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The Syndiniales are an order of early branching dinoflagellates (also known as Marine Alveolates, "MALVs"), found as parasites of crustaceans, fish, algae, cnidarians, and protists (ciliates, radiolarians, other dinoflagellates). The trophic form is often multinucleate, and ultimately divides to form motile spores, which have two flagella in typical dinoflagellate arrangement. They lack a theca and chloroplasts, and unlike all other orders, the nucleus is never a dinokaryon. A well-studied example is Amoebophrya, which is a parasite of other dinoflagellates and may play a part in ending red tides. Several MALV groups have been assigned to Syndiniales; recent studies, however, show paraphyly of MALVs suggesting that only those groups that branch as sister to dinokaryotes ('core dinoflagellates') belong to Syndiniales.

Taxonomy

• Class Syndiniophyceae Loeblich III, 1976
  • Order Syndiniales Loeblich III 1976
    • Family Hematodiniidae
      • Genus Hematodinium Chatton & Poisson 1930
    • Family Coccidiniaceae
      • Genus Coccidinium Chatton & Biecheler 1934
    • Family Euduboscquellidae Coats, Bachvaroff & Delwiche 2012
      • Genus Euduboscquella Coats, Bachvaroff & Delwiche 2012
    • Family Syndiniaceae Chatton 1920
      • Genus Trypanodinium Chatton 1912
      • Genus Merodinium Chatton 1923
      • Genus Syndinium Chatton 1910
    • Family Amoebophryaceae Cachon 1964 ex Loeblich III 1970
      • Genus Amoebophrya Koeppen 1894
    • Family Sphaeriparaceae Loeblich III 1970
      • Genus Actinodinium Chatton & Hovasse 1937
      • Genus Caryotoma Hollande 1953
      • Genus Atlanticellodinium Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1965
      • Genus Sphaeripara Poche 1911

See also

• Duboscquella

References

1. van den Hoek C, Mann DG, Jahns HM (1995). Algae: an Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 277–280. ISBN 0-521-31687-1.
2. Bråte J, Krabberød AK, Dolven JK, Ose RF, Kristensen T, Bjørklund KR, Shalchian-Tabrizi K (September 2012). "Radiolaria associated with large diversity of marine alveolates". Protist. 163 (5): 767–77. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2012.04.004. PMID 22658831.
3. ^ Strassert JF, Karnkowska A, Hehenberger E, Del Campo J, Kolisko M, Okamoto N, Burki F, Janouškovec J, Poirier C, Leonard G, Hallam SJ, Richards TA, Worden AZ, Santoro AE, Keeling PJ (January 2018). "Single cell genomics of uncultured marine alveolates shows paraphyly of basal dinoflagellates". The ISME Journal. 12 (1): 304–308. doi:10.1038/ismej.2017.167. PMC 5739020. PMID 28994824.
4. Guillou L, Viprey M, Chambouvet A, Welsh RM, Kirkham AR, Massana R, Scanlan DJ, Worden AZ (December 2008). "Widespread occurrence and genetic diversity of marine parasitoids belonging to Syndiniales (Alveolata)". Environmental Microbiology. 10 (12): 3349–65. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01731.x. PMID 18771501.
5. Gómez F, Moreira D, López-García P (July 2010). "Molecular phylogeny of noctilucoid dinoflagellates (Noctilucales, Dinophyceae)". Protist. 161 (3): 466–78. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2009.12.005. PMID 20188628.
6. Gómez F (2012). "A checklist and classification of living dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata)" (PDF). CICIMAR Oceánides. 27 (1): 65–140. doi:10.37543/oceanides.v27i1.111. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-27.

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