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Abbey Line
A London Midland EMU at St Albans Abbey in 2017
Overview
Status	Operational
Owner	Network Rail
Locale	Hertfordshire
Termini	Watford Junction St Albans Abbey
Stations	7
Service
Type	Heavy rail
System	National Rail
Operator(s)	London Northwestern Railway
Rolling stock	Class 350
History
Opened	5 May 1858
Technical
Line length	6 mi 45 ch (10.6 km)
Track gauge	4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Electrification	25 kV AC OHLE
Operating speed	50 mph (80 km/h) maximum
Route map (Click to expand)

v t e Abbey Line
Legend
St Albans Abbey 6 mi 45 ch 10.56 km Hatfield & St Albans Railway to Hatfield  A414  Park Street 5 mi 5 ch 8.15 km Midland Railway to Midland Main Line How Wood 4 mi 37 ch 7.18 km  M25  Bricket Wood 3 mi 37 ch 5.57 km  M1  Garston 1 mi 63 ch 2.88 km Watford North ABCL Watford North 0 mi 75 ch 1.51 km West Coast Main Line to Rugby Watford Junction 0 mi 15 ch 0.3 km Watford South Junction 0 mi 0 km Watford DC line & West Coast Main Line to London Euston

The Abbey Line, also known as the St Albans Abbey branch line, is a railway line from Watford Junction to St Albans Abbey. The 6.5-mile (10.5 km) route passes through town and countryside in the county of Hertfordshire, just outside the boundaries of the Oyster Card and London fare zones. Its northern terminus, St Albans Abbey, is located in the south of the city, around 0.75 miles (1.21 km) away from the larger St Albans City station on the Midland Main Line. It is a semi-rural line and, due to its single-track operation, service frequencies are limited. The service is sometimes referred to locally as the Abbey Flyer.

History

The line was opened by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) on 5 May 1858 and was the first railway to reach St Albans.

Originally, there were two intermediate stations:

• Bricket Wood
• Park Street

In 1910, a station at Callowland opened, which is now known as Watford North.

In 1924, the eastern terminus became known as St Albans Abbey to distinguish it from the Midland Railway main line station at St Albans City, which opened in 1868. The LNWR station was also served by a branch of the Great Northern Railway from Hatfield.

A sixth station was added at Garston in 1966 and a seventh at How Wood in 1988, to coincide with the electrification of the route at 25 kV AC overhead.

Past connections

The line was built in its current form, as a branch from Watford to St. Albans. However, the line was at times connected to two other lines. One, the Hatfield and St Albans Railway, opened in 1865 from St. Albans Abbey station to the East Coast Main Line at Hatfield. Mostly a local route, the construction of the Midland Main Line ensured that it never became popular with the critical market of passengers to London. It closed to passengers in 1951, as part of a cutback of minor routes after the war. The whole route closed to goods in 1964, although a short stub at the Hatfield end lasted until 1968.

During construction of the Midland Main Line in the 1860s, a branch was laid from near How Wood to the Midland route to carry building materials. Never used by passenger services, Ordnance Survey maps indicate it closed between 1883 and 1898, although the embankment and an abutment facing Watling Street remain visible. As part of a cost-cutting plan in the 1980s, British Rail examined reopening this, with the aim of diverting the branch to the City station and selling off the valuable Abbey station site.

The line today

Operations

Passenger services are operated by London Northwestern Railway.

Stations on the branch are unstaffed. Some have ticket machines; otherwise tickets must be bought on the train. Passengers starting their journey at Watford Junction, which is staffed, must have a valid ticket prior to boarding the train, in compliance with National Rail conditions of carriage.

The Abbey line is part of the Network Rail Strategic Route 18, SRS 18.10 and is classified as a Rural line.

Infrastructure

The line is single track and is electrified at 25 kV AC using overhead line equipment. It has a loading gauge of W6 and a maximum line speed of 50 mph (80 km/h).

Rolling stock

The service is operated using electric multiple units. Services were previously operated using Class 313 units, at times substituted by a Class 150 diesel multiple unit (more commonly in the past). For several years, London Northwestern Railway ran services with a single Class 319 train, which was acquired in September 2015 by London Midland as part of a set of trains from Thameslink to replace Class 321 units (which had in turn been acquired by Abellio ScotRail to operate on Glasgow's suburban rail network). In May 2021, the Class 319 was replaced by a single Class 350 unit.

Class	Image	Type	Top speed		Number	Cars per unit	Built
			mph	km/h
Class 350		EMU	110	177	4	4	2004-14

Signalling

Signalling is under One Train Working (without Train staff) rules, where only one train is allowed on the line at a time. Trains can be moved into Watford Junction yard by a manual ground frame there. On 28 October 2005 its incorrect operation caused an incident with a train not in passenger service.

There is an automatic level crossing outside Watford North. This is operated by a manual plunger for trains heading towards St Albans, and by a treadle towards Watford Junction.

Future developments

Since 1995 the Abbey Flyer Users Group (ABFLY) has been campaigning to secure the future of the line and encourage its growth. The Abbey line was designated by the Strategic Rail Authority as a community rail line in July 2005, one of seven pilots under the Community Rail Development Strategy.

Previous proposals

In 2004 a proposal was made by Transport for London for a London Regional Rail Authority to take control over some rail services that extended out of Greater London, including the branch line.

In October 2009 Secretary of State for Transport Lord Adonis announced a plan to increase frequency on the line by allowing Hertfordshire County Council to lease the line from Network Rail and converting it to light rail from 2011. It was hoped that this would be possible for the same amount of subsidy the line received, as the new infrastructure required, such as a passing loop would be cheaper for light rail than heavy rail. Longer-term proposals envisaged extensions into Watford town centre via Clarendon Road and High Street, and St Albans city centre, possibly as far as St Albans City railway station, and possible re-instatement of the line to Hatfield.

The light rail plan was cancelled in May 2013, as it was found to be impossible to deliver the scheme within the existing heavy rail subsidy as planned and more complicated than had been expected with disputes over apportionment of ticket revenue and who was responsible for the cost of maintaining structures. Hertfordshire County Council pledged to prepare a more ambitious bid to the DfT for funding for full segregation from the national rail network and extensions on either end rather than to lease the line from Network Rail.

In a Draft Rail Strategy consultation published in June 2015, Hertfordshire County Council highlighted the difficulties presented by single-track operation on the Abbey line, in particular the fact that the maximum service frequency that can be operated is one train per 45 minutes. The report notes that the service pattern makes it difficult to enable interchange connections with other rail services and to offer a "clockface" timetable that is memorable to passengers. Among the solutions evaluated by Hertfordshire are: a proposal to reopen the passing loop at Bricket Wood; running trains which skip certain stations; closing some stations; conversion of the line to light rail operation; and conversion of the line to a guided busway. The passing loop solution would enable a 30-minute service, but the report notes that there would be an additional cost of running the line with two train sets (rather than a single train, as at present), and that it would be "difficult to achieve a favourable business case". The report states that a light rail or busway solution would be quicker to implement and offer higher service frequencies, while still providing sufficient capacity, and concludes that these alternative modes would offer a stronger "business case" than heavy rail. The ABFLY campaign group has criticised the busway proposal, citing environmental concerns about replacing an electric train service with a diesel bus service and rejecting plans to replace the tracks with a concrete busway.

Other proposals considered included adding the Abbey line as a branch of the proposed extension of Crossrail to St Albans; this proposal was rejected due to the technical challenges associated with upgrading the Abbey line to accommodate Crossrail trains.

Passing loop

In May 2020, it was announced that £50,000 of funding from the government's Restoring Your Railway Fund would be available to enable transport planners to develop a business case around the Bricket Wood passing loop proposal. If approved, this scheme would have enabled an increase in train frequencies, as well as the introduction of a regular "clockface" timetable. In June 2022 it was announced that further funding had been refused and the passing loop scheme would not be taken forward.

Rolling stock

Upon winning the West Midlands franchise in 2017, the future operator West Midlands Trains confirmed that new trains would be bought for the Abbey line.

See also

• Hatfield and St Albans Railway
• Nickey line

References

1. "Abbey Line – Community Rail Partnership – Route Guide". Community Rail Partnership. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.
2. ^ Lewis, Alex (30 October 2009). "Tram service promised for St Albans to Watford Abbey Flyer rail link". Watford Observer. Newsquest. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
3. Route History, Community Rail Partnership, archived from the original on 2 March 2009, retrieved 9 May 2009
4. "Ordnance Survey maps, various dates". oldmaps.co.uk. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
5. "St Albans London Road". Disused Stations. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
6. "Conservation Area Statement" (PDF). Hertfordshire County Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
7. "Streetview pictures & aerial footage". Google Earth. Google Maps. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
8. ^ "Route 18 – West Coast Main Line" (PDF). Network Rail. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
9. http://archive.nr.co.uk/browse%20documents/sectional%20appendix/sectional%20appendix%20full%20pdf%20copies/london%20north%20western%20south%20sectional%20appendix.pdf Page 133
10. "New Trains! Well sort of..." Abbey Flyer Users' Group. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
11. RSSB (26 July 2017). Rule Book: Train Driver Manual. Vol. Section TS8 "One-train working: The principle of one-train working is to prevent more than one train being in the section at the same time". p. para 2.1. GERT8000.
12. Report released on the derailment at Watford Junction Yard, Rail Accident Investigation Branch (published 28 March 2006), 28 October 2005, archived from the original on 20 July 2011, retrieved 9 May 2009
13. Abbey Flyer Users Group, 13 November 2007, archived from the original on 15 May 2009, retrieved 9 May 2009
14. Community Rail, Network Rail, archived from the original on 3 May 2009, retrieved 9 May 2009
15. "London Rail Authority". alwaystouchout.com. 7 September 2006. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2010. Because the London commuter rail network does not stop at the GLA boundary, we will look at whether it is feasible to give Transport for London the right to specify and pay for services in an area slightly bigger than Greater London that makes more sense in rail transport terms.
16. "Watford and St Albans passengers on track for new tram service" (Press release). Department for Transport. 30 October 2009.
17. "Rail Strategy" (PDF). Herts County Council. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
18. "St Albans Abbey tram-train announced". Railway Gazette International. 30 October 2009. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
19. "St Albans light rail conversion plan dropped". Railway Gazette International. 29 May 2013.
20. ^ Ikonen, Charlotte. "Direct rail link between Watford and St Albans could be ripped up and converted into busway". Watford Observer. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
21. "Hertfordshire Rail Strategy Draft Rail Strategy consultation". Hertfordshire County Council/Arup. 10 June 2015. pp. 65–67. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
22. Hertfordshire Rail Strategy Draft Rail Strategy consultation, p.30
23. Louis, Nathan. "Big boost for Abbey Line and idea of a 'passing loop'". Watford Observer. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
24. "Funding to upgrade the railway between Watford and St Albans". www.ianvisits.co.uk. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
25. Louis, Nathan. "'Disappointment' as bid to enable more trains on Abbey Line fails". Watford Observer. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
26. East Japan Railway enters UK market with West Midlands franchise win Railway Gazette International 10 August 2017

External links

• Abbey Flyer User Group
• The Abbey Line Community Rail Partnership (CRP)

v t e Railway lines in the East of England
Primary	North–South East Coast Main Line Stevenage Peterborough Midland Main Line Luton Airport Parkway Luton Bedford West Coast Main Line Watford Junction London–Norwich Great Eastern Main Line Shenfield Chelmsford Witham Marks Tey Colchester Manningtree Ipswich Norwich
Secondary	Hertford loop line Lea Valley lines London, Tilbury and Southend line Watford DC line West Anglia Main Line Cambridge West London Route
Others	Abbey Line Birmingham–Peterborough line Bittern Line Braintree branch line Breckland line Crouch Valley line East Suffolk line Ely–Peterborough line Felixstowe branch line Fen line Gainsborough line Hertford East branch line Hitchin–Cambridge line Ipswich–Ely line Marston Vale line Mayflower line Peterborough–Lincoln line Shenfield–Southend line Sunshine Coast Line Wherry Lines
Heritage	Colne Valley Railway Epping Ongar Railway Lincolnshire Wolds Railway Mid-Norfolk Railway North Norfolk Railway Mangapps Farm Railway Mid-Suffolk Light Railway

51°42′14″N 0°21′40″W / 51.704°N 0.361°W / 51.704; -0.361

• Rail transport in Hertfordshire
• Community railway lines in England
• Transport in St Albans
• Transport in Watford
• Railway lines in the East of England
• Abandoned light rail projects in the United Kingdom
• Railway branch lines