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Páramo de Sumapaz
IUCN category II (national park)
Páramo de Sumapaz is the largest páramo ecosystem worldwide
Location	Cundinamarca
Nearest city	Bogotá
Coordinates	4°25′N 74°6′W / 4.417°N 74.100°W / 4.417; -74.100
Area	178,000 hectares
Established	1977
Governing body	SINAP

Sumapaz Páramo (Spanish: Páramo de Sumapaz - meaning "Utterly peaceful moorland" ) is a large páramo ecosystem located in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense mountain range, considered the largest páramo ecosystem in the world. It was declared a National Park of Colombia in 1977 because of its importance as a biodiversity hotspot and main source of water for the most densely populated area of the country, the Bogotá savanna.

History

Sumapaz Páramo was considered a sacred place for the Muisca indigenous people. It was associated with the divine forces of creation and the origin of mankind, a domain where humans were not supposed to enter.

During the 16th century, German adventurer and conquistador Nikolaus Federmann conducted an expedition crossing the Sumapaz, searching for El Dorado mythic treasure, with heavy casualties, where men, both Spaniards and indigenous, and horses, died of cold. The place was named by the Spaniards "País de la Niebla" ("Country of Fog") because of the dense clouds at ground level, with great decrease in visibility.

In 1783, José Celestino Mutis led the Botanic Expedition, with the purpose of studying the flora and fauna of the region. However, the páramo was not visited because of its harsh climatic conditions. The German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt made the first description of the páramo and the local plants in 1799. He also described the presence of glacier valleys and associated the geologic features of the region, comparing them with those seen in the geomorphology of the Alps.

During the early 20th century, the Spanish naturalist José Cuatrecasas made important research of the páramo and the tree line. Other scientists that described and studied Sumapaz páramo were Ernesto Guhl, who conducted a long-term 3-decade research of the vegetal communities, and Thomas van der Hammen.

Climate and geography

Sumapaz Páramo has an inhospitable, cold climate with temperatures averaging below 10 °C (50 °F).(ranging from −10 °C to 17 °C) with quick changes from short periods of warm climate to freezing cold. The average altitude oscillates between 3500 and 4000 m. AMSL. The highest point is the Nevado del Sumapaz peak (4306 m AMSL). The precipitation is about 700–1000 mm/year. The rainy season lasts almost the entire year, except from December to February, when the sunlight reaches a peak, with intense ultraviolet radiation (adaptations such as white, glassy coloration help the local plants to survive). The humidity is usually high, (from 50 to 90%), and the ground remains soaked, and covered by shallow bodies of water and sticky mud, often covered with dense, flat vegetation difficult to spot by the inexperienced visitor, with danger of falling into them, and risk of drowning or other injuries. These places are called "Chupaderos" or "Chucuas" ("Drainages").

Sumapaz lies between the Orinoco River basin and the Magdalena River basin, the two main fluvial systems of Colombia, and provides tributaries to both. All but one of the tributaries of the Sumapaz River originate in the páramo. Its location on the Thermal equator generates high rates of precipitation, which together with its endemic flora that regulate the soil moisture acting like sponges for the rain waters, contribute to the high amount of surface water and its role as source of water reservoirs.

Geology

The eastern part of Sumapaz consists of Devonian metamorphic rock formations, with fault scarped configuration, and alpine landscapes. Its western part consists of Oligocene sedimentary rocks, with softer landscapes. The different stages of the Quaternary glaciation left plenty of glacier debris, and glacier lakes such as Chisaca lake. During the Last Glacial Maximum, the glacier motion of the ice sheets through the Tunjuelo valley reached as far as Usme (today part of Bogotá).

Soil

The soil of this region is acidic, with high levels of sodium and potassium. This is a coarse-grained soil, with high permeability favoring the formation of groundwater in aquifers. The composition of the soil and the low temperatures contribute to the low amount of humus and poor decomposing of the organic matter making this soil largely unsuitable for agriculture.

Flora

Over 200 species of vascular plants are native to the area with substantial amount of endemisms. The most representative plants of the area are the Espeletias. Several species have been described here, the most common being Espeletia grandiflora Humb. & Bonpl. The largest one is Espeletia uribei Cuatrec., with specimens up to 12 meters of height, other species are: Espeletia algodonosa Aristeg. Espeletia banksiifolia Sch.Bip. & Ettingsh. ex Wedd. Espeletia cuatrecasasii Ruíz-Terán & López-Fig. Espeletia formosa S.Díaz & Rodr.-Cabeza Espeletia glossophylla Mattf. Espeletia killipii Cuatrec. Espeletia picnophyla Cuatrec. Espeletia schultzii (Benth.) W.M.Curtis and Espeletia curialensis Cuatrec. The Sphagnum moss covers wide areas of Sumapaz, which increases the soil's capacity to hold water and nutrients by increasing capillary forces and cation exchange capacity. In the canyons areas, encenillo tree and tibouchina are the dominant species. The European plant Digitalis purpurea is an introduced species, the way of its introduction is not known, either deliberate or accidental.

Fauna

The endangered spectacled bear lives in Sumapaz, its main source of food being the Puya boyacana fruits and the Espeletia plant stems, (known as caulirosule). Other animals described are: Little Red Brocket Deer, tapir, coati, golden eagle, torrent duck, Páramo duck (Anas georgica). An introduced species in the waterbodies is the rainbow trout.

Socio-economic issues

Although the soil and climate are adverse for agriculture and other economic activities, human settlements do exist in the Sumapaz Páramo, including the villages of San Juan de Sumapaz, Nazareth, Santa Rosa and El Hato (only the first two have road access) with an estimated 1200 families, most of them under the poverty threshold, living on less than $1.25 per day, without schools or sanitation. In consequence, the peasants often invade the protected area to grow potato crops. The natural forest line is severely altered by human activity (logging, intensive grazing), which makes the difference between natural and artificial grasslands difficult to distinguish. An estimated 10,000 heads of cattle live or feed within the protected area. In 1950, president Mariano Ospina Pérez ordered the Colombian banks not to approve loans destined to establishment of crops or cattle at altitudes higher than 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) as an attempt to discourage such activities.

Illegal armed groups such as FARC and ELN guerrillas used the area in recent years as a corridor for the transportation of kidnapping victims, weapon trafficking and drug trafficking. The Colombian government, in accordance with democratic security policies, established a center of military operations in 2002: the General Antonio Arredondo Military base, achieving the withdrawal of the illegal forces. However, the presence of the Colombian army has generated controversy over the environmental impact, with alleged destruction of the frailejones, whose leaves are supposedly collected by the soldiers for making rudimentary mattresses to sleep on.

See also

• Ocetá Páramo
• Chingaza National Natural Park

References

1. "Paramo de Sumapaz, destinos Colombia". ColombianParadise (in Spanish). 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
2. Patiño, Otty. "Sumapaz: el más grande páramo del mundo, es una importante localidad de Bogotá". Ciudad Viva (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2022-01-16.
3. ^ "Sociedad Geográfica de Colombia" (PDF). sogeocol.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-17.
4. Helferich, Gerard (2004). Humboldt's Cosmos: Alexander von Humboldt and the Latin American journey that changed the way we see the world. New York: Gotham Books. ISBN 978-1-59240-052-2. OCLC 54758735.
5. "Paramo - The Tide is Rising". Paramo. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
6. "Revista Gerente". Colombia. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
7. "Botany | Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History". Archived from the original on 2009-04-13. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
8. Luteyn, J. L., 1999. Páramos: A Checklist of Plant Diversity, Geographical Distribution, and Botanical Literature. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, 278 pp.
9. ^ Silva Herrera, Javier (2008-06-05). "Páramo de Sumapaz, afectado por sobrepastoreo, talas de frailejón y cultivos de papa". prensarural.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-11-19.

External links

Media related to Parque Nacional Natural de Sumapaz at Wikimedia Commons

v t e Biodiversity of Colombia
General biota	Vertebrates Birds Endemic Mammals Primates Reptiles Lizards Snakes Other Butterflies Non-marine molluscs Flora
Regional biota	Altiplano Cundiboyacense Eastern Hills, Bogotá Invasive (Hippopotamus) Magdalena River
Ecoregions	Tumbes Chocó Magdalena Chocó–Darién moist forests Eastern Panamanian montane forests Esmeraldas–Pacific Colombia mangroves Magdalena Valley montane forests Magdalena–Urabá moist forests Panama Bight Western Ecuador moist forests Tropical Andes Bogotá savanna Cauca Valley dry forests Cauca Valley montane forests Cocora Valley Cordillera Oriental montane forests Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests Magdalena Valley dry forests Northern Andean páramo Northwestern Andean montane forests Patía Valley dry forests Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Santa Marta montane forests Santa Marta páramo Sumapaz Páramo Other Amazon–Orinoco–Southern Caribbean mangroves Campinarana Caquetá moist forests Catatumbo moist forests Guajira–Barranquilla xeric scrub Japurá–Solimões–Negro moist forests Napo moist forests Negro–Branco moist forests Sinú Valley dry forests
Nature reserves	Arví Park Azufral Bahía Portete–Kaurrele Cerulean Warbler Chamicero de Perijá Colibri del Sol Laguna de Sonso Thomas van der Hammen
Organizations	Alexander von Humboldt Fundación ProAves John von Neumann PNN Proyecto Tití SINAP Sinchi
Portal Natural hazards Natural regions Protected areas

v t e Protected areas of Colombia
National Natural Parks	Alto Fragua Indi-Wasi Amacayacu Bahía Portete Cahuinarí Catatumbo Barí Chingaza Corales de Profundidad Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo Cordillera de los Picachos Cueva de los Guácharos Doña Juana-Cascabel Volcanic Complex El Tuparro Farallones de Cali Isla Gorgona La Paya Las Hermosas Las Orquídeas Los Katíos Los Nevados Macuira Munchique Nevado del Huila Old Providence McBean Lagoon Paramillo Pisba Puracé Río Puré Sanquianga Selva de Florencia Serranía de Chiribiquete Serranía de la Macarena Serranía de Los Churumbelos Auka-Wasi Serranía de los Yariguíes Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Sierra Nevada del Cocuy Sumapaz Tamá Tatamá Tayrona Tinigua Uramba Bahía Málaga Utría Yaigojé Apaporis
Flora and Fauna Sanctuaries	Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta El Corchal "El mono Hernández" Galeras Guanentá Alto Río Fonce Iguaque Isla de La Corota Los Colorados Los Flamencos Malpelo Otún Quimbaya Plantas Medicinales Orito Ingi-Ande Playona Acandí
National Natural Reserves	Nukak Puinawai
Unique Natural Area	Los Estoraques
Road parks	Salamanca Island
Regional Nature Reserves	Cerulean Warbler Colibri del Sol Laguna de Sonso
Proposed Areas	Bosque Seco del Patía Morichales de Paz de Ariporo Serranía de Pinche Serranía de San Lucas
Biodiversity Natural hazards Natural regions

• IUCN Category II
• Páramos
• Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
• Natural regions of South America
• Ecoregions of Colombia
• National parks of Colombia
• Geography of Cundinamarca Department
• Tourist attractions in Cundinamarca Department
• Protected areas established in 1977