standard)|Red Book audio]]. The commonality is that audio CDs are encoded as uncompressed [[pulse-code modulation]] (PCM), which is one of the formats supported by WAV. WAV is a file format for a computer to use that cannot be understood by most CD players directly. To record WAV files to an Audio CD the file headers must be stripped, the contents must be transcoded if not already stored as PCM, and the PCM data written directly to the disc as individual tracks with zero-padding added to match the CD's sector size. In order for PCM audio to be able to be [[Optical_disc_authoring|burned]] to a CD, it should be in the 44.1&nbsp;kHz, 16-bit stereo format. ==Comparison of coding schemes== {{Main article|Audio compression (data)}} {{Further|Comparison of audio coding formats}} Audio in WAV files can be encoded in a variety of audio coding formats, such as [[GSM]] or [[MP3]], to reduce the file size. This is a reference to compare the [[Monaural|monophonic]] (not [[stereophonic]]) audio quality and compression bitrates of audio coding formats available for WAV files including [[Pulse-code modulation|PCM]], [[ADPCM]], Microsoft [[GSM 06.10]], [[CELP]], [[Smart Bitrate Control|SBC]], [[Truespeech]] and [[MPEG]] Layer-3. These are the default ACM codecs that come with Windows. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Format ! Bitrate ([[kbit/s]]) ! 1 minute ([[Kibibyte|KiB]]) |- | 11,025&nbsp;Hz 16&nbsp;bit PCM | 176.4 | 1292 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz 16&nbsp;bit PCM | 128 | <span style="display:none">0</span>938 |- | 11,025&nbsp;Hz 8&nbsp;bit PCM | <span style="display:none">0</span>88.2 | <span style="display:none">0</span>646 |- | 11,025&nbsp;Hz [[µ-Law]] | <span style="display:none">0</span>88.2 | <span style="display:none">0</span>646 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz 8&nbsp;bit PCM | <span style="display:none">0</span>64 | <span style="display:none">0</span>469 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz µ-Law | <span style="display:none">0</span>64 | <span style="display:none">0</span>469 |- | 11,025&nbsp;Hz 4&nbsp;bit [[ADPCM]] | <span style="display:none">0</span>44.1 | <span style="display:none">0</span>323 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz 4&nbsp;bit ADPCM | <span style="display:none">0</span>32 | <span style="display:none">0</span>234 |- | 11,025&nbsp;Hz GSM 06.10 | <span style="display:none">0</span>18 | <span style="display:none">0</span>132 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz MP3 16&nbsp;kbit/s | <span style="display:none">0</span>16 | <span style="display:none">0</span>117 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz GSM 06.10 | <span style="display:none">0</span>13 | <span style="display:none">0</span>103 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz [[Lernout & Hauspie]] SBC 12&nbsp;kbit/s | <span style="display:none">0</span>12 | <span style="display:none">00</span>88 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz [[DSP Group]] [[Truespeech]] | <span style="display:none">00</span>9 | <span style="display:none">00</span>66 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz MP3 8&nbsp;kbit/s | <span style="display:none">00</span>8 | <span style="display:none">00</span>60 |- | <span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&nbsp;Hz Lernout & Hauspie [[CELP]] | <span style="display:none">00</span>4.8 | <span style="display:none">00</span>35 |} The above are WAV files; even those that use [[MP3]] compression have the <code>.wav</code> extension. == See also == * [[Audio Compression Manager]] * [[Broadcast Wave Format]] (BWF) * [[Comparison of audio coding formats]] * [[RF64]], an extended file format for audio (multichannel file format enabling file sizes to exceed 4 gigabytes) * [[Windows Media Audio]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category|Waveform audio format}} * [https://www.mmsp.ece.mcgill.ca/Documents/AudioFormats/WAVE/WAVE.html WAVE file format specifications] - from McGill University, (Last update: 2011-01-03) * [https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/audio/extensible-wave-format-descriptors Extensible Wave-Format Descriptors] from Microsoft (Updated October 26, 2017) * [http://dream.cs.bath.ac.uk/researchdev/wave-ex/wave_ex.html More information on WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE] - University of Bath * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113195252/http://www.borg.com/~jglatt/tech/wave.htm WAVE File Format - technical details] (1999) * [http://wavmetadata.blogspot.com WAV & BWF Metadata Guide] * [http://www.cipa.jp/std/documents/e/DC-008-2012_E.pdf Exif tags]; see, for example, page 128 {{Compression formats}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wav}} [[Category:Audio file formats]] [[Category:Digital container formats]] [[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1991]] [[Category:Microsoft Windows multimedia technology]]'
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'@@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ The WAV specification includes some optional features. The optional <code><nowiki><fact-ck></nowiki></code> chunk reports the number of samples for some compressed coding schemes. The <code><nowiki><cue-ck></nowiki></code> chunk identifies some significant sample numbers in the wave file. The <code><nowiki><playlist-ck></nowiki></code> chunk allows the samples to be played out of order or repeated rather than just from beginning to end. The associated data list (<code><nowiki><assoc-data-list></nowiki></code>) allows labels and notes to be attached to cue points; text annotation may be given for a group of samples (e.g., caption information). -Finally, the mandatory <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code> chunk contains the actual samples in the format previously specified.<!--[[User:Kvng/RTH]]--> +Finally, the mandatory <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code> chunk contains the actual samples in the format previously specified. Note that the WAV file definition does not show where an <code>INFO</code> chunk should be placed. It is also silent about the placement of a <code>CSET</code> chunk (which specifies the character set used). -The RIFF specification attempts to be a formal specification, but its formalism lacks the precision seen in other tagged formats. For example, the RIFF specification does not clearly distinguish between a set of subchunks and an ordered sequence of subchunks.<!-- Compare ASN SET-OF and SEQUENCE-OF --> The RIFF form chunk suggests it should be a sequence container.<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 56}}</ref> specifies sequencing information in the RIFF form of a WAV file consistent with the formalism: "However, <code><fmt-ck></code> must always occur before <code><wave-data></code>, and both of these chunks are mandatory in a WAVE file."</ref> The specification suggests a LIST chunk is also a sequence: "A LIST chunk contains a list, or ordered sequence, of subchunks."<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 23}}</ref> However, the specification does not give a formal specification of the <code>INFO</code> chunk; an example <code>INFO</code> LIST chunk ignores the chunk sequence implied in the <code>INFO</code> description.<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 21}}, <code>INAM</code> appears before <code>ICOP</code></ref> The LIST chunk definition for <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code> does use the LIST chunk as a sequence container with good formal semantics. +The RIFF specification attempts to be a formal specification, but its formalism lacks the precision seen in other tagged formats. For example, the RIFF specification does not clearly distinguish between a set of subchunks and an ordered sequence of subchunks.<!-- Compare ASN SET-OF and SEQUENCE-OF --> The RIFF form chunk suggests it should be a sequence container. Sequencing information is specified in the RIFF form of a WAV file consistent with the formalism: "However, <code><nowiki><fmt-ck></nowiki></code> must always occur before <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code>, and both of these chunks are mandatory in a WAVE file."<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 56}}</ref> The specification suggests a <code>LIST</code> chunk is also a sequence: "A LIST chunk contains a list, or ordered sequence, of subchunks."<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 23}}</ref> However, the specification does not give a formal specification of the <code>INFO</code> chunk; an example <code>INFO</code> <code>LIST</code> chunk ignores the chunk sequence implied in the <code>INFO</code> description.<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 21}}, <code>INAM</code> appears before <code>ICOP</code></ref> The <code>LIST</code> chunk definition for <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code> does use the <code>LIST</code> chunk as a sequence container with good formal semantics.<!--[[User:Kvng/RTH]]--> The WAV specification allows for not only a single, contiguous, array of audio samples, but also discrete blocks of samples and silence that are played in order. Most WAV files use a single array of data. The specification for the sample data is confused:<ref>Specification from {{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991}} which also describes how the production syntax is interpreted.</ref> '
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[ 0 => 'Finally, the mandatory <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code> chunk contains the actual samples in the format previously specified.', 1 => 'The RIFF specification attempts to be a formal specification, but its formalism lacks the precision seen in other tagged formats. For example, the RIFF specification does not clearly distinguish between a set of subchunks and an ordered sequence of subchunks.<!-- Compare ASN SET-OF and SEQUENCE-OF --> The RIFF form chunk suggests it should be a sequence container. Sequencing information is specified in the RIFF form of a WAV file consistent with the formalism: "However, <code><nowiki><fmt-ck></nowiki></code> must always occur before <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code>, and both of these chunks are mandatory in a WAVE file."<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 56}}</ref> The specification suggests a <code>LIST</code> chunk is also a sequence: "A LIST chunk contains a list, or ordered sequence, of subchunks."<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 23}}</ref> However, the specification does not give a formal specification of the <code>INFO</code> chunk; an example <code>INFO</code> <code>LIST</code> chunk ignores the chunk sequence implied in the <code>INFO</code> description.<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 21}}, <code>INAM</code> appears before <code>ICOP</code></ref> The <code>LIST</code> chunk definition for <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code> does use the <code>LIST</code> chunk as a sequence container with good formal semantics.<!--[[User:Kvng/RTH]]-->' ]
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[ 0 => 'Finally, the mandatory <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code> chunk contains the actual samples in the format previously specified.<!--[[User:Kvng/RTH]]-->', 1 => 'The RIFF specification attempts to be a formal specification, but its formalism lacks the precision seen in other tagged formats. For example, the RIFF specification does not clearly distinguish between a set of subchunks and an ordered sequence of subchunks.<!-- Compare ASN SET-OF and SEQUENCE-OF --> The RIFF form chunk suggests it should be a sequence container.<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 56}}</ref> specifies sequencing information in the RIFF form of a WAV file consistent with the formalism: "However, <code><fmt-ck></code> must always occur before <code><wave-data></code>, and both of these chunks are mandatory in a WAVE file."</ref> The specification suggests a LIST chunk is also a sequence: "A LIST chunk contains a list, or ordered sequence, of subchunks."<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 23}}</ref> However, the specification does not give a formal specification of the <code>INFO</code> chunk; an example <code>INFO</code> LIST chunk ignores the chunk sequence implied in the <code>INFO</code> description.<ref>{{Harvnb|IBM|Microsoft|1991|loc=PDF p. 21}}, <code>INAM</code> appears before <code>ICOP</code></ref> The LIST chunk definition for <code><nowiki><wave-data></nowiki></code> does use the LIST chunk as a sequence container with good formal semantics.' ]
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'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">File format standard for storing audio on PCs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/WavPack" title="WavPack">WavPack</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wav" redirects here. For the scientific wave, see <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">Wave</a>. For the waves of water, see <a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wav_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wav (disambiguation)">Wav (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wave Sound" redirects here. For the festival, see <a href="/wiki/Wave_Sound_(festival)" title="Wave Sound (festival)">Wave Sound (festival)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">Waveform Audio File Format (WAVE/WAV)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AudacityWAV.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/AudacityWAV.png/64px-AudacityWAV.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/AudacityWAV.png/96px-AudacityWAV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/AudacityWAV.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> .wav .wave</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media&#160;type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> audio/vnd.wave,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> audio/wav, audio/wave, audio/x-wav<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Type_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Type code">Type code</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">WAVE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier&#160;(UTI)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">com.microsoft.waveform-audio</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed&#160;by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">August&#160;1991<span class="noprint">&#59;&#32;32&#160;years ago</span><span style="display:none">&#160;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1991-08</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-MPI1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI1-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Multiple Channel Audio Data and WAVE Files<br />7&#160;March 2007<span class="noprint">&#59;&#32;16 years ago</span><span style="display:none">&#160;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2007-03-07</span>)</span> (update)<sup id="cite_ref-wav-specifications_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wav-specifications-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-multichaud_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multichaud-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Audio_file_format" title="Audio file format">Audio file format</a>, <a href="/wiki/Container_format_(digital)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container format (digital)">container format</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended&#160;from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Resource_Interchange_File_Format" title="Resource Interchange File Format">RIFF</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended&#160;to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Wave_Format" title="Broadcast Wave Format">BWF</a>, <a href="/wiki/RF64" title="RF64">RF64</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Waveform Audio File Format</b> (<b>WAVE</b>, or <b>WAV</b> due to its <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">filename extension</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-MPI1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI1-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="&#39;w&#39; in &#39;wind&#39;">w</span><span title="/æ/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;bad&#39;">æ</span><span title="&#39;v&#39; in &#39;vie&#39;">v</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="&#39;w&#39; in &#39;wind&#39;">w</span><span title="/eɪ/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;face&#39;">eɪ</span><span title="&#39;v&#39; in &#39;vie&#39;">v</span></span>/</a></span></span> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup>) is an <a href="/wiki/Audio_file_format" title="Audio file format">audio file format</a> standard, developed by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, for storing an audio <a href="/wiki/Bitstream" title="Bitstream">bitstream</a> on <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>. It is the main format used on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> systems for <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncompressed audio">uncompressed audio</a>. The usual bitstream encoding is the <a href="/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear pulse-code modulation">linear pulse-code modulation</a> (LPCM) format. </p><p>WAV is an application of the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Interchange_File_Format" title="Resource Interchange File Format">Resource Interchange File Format</a> (RIFF) <a href="/wiki/Bitstream_format" title="Bitstream format">bitstream format</a> method for storing data in <i>chunks</i>, and thus is similar to the <a href="/wiki/8SVX" title="8SVX">8SVX</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format" title="Audio Interchange File Format">Audio Interchange File Format</a> (AIFF) format used on <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Macintosh</a> computers, respectively. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Specification"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Specification</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#RIFF"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">RIFF</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#RIFF_WAVE"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">RIFF WAVE</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Metadata"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Metadata</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Popularity"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Popularity</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Use_by_broadcasters"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Use by broadcasters</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Limitations"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Limitations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Non-audio_data"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Non-audio data</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Audio_compact_discs"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Audio compact discs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Comparison_of_coding_schemes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Comparison of coding schemes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAV&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The WAV file is an instance of a <a href="/wiki/Resource_Interchange_File_Format" title="Resource Interchange File Format">Resource Interchange File Format</a> (RIFF) defined by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MPI1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI1-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> The RIFF format acts as a <i>wrapper</i> for various <a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio coding formats</a>. </p><p>Though a WAV file can contain <a href="/wiki/Audio_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio data compression">compressed</a> audio, the most common WAV audio format is uncompressed audio in the <a href="/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear pulse-code modulation">linear pulse-code modulation</a> (LPCM) format. LPCM is also the standard audio coding format for <a href="/wiki/Audio_CD" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio CD">audio CDs</a>, which store two-channel LPCM audio <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">sampled</a> at <a href="/wiki/44.1_kHz" class="mw-redirect" title="44.1 kHz">44.1&#160;kHz</a> with 16 <a href="/wiki/Audio_bit_depth" title="Audio bit depth">bits per sample</a>. Since LPCM is uncompressed and retains all of the samples of an audio track, professional users or audio experts may use the WAV format with LPCM audio for maximum audio quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> WAV files can also be edited and manipulated with relative ease using software. </p><p>On Microsoft Windows, the WAV format supports compressed audio using the <a href="/wiki/Audio_Compression_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio Compression Manager">Audio Compression Manager</a> (ACM). Any ACM <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">codec</a> can be used to compress a WAV file. The <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> (UI) for Audio Compression Manager may be accessed through various programs that use it, including <a href="/wiki/Sound_Recorder_(Windows)" title="Sound Recorder (Windows)">Sound Recorder</a> in some versions of Windows. </p><p>Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a>, a <code>WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE</code> header was defined which specifies <a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">multiple audio channel data</a> along with speaker positions, eliminates ambiguity regarding sample types and container sizes in the standard WAV format and supports defining custom extensions to the format.<sup id="cite_ref-wav-specifications_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wav-specifications-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-multichaud_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multichaud-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mbwf_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mbwf-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Specification">Specification</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAV&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Specification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="RIFF">RIFF</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAV&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: RIFF"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>A RIFF file is a tagged file format. It has a specific container format (a <i>chunk</i>) with a header that includes a four-character tag (<a href="/wiki/FourCC" title="FourCC">FourCC</a>) and the size (number of bytes) of the chunk. The tag specifies how the data within the chunk should be interpreted, and there are several standard FourCC tags. Tags consisting of all capital letters are reserved tags. The outermost chunk of a RIFF file has a <code>RIFF</code> tag; the first four bytes of chunk data are an additional FourCC tag that specify the form type and are followed by a sequence of subchunks. In the case of a WAV file, the additional tag is <code>WAVE</code>. The remainder of the RIFF data is a sequence of chunks describing the audio information. </p><p>The advantage of a tagged file format is that the format can be extended later while maintaining <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> The rule for a RIFF (or WAV) reader is that it should ignore any tagged chunk that it does not recognize.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> The reader will not be able to use the new information, but the reader should not be confused. </p><p>The specification for RIFF files includes the definition of an <code>INFO</code> chunk. The chunk may include information such as the title of the work, the author, the creation date, and copyright information. Although the <code>INFO</code> chunk was defined for RIFF in version 1.0, the chunk was not referenced in the formal specification of a WAV file. Many readers had trouble processing this. Consequently, the safest thing to do from an interchange standpoint was to omit the <code>INFO</code> chunk and other extensions and send a lowest-common-denominator file. There are other <a href="/wiki/Resource_Interchange_File_Format#INFO_chunk_placement_problems" title="Resource Interchange File Format">INFO chunk placement problems</a>. </p><p>RIFF files were expected to be used in international environments, so there is <code>CSET</code> chunk to specify the country code, language, dialect, and <a href="/wiki/Code_page" title="Code page">code page</a> for the strings in a RIFF file.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> For example, specifying an appropriate <code>CSET</code> chunk should allow the strings in an <code>INFO</code> chunk (and other chunks throughout the RIFF file) to be interpreted as Cyrillic or Japanese characters. </p><p>RIFF also defines a <code>JUNK</code> chunk whose contents are uninteresting.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> The chunk allows a chunk to be deleted by just changing its FourCC. The chunk could also be used to reserve some space for future edits so the file could be modified without being resized. A later definition of RIFF introduced a similar <code>PAD</code> chunk.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="RIFF_WAVE">RIFF WAVE</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAV&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: RIFF WAVE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>The top-level definition of a WAV file is:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> </p> <pre>&lt;WAVE-form&gt; → RIFF('WAVE' &lt;fmt-ck&gt; // Format of the file [&lt;fact-ck&gt;] // Fact chunk [&lt;cue-ck&gt;] // Cue points [&lt;playlist-ck&gt;] // Playlist [&lt;assoc-data-list&gt;] // Associated data list &lt;wave-data&gt; ) // Wave data </pre> <p>The top-level RIFF form uses a <code>WAVE</code> tag. It is followed by a mandatory <code>&lt;fmt-ck&gt;</code> chunk that describes the format of the sample data that follows. This chunk includes information such as the sample encoding, number of bits per channel, the number of channels, and the sample rate. </p><p>The WAV specification includes some optional features. The optional <code>&lt;fact-ck&gt;</code> chunk reports the number of samples for some compressed coding schemes. The <code>&lt;cue-ck&gt;</code> chunk identifies some significant sample numbers in the wave file. The <code>&lt;playlist-ck&gt;</code> chunk allows the samples to be played out of order or repeated rather than just from beginning to end. The associated data list (<code>&lt;assoc-data-list&gt;</code>) allows labels and notes to be attached to cue points; text annotation may be given for a group of samples (e.g., caption information). </p><p>Finally, the mandatory <code>&lt;wave-data&gt;</code> chunk contains the actual samples in the format previously specified. </p><p>Note that the WAV file definition does not show where an <code>INFO</code> chunk should be placed. It is also silent about the placement of a <code>CSET</code> chunk (which specifies the character set used). </p><p>The RIFF specification attempts to be a formal specification, but its formalism lacks the precision seen in other tagged formats. For example, the RIFF specification does not clearly distinguish between a set of subchunks and an ordered sequence of subchunks. The RIFF form chunk suggests it should be a sequence container. Sequencing information is specified in the RIFF form of a WAV file consistent with the formalism: "However, <code>&lt;fmt-ck&gt;</code> must always occur before <code>&lt;wave-data&gt;</code>, and both of these chunks are mandatory in a WAVE file."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup> The specification suggests a <code>LIST</code> chunk is also a sequence: "A LIST chunk contains a list, or ordered sequence, of subchunks."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup> However, the specification does not give a formal specification of the <code>INFO</code> chunk; an example <code>INFO</code> <code>LIST</code> chunk ignores the chunk sequence implied in the <code>INFO</code> description.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> The <code>LIST</code> chunk definition for <code>&lt;wave-data&gt;</code> does use the <code>LIST</code> chunk as a sequence container with good formal semantics. </p><p>The WAV specification allows for not only a single, contiguous, array of audio samples, but also discrete blocks of samples and silence that are played in order. Most WAV files use a single array of data. The specification for the sample data is confused:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup> </p> <pre>The &lt;wave-data&gt; contains the waveform data. It is defined as follows: &lt;wave-data&gt; → { &lt;data-ck&gt; | &lt;data-list&gt; } &lt;data-ck&gt; → data( &lt;wave-data&gt; ) &lt;wave-list&gt; → LIST( 'wavl' { &lt;data-ck&gt; | // Wave samples &lt;silence-ck&gt; }... ) // Silence &lt;silence-ck&gt; → slnt( &lt;dwSamples:DWORD&gt; ) // Count of silent samples </pre><p>These productions are confused. Apparently <code>&lt;data-list&gt;</code> (undefined) and <code>&lt;wave-list&gt;</code> (defined but not referenced) should be identical. Even if that problem is fixed, the productions then allow a <code>&lt;data-ck&gt;</code> to contain a <a href="/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">recursive</a> <code>&lt;wave-data&gt;</code> (which implies data interpretation problems). The specification should have been something like: </p><pre>&lt;wave-data&gt; → { &lt;data-ck&gt; | &lt;wave-list&gt; } &lt;data-ck&gt; → data( &lt;bSampleData:BYTE&gt; ... ) &lt;wave-list&gt; → LIST( 'wavl' { &lt;data-ck&gt; | // Wave samples &lt;silence-ck&gt; }... ) // Silence &lt;silence-ck&gt; → slnt( &lt;dwSamples:DWORD&gt; ) // Count of silent samples </pre><p>to avoid the recursion. </p><p>WAV files can contain embedded IFF "lists", which can contain several "sub-chunks".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Metadata">Metadata</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAV&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Metadata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>As a derivative of RIFF, WAV files can be tagged with <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> in the INFO chunk. In addition, WAV files can embed any kind of metadata, including but not limited to <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform" title="Extensible Metadata Platform">Extensible Metadata Platform</a> (XMP) data<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/ID3" title="ID3">ID3</a> tags<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup> in extra chunks. Applications may not handle this extra information or may expect to see it in a particular place. Although the RIFF specification requires that applications ignore chunks they do not recognize, some applications are confused by additional chunks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Popularity">Popularity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAV&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Uncompressed WAV files are large, so <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a> of WAV files over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> is uncommon except among video, music and audio professionals where the uncompressed form has become the most popular of all audio formats and, for most, high speed large bandwidth web connections are commonplace. Many audio and music software manufacturers now favour it as their default file format though others are often supported. The high resolution of the format makes it suitable for retaining <a href="/wiki/Generation_loss" title="Generation loss">first generation</a> archived files of high quality, for use on a system where disk space is not a constraint, or in applications such as audio editing where the time involved in compressing and uncompressing data, and the losses in quality of such conversions are a concern. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Use_by_broadcasters">Use by broadcasters</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAV&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Use by broadcasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>In spite of their large size, uncompressed WAV files are used by most radio broadcasters, especially those that have adopted a tapeless system. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio" title="BBC Radio">BBC Radio</a> in the UK uses 48&#160;kHz 16-bit two-channel WAV audio as standard in their <a href="/wiki/SCISYS" class="mw-redirect" title="SCISYS">SCISYS</a> dira audio editing and playout system.</li> <li>The UK Commercial radio company <a href="/wiki/Global_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Radio">Global Radio</a> uses 44.1&#160;kHz 16-bit two-channel WAV files in the Genesys playout system, and throughout their broadcast chain.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC</a> "D-Cart" system, which was developed by the Australian broadcaster, uses 48&#160;kHz 16-bit two-channel WAV files, which is identical to that of <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">Digital Audio Tape</a>.</li> <li>The Digital Radio Mondiale consortium uses WAV files as an informal standard for transmitter simulation and receiver testing.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Limitations">Limitations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAV&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The WAV format is limited to files that are less than 4 <a href="/wiki/Gibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibibyte">GiB</a>, because of its use of a <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> unsigned <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> to record the file size header. Although this is equivalent to about 6.8 hours of CD-quality audio (44.1&#160;kHz, 16-bit stereo), it is sometimes necessary to exceed this limit, especially when greater <a href="/wiki/Sampling_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling rate">sampling rates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_bit_depth" title="Audio bit depth">bit resolutions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">channel count</a> are required. The W64 format was therefore created for use in <a href="/wiki/Sound_Forge" title="Sound Forge">Sound Forge</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> header allows for much longer recording times. The <a href="/wiki/RF64" title="RF64">RF64</a> format specified by the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a> has also been created to solve this problem. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-audio_data">Non-audio data</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAV&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Non-audio data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Since the sampling rate of a WAV file can vary from 1 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> to 4.3 <a href="/wiki/GHz" class="mw-redirect" title="GHz">GHz</a>, and the number of channels can be as high as 65535, .wav files have also been used for non-audio data. <a href="/wiki/LTspice" title="LTspice">LTspice</a>, for instance, can store multiple circuit trace <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveforms</a> in separate channels, at any appropriate sampling rate, with the full-scale range representing ±1 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">A</a> rather than a sound pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">&#91;26&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Audio_compact_discs">Audio compact discs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAV&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Audio compact discs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Audio <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a> (CDs) do not use the WAV file format, using instead <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_(audio_CD_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Book (audio CD standard)">Red Book audio</a>. The commonality is that audio CDs are encoded as uncompressed <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">pulse-code modulation</a> (PCM), which is one of the formats supported by WAV. WAV is a file format for a computer to use that cannot be understood by most CD players directly. To record WAV files to an Audio CD the file headers must be stripped, the contents must be transcoded if not already stored as PCM, and the PCM data written directly to the disc as individual tracks with zero-padding added to match the CD's sector size. </p><p>In order for PCM audio to be able to be <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">burned</a> to a CD, it should be in the 44.1&#160;kHz, 16-bit stereo format. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Comparison_of_coding_schemes">Comparison of coding schemes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAV&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Comparison of coding schemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Audio_compression_(data)" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio compression (data)">Audio compression (data)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats" title="Comparison of audio coding formats">Comparison of audio coding formats</a></div> <p>Audio in WAV files can be encoded in a variety of audio coding formats, such as <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> or <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, to reduce the file size. </p><p>This is a reference to compare the <a href="/wiki/Monaural" title="Monaural">monophonic</a> (not <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereophonic">stereophonic</a>) audio quality and compression bitrates of audio coding formats available for WAV files including <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a>, <a href="/wiki/ADPCM" class="mw-redirect" title="ADPCM">ADPCM</a>, Microsoft <a href="/wiki/GSM_06.10" class="mw-redirect" title="GSM 06.10">GSM 06.10</a>, <a href="/wiki/CELP" class="mw-redirect" title="CELP">CELP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smart_Bitrate_Control" title="Smart Bitrate Control">SBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truespeech" title="Truespeech">Truespeech</a> and <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> Layer-3. These are the default ACM codecs that come with Windows. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Format </th> <th>Bitrate (<a href="/wiki/Kbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Kbit/s">kbit/s</a>) </th> <th>1 minute (<a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>11,025&#160;Hz 16&#160;bit PCM </td> <td>176.4 </td> <td>1292 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&#160;Hz 16&#160;bit PCM </td> <td>128 </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>938 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11,025&#160;Hz 8&#160;bit PCM </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>88.2 </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>646 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11,025&#160;Hz <a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ-Law">µ-Law</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>88.2 </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>646 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&#160;Hz 8&#160;bit PCM </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>64 </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>469 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&#160;Hz µ-Law </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>64 </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>469 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11,025&#160;Hz 4&#160;bit <a href="/wiki/ADPCM" class="mw-redirect" title="ADPCM">ADPCM</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>44.1 </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>323 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&#160;Hz 4&#160;bit ADPCM </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>32 </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>234 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11,025&#160;Hz GSM 06.10 </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>18 </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>132 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&#160;Hz MP3 16&#160;kbit/s </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>16 </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>117 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&#160;Hz GSM 06.10 </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>13 </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>103 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&#160;Hz <a href="/wiki/Lernout_%26_Hauspie" title="Lernout &amp; Hauspie">Lernout &amp; Hauspie</a> SBC 12&#160;kbit/s </td> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>12 </td> <td><span style="display:none">00</span>88 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&#160;Hz <a href="/wiki/DSP_Group" title="DSP Group">DSP Group</a> <a href="/wiki/Truespeech" title="Truespeech">Truespeech</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">00</span>9 </td> <td><span style="display:none">00</span>66 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&#160;Hz MP3 8&#160;kbit/s </td> <td><span style="display:none">00</span>8 </td> <td><span style="display:none">00</span>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none">0</span>8,000&#160;Hz Lernout &amp; Hauspie <a href="/wiki/CELP" class="mw-redirect" title="CELP">CELP</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">00</span>4.8 </td> <td><span style="display:none">00</span>35 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The above are WAV files; even those that use <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> compression have the <code>.wav</code> extension. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAV&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Compression_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio Compression Manager">Audio Compression Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Wave_Format" title="Broadcast Wave Format">Broadcast Wave Format</a> (BWF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats" title="Comparison of audio coding formats">Comparison of audio coding formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF64" title="RF64">RF64</a>, an extended file format for audio (multichannel file format enabling file sizes to exceed 4 gigabytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio" title="Windows Media Audio">Windows Media Audio</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAV&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFFleischman1998" class="citation cs1">Fleischman, E. (June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2361"><i>WAVE and AVI Codec Registries</i></a>. IETF. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2361">10.17487/RFC2361</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2361">2361</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=WAVE+and+AVI+Codec+Registries&amp;rft.pub=IETF&amp;rft.date=1998-06&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2F&#82;FC2361&amp;rft.aulast=Fleischman&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2361&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWAV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filext.com/file-extension/WAV">"File Extension .WAV Details"</a>. Filext.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Audio+File+Format+Specifications+-+WAVE+or+RIFF+WAVE+sound+file&amp;rft.pub=McGill+University&amp;rft.date=2006-06-19&amp;rft.au=P.+Kabal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmsp.ece.mcgill.ca%2FDocuments%2FAudioFormats%2FWAVE%2FWAVE.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWAV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multichaud-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multichaud_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multichaud_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/device/audio/multichaud.mspx">"Multiple Channel Audio Data and WAVE Files"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&amp;rft.atitle=WAVE+Audio+File+Format&amp;rft.date=2008-09-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpreservation%2Fdigital%2Fformats%2Ffdd%2Ffdd000001.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWAV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDi_SilvestroBaribault1999" class="citation cs1">Di Silvestro, Laile L.; Baribault, Greg (June 20, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ema-vpim-wav-00"><i>Waveform Audio File Format, MIME Sub-type Registration</i></a>. IETF. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/wav_file">the original</a> on February 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Living+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=Definition+of+WAV+file+in+English&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fwav_file&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWAV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryan-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBranson2015" class="citation web cs1">Branson, Ryan (21 October 2015) (21 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://videoconversiontools.wordpress.com/2015/10/21/what-makes-wav-better-than-mp3/">"What Makes WAV Better than MP3"</a>. <i>Online Video Converter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Online+Video+Converter&amp;rft.atitle=What+Makes+WAV+Better+than+MP3&amp;rft.date=2015-10-21&amp;rft.aulast=Branson&amp;rft.aufirst=Ryan+%2821+October+2015%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvideoconversiontools.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F10%2F21%2Fwhat-makes-wav-better-than-mp3%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWAV" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mbwf-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mbwf_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEBU2009" class="citation cs2">EBU (July 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091122155436/http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3306-2009.pdf"><i>EBU Tech 3306 - MBWF / RF64: An Extended File Format for Audio</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3306-2009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=EBU+Tech+3306+-+MBWF+%2F+RF64%3A+An+Extended+File+Format+for+Audio&amp;rft.date=2009-07&amp;rft.au=EBU&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.ebu.ch%2Fdocs%2Ftech%2Ftech3306-2009.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWAV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIBMMicrosoft1991">IBM &amp; Microsoft 1991</a>, p.&#160;1&#45;1, "The main advantage of RIFF is its extensibility; file formats based on RIFF can be future-proofed, as format changes can be ignored by existing applications."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIBMMicrosoft1991">IBM &amp; Microsoft 1991</a>, PDF p. 56, "Programs must expect (and ignore) any unknown chunks encountered, as with all RIFF forms."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIBMMicrosoft1991">IBM &amp; Microsoft 1991</a>, pp.&#160;2-17 to 2-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIBMMicrosoft1991">IBM &amp; Microsoft 1991</a>, p.&#160;2&#45;18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Microsoft Multimedia Standards Update, New Multimedia Data Types and Data Techniques, Revision 3.0, April 15, 1994, page 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIBMMicrosoft1991">IBM &amp; Microsoft 1991</a>, PDF p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIBMMicrosoft1991">IBM &amp; Microsoft 1991</a>, PDF p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIBMMicrosoft1991">IBM &amp; Microsoft 1991</a>, PDF p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIBMMicrosoft1991">IBM &amp; Microsoft 1991</a>, PDF p. 21, <code>INAM</code> appears before <code>ICOP</code></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specification from <a href="#CITEREFIBMMicrosoft1991">IBM &amp; Microsoft 1991</a> which also describes how the production syntax is interpreted.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991115123323/http://www.borg.com/~jglatt/tech/wave.htm">"WAVE File Format"</a>. 1999-11-15. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=WAVE+PCM+soundfile+format&amp;rft.date=2003-01-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccrma.stanford.edu%2Fcourses%2F422%2Fprojects%2FWaveFormat%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWAV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722003211/http://www.lightlink.com/tjweber/StripWav/WAVE.html">"The WAVE File Format"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lightlink.com/tjweber/StripWav/WAVE.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+WAVE+File+Format&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lightlink.com%2Ftjweber%2FStripWav%2FWAVE.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWAV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225154501/https://wwwimages2.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/xmp/pdfs/XMP%20SDK%20Release%20cc-2016-08/XMPSpecificationPart3.pdf"><i>XMP SPECIFICATION PART 3: STORAGE IN FILES</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Adobe Systems Incorporated. 2016. pp.&#160;24–25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwimages2.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/xmp/pdfs/XMP%20SDK%20Release%20cc-2016-08/XMPSpecificationPart3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=XMP+SPECIFICATION+PART+3%3A+STORAGE+IN+FILES&amp;rft.pages=24-25&amp;rft.pub=Adobe+Systems+Incorporated&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwwimages2.adobe.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Facom%2Fen%2Fdevnet%2Fxmp%2Fpdfs%2FXMP%2520SDK%2520Release%2520cc-2016-08%2FXMPSpecificationPart3.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWAV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232733/https://wiki.audacityteam.org/wiki/WAV#Metadata">"WAV"</a>. Audacity. 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Linear Technologies Corporation. 2009. p.&#160;95. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ltspice.linear.com/software/scad3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=LTspice+IV&amp;rft.pages=95&amp;rft.pub=Linear+Technologies+Corporation&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fltspice.linear.com%2Fsoftware%2Fscad3.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWAV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAV&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1134653256">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Waveform_audio_format" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Waveform audio format">Waveform audio format</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mmsp.ece.mcgill.ca/Documents/AudioFormats/WAVE/WAVE.html">WAVE file format specifications</a> - from McGill University, (Last update: 2011-01-03)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/audio/extensible-wave-format-descriptors">Extensible Wave-Format Descriptors</a> from Microsoft (Updated October 26, 2017)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dream.cs.bath.ac.uk/researchdev/wave-ex/wave_ex.html">More information on WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE</a> - University of Bath</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113195252/http://www.borg.com/~jglatt/tech/wave.htm">WAVE File Format - technical details</a> (1999)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wavmetadata.blogspot.com">WAV &amp; BWF Metadata Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cipa.jp/std/documents/e/DC-008-2012_E.pdf">Exif tags</a>; see, for example, page 128</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">Video<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG" title="Motion JPEG">MJPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">Part 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">Part 2 / ASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">Part 10 / AVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_IVC" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 IVC">Part 33 / IVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">MPEG-H</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">Part 2 / HEVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-I&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="MPEG-I (page does not exist)">MPEG-I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">Part 3 / VVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-5" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-5">MPEG-5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">Part 1 / EVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">Part 2 / LCEVC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_Coding_Experts_Group" title="Video Coding Experts Group">VCEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H.120" title="H.120">H.120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264 / AVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">H.265 / HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">H.266 / VVC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_(video_compression_format)" title="Dirac (video compression format)">VC-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avid_DNxHD" title="Avid DNxHD">VC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CineForm" title="CineForm">VC-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-6" title="VC-6">VC-6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies#TrueMotion_S" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP3" title="VP3">VP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP6" title="VP6">VP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP7" class="mw-redirect" title="VP7">VP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Video" title="Apple Video">Apple Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bink_Video" title="Bink Video">Bink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinepak" title="Cinepak">Cinepak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daala" title="Daala">Daala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Interactive" title="Digital Video Interactive">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFV1" title="FFV1">FFV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffyuv" title="Huffyuv">Huffyuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeo" title="Indeo">Indeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagarith" title="Lagarith">Lagarith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Video_1" title="Microsoft Video 1">Microsoft Video 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec" title="MSU Lossless Video Codec">MSU Lossless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMS_Video" title="OMS Video">OMS Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixlet" title="Pixlet">Pixlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProRes" title="Apple ProRes">ProRes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ProRes_422" class="mw-redirect" title="ProRes 422">422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProRes_4444" class="mw-redirect" title="ProRes 4444">4444</a></li></ul></li> <li>QuickTime <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Animation" title="QuickTime Animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Graphics" title="QuickTime Graphics">Graphics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealVideo" title="RealVideo">RealVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTVideo" title="RTVideo">RTVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SheerVideo" title="SheerVideo">SheerVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorenson_Media" title="Sorenson Media">Sorenson Video/Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(video_codec)" title="Thor (video codec)">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Video" title="Windows Media Video">WMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RatDVD" title="RatDVD">XEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YULS" title="YULS">YULS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">Audio<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Layer II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">Multichannel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_I" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer I">MPEG-1 Layer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAC-LD" title="AAC-LD">AAC-LD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Surround" title="MPEG Surround">MPEG Surround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Lossless_Coding" title="Audio Lossless Coding">MPEG-4 ALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_SLS" title="MPEG-4 SLS">MPEG-4 SLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD#DST" title="Super Audio CD">MPEG-4 DST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding" title="Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding">MPEG-4 HVXC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">MPEG-4 CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding" title="Unified Speech and Audio Coding">MPEG-D USAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G.711" title="G.711">G.711</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">µ-law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.718" title="G.718">G.718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.719" title="G.719">G.719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.722" title="G.722">G.722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.722.1" title="G.722.1">G.722.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_Wideband" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband">G.722.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.723" title="G.723">G.723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.723.1" title="G.723.1">G.723.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.726" title="G.726">G.726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.728" title="G.728">G.728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.729" title="G.729">G.729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.729.1" title="G.729.1">G.729.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Low_Bitrate_Codec" title="Internet Low Bitrate Codec">iLBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speex" title="Speex">Speex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_audio_codec" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate audio codec">AMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_Wideband" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband">AMR-WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Adaptive_Multi-Rate_%E2%80%93_Wideband" title="Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate – Wideband">AMR-WB+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec" title="Enhanced Variable Rate Codec">EVRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B" title="Enhanced Variable Rate Codec B">EVRC-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Voice_Services" title="Enhanced Voice Services">EVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_Rate" title="Half Rate">GSM-HR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Rate" title="Full Rate">GSM-FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_full_rate" title="Enhanced full rate">GSM-EFR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ETSI" title="ETSI">ETSI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">AC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth SIG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SBC_(codec)" title="SBC (codec)">SBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LC3_(codec)" title="LC3 (codec)">LC3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Lossless">ALAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asao_(codec)" title="Asao (codec)">Asao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding">ATRAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELT" title="CELT">CELT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codec_2" title="Codec 2">Codec 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec" title="Internet Speech Audio Codec">iSAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-excitation_linear_prediction" title="Mixed-excitation linear prediction">MELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey%27s_Audio" title="Monkey&#39;s Audio">Monkey's Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT9" title="MT9">MT9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musepack" title="Musepack">Musepack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OptimFROG" title="OptimFROG">OptimFROG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Sound_Quality" title="Original Sound Quality">OSQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Qualcomm code-excited linear prediction">QCELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxed_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Relaxed code-excited linear prediction">RCELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealAudio" title="RealAudio">RealAudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTAudio" title="RTAudio">RTAudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avid_Audio#Sound_Designer_file_formats" title="Avid Audio">SD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorten_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorten file format">SHN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SILK" title="SILK">SILK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(codec)" title="Siren (codec)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectable_Mode_Vocoder" title="Selectable Mode Vocoder">SMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVOPC" title="SVOPC">SVOPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TTA_(codec)" title="TTA (codec)">TTA</a> <ul><li>True Audio</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TwinVQ" title="TwinVQ">TwinVQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-Rate_Multimode_Wideband" title="Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband">VMR-WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_sum_excited_linear_prediction" title="Vector sum excited linear prediction">VSELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WavPack" title="WavPack">WavPack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio" title="Windows Media Audio">WMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated" title="Master Quality Authenticated">MQA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX" title="AptX">aptX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_HD" title="AptX">aptX HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_Low_Latency" title="AptX">aptX Low Latency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_Adaptive" title="AptX">aptX Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDAC_(codec)" title="LDAC (codec)">LDAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHDC_(codec)" title="LHDC (codec)">LHDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHDC_(codec)#LLAC" title="LHDC (codec)">LLAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_compression" title="Group 4 compression">CCITT Group 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format#HEIC:_HEVC_in_HEIF" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIC / HEIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding#Main_Still_Picture" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">JBIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG2" title="JBIG2">JBIG2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG-LS" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG-LS">JPEG-LS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">JPEG XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">JPEG XS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XT" title="JPEG XT">JPEG XT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">TIFF/EP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="TIFF/IT">TIFF/IT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APNG" title="APNG">APNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIF" title="AVIF">AVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics">BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEXR" title="OpenEXR">EXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Lossless_Image_Format" title="Free Lossless Image Format">FLIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICER_(file_format)" title="ICER (file format)">ICER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics">MNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Graphics_File" title="Progressive Graphics File">PGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QOI_(image_format)" title="QOI (image format)">QOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_VR" title="QuickTime VR">QTVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format" title="Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format">WBMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_container_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital container format">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_elementary_stream" title="MPEG elementary stream">MPEG-ES</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Packetized_elementary_stream" title="Packetized elementary stream">MPEG-PES</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">MPEG-PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG-TS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_base_media_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC base media file format">ISO/IEC base media file format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">MPEG-4 Part 14</a> (MP4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">MPEG-21 Part 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_media_transport" title="MPEG media transport">MPEG media transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2#Systems" title="MPEG-2">H.222.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">T.802</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">Ogg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Exchange_Format" title="General Exchange Format">GXF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_Exchange_Format" title="Material Exchange Format">MXF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3GP_and_3G2" title="3GP and 3G2">3GP and 3G2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMV_video_format" title="AMV video format">AMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Systems_Format" title="Advanced Systems Format">ASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format" title="Audio Interchange File Format">AIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Interleave" title="Audio Video Interleave">AVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au_file_format" title="Au file format">AU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics">BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bink_Video" title="Bink Video">Bink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMP_file_format" title="BMP file format">BMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DivX#DivX_Media_Format_(DMF)" title="DivX">DivX Media Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_VOB" title="Enhanced VOB">EVO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_Video" title="Flash Video">Flash Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_File_Format" title="Interchange File Format">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.m2ts" title=".m2ts">M2TS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_File_Format" title="QuickTime File Format">QuickTime File Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RatDVD" title="RatDVD">RatDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealMedia" title="RealMedia">RealMedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Interchange_File_Format" title="Resource Interchange File Format">RIFF</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">WAV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">MOD and TOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOB" title="VOB">VOB, IFO and BUP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NETVC" title="NETVC">NETVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_LA" title="MPEG LA">MPEG LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Open_Media" title="Alliance for Open Media">Alliance for Open Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy encoding">Entropy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">LZ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEFLATE" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFLATE">DEFLATE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">LZW</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">µ-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats" title="Comparison of audio coding formats">Comparison of audio coding formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_video_codecs" title="Comparison of video codecs">Comparison of video codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_codecs" title="List of codecs">List of codecs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_methods" title="Template:Compression methods">Compression methods</a> for techniques and <a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_software" title="Template:Compression software">Compression software</a> for codecs</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217570#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13621427d">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13621427d">BnF data</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
'1702329465'