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Textual variants in the Epistle of James are the subject of the study called textual criticism of the New Testament. Textual variants in manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given in this article below.
Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may create a repetition (error of dittography). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as "he said" becoming "Jesus said"). John Mill's 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus which was based on "nearly 100 manuscripts." Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones.
Legend
A guide to the sigla (symbols and abbreviations) most frequently used in the body of this article.
- General sigla
- # beginning with 0: uncial
- # not beginning with 0: minuscule
- superscript: original reading
- superscript: scribal correction
- superscript: individual manuscript
- superscript: multiple manuscripts
- superscript: partial attestation
- superscript: uncertain reading
- arab: Arabic versions
- arm: Armenian versions
- 𝔐 or Byz: Byzantine text-type
- cop: Coptic versions
- sa: Sahidic version
- bo: Boharic version
- eth: Ethiopic versions
- ƒ: Greek manuscripts family
- geo: Georgian versions
- goth: Gothic versions
- it: Italic/Vetus Latina
- lat: most Italic and Vulgate
- latt: all Italic and Vulgate
- 𝔓: papyrus
- 𝑙: individually numbered lectionary
- Lect: most or all numbered lectionaries
- parenthesized (): approximate reading
- rell: all other extant manuscripts
- slav: Slavic versions
- syr: Syriac versions
- vg: Latin Vulgate
- ς: Textus Receptus
- Uncial sigla
- א: Codex Sinaiticus (01)
- A: Codex Alexandrinus (02)
- B: Codex Vaticanus (03)
- C: Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (04)
- D: Codex Bezae (05)
- D: Codex Claromontanus (06)
- K: Codex Cyprius (017)
- K: Codex Mosquensis I (018)
- L: Codex Regius (New Testament) (019)
- L: Codex Angelicus (020)
- P: Codex Porphyrianus (025)
- S: Codex Vaticanus 354 (028)
- V: Codex Mosquensis II (031)
- W: Codex Washingtonianus (032)
- Z: Codex Dublinensis (035)
- Γ: Codex Tischendorfianus IV (036)
- Δ: Codex Sangallensis 48 (037)
- Θ: Codex Koridethi (038)
- Ξ: Codex Zacynthius (040)
- Π: Codex Petropolitanus (New Testament) (041)
- Φ: Codex Beratinus (043)
- Ψ: Codex Athous Lavrensis (044)
- Ω: Codex Athous Dionysiou (045)
- ff: Codex Corbeiensis I
- ff: Codex Corbeiensis II
- g: Codex Sangermanensis I
- k: Codex Bobiensis
- Critical editions
- T8th: Tischendorf's 8th Edition of Editio Octava Critica Maior
- WH: Westcott and Hort (1881)
- NA: Novum Testamentum Graece (Nestle–Aland)
- UBS: United Bible Societies
- ECM: Editio Critica Maior
- Other notable manuscripts in the Epistle of James
- 𝔓 Papyrus 20
- 𝔓 Papyrus 23
- 𝔓 Papyrus 74
- 𝔓 Papyrus 100
- 048: Codex Vaticanus 2061 (048)
- 049: Uncial 049
- 056: Uncial 056
- 0246: Uncial 0246
- l: León palimpsest
Textual variants
Textual variants in the Epistle of James
- Ιακωβου καθολικη επιστολη (Catholic Epistle of Jacob) — B
- omit — א A B*
- δοκιμον — 110 431 1241 Didymus
- δοκιμιον — 𝔓 א A B C K L P Ψ 049 056 0142 33 81 88 104 181 322 323 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 945 1067 1175 1243 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1739 1852 1877 2127 2138 2298 2344 2412 2464 2495 𝔐 Lect lat syr arm eth geo slav Didymus Cyril
- ουκ — 𝔐
- μη — א A B C
- ο αδελφος ο ταπεινος — 𝔐
- αδελφος ο ταπεινος — B Ψ
- ο ταπεινος αδελφος — 720
- omit — 𝔓
- ο κυριος (the Lord) — P 0246 𝔐
- κυριος (Lord) — C
- ο θεος (God) — 33 323 945 1739 2816 vg syr
- omitted — א A B Ψ 81 it cop
- επηγγειλατο — 𝔓 א A B Ψ 81 206* 2344 it cop arm geo Didymus
- επηγγειλατο ο θεος — 33 322 323 463 547 945 1175 1241 1243 1735 1739 1852 2298 2464 2492 l596 lat syr eth Athanasius Didymus Chromatius Cyril John-Damascus
- επηγγειλατο κυριος — C 794 1829 𝑙 𝑙
- επηγγειλατο ο κυριος — K L P 049 056 0142 0246 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1067 1292 1409 1505 1611 1877 2127 2138 2412 2495 𝔐 Lect syr (slav) Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact
- απο — A B C 𝔐
- υπο — א
- παραλλαγη η τροπης αποσκιασμα — א A C K L P 049 056 0142 81 88 104 181 322 323 326 330 436 451 629 630 945 1067 1175 1243 1292 1409 1611 1735 1739 1852 1877 2127 2298 2344 2464 2492 𝔐 Lect lat syr arm Athanasius Cyril-Jerusalem Didymus Jerome John-Damascus
- παραλλαγη ουδε η τροπης αποσκιασμα — Ψ
- παραλλαγη η ορ η τροπης αποσκιασματος — א* B
- παραλλαγη η τροπη αποσκιασματος — 614 1505 2412 2495 (slav)
- παραλλαγης η τροπης αποσκιασματος — 𝔓
- αποσκιασμα η τροπη η παραλλαγη — cop
- παραλλαγη η τροπη η τροπης αποσκιασμα ουδε μεχρι υπονοιας τινος υποβολη αποσκιασματος — 876 1518 1610 1765 2138
- παραλλαγη η ροπης αποσκιασμα — Augustine Ferrandus Primasius
- παραλλαγη η ροπη αποσκιασματος — it
- ιστε αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι ιστω δε — א*
- ιστε αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι εστω — 436 1067 1175 1243 syr arm
- ιστε αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι εστω δε — א B C (81) 88 945 1739 2344 lat cop geo
- ιστε δε αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι και εστως δε — A*
- ιστε δε αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι και εστω δε — A
- ιστε γαρ αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι εστω δε — it
- ιστε δε αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι εστω δε — 𝔓 2464 vg cop
- ωστε αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι εστω δε — P* 1852
- ωστε αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι εστω — K L P Ψ 049 056 0142 0246 104 181 322 323 326 330 451 614 630 1241 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1877 2127 2138 2298 2412 2492 2495 𝔐 syr slav Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact
- και νυν αδελφοι ημων εστω — eth
- ουκ εργαζεται — א A B C K Ψ 81
- ου κατεργαζεται — C* P 0246 1175 1243 1739 1852 𝔐
- νομου (of the law) — C 88 621 1067 1852
- λογου (of the word) — rell
- ακροαται μονον — B 1852
- μονον ακροαται — 𝔓 א A C P Ψ 81 1175 1243 1739 𝔐
- ουκ — א A B C
- ουτος ουκ — 𝔐
- ειναι — א A B C
- ειναι εν υμιν — 𝔐
- τω — A B C
- omit — א 𝔐
- ασπιλον εαυτον τηρειν — א (A) B C K P 049 056 0142 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 (436) 451 629 630 945 1241 1739 1877 2127 2492 𝔐 Lect latt syr cop arm (eth)
- ασπιλους εαυτους τηρειτε — 614 1505 2412 2495 syr
- υπερασπιζειν αυτους — 𝔓
14 Textual variants in James 2
- ειπητε — א A B C
- ειπητε αυτω — 𝔐
- η καθου ωδε — cop
- η καθου εκει — B 945 1175 1241 1243 1739 1852 2298 2492 𝑙 it
- η εκει καθου — arm
- εκει και καθου — C*
- εκει και καθου ωδε — C
- εκει η καθου — A Ψ 33 81 614 630 1292 1505 1611 2138 2412 2495 𝑙 lat syr geo Augustine Cyril Hesychius
- εκει η καθου ωδε — 𝔓 א K L P 049 056 0142 88 104 181 322 323 326 330 436 451 629 1067 1409 1735 1877 2127 2344 2464 𝔐 Lect syr cop eth slav Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact
- ου — א A B C 33 81 614 630 945 1175 1241 1243 1739 2495
- ουχι — Ψ
- και ου — P 307 𝔐
- και — 322 323
- omit — B* 1852 (vg)
- τω κοσμω — א A B C
- του κοσμου — 𝔐
- τηρηση πταιση — א B C
- πληρωσει πταιση — A
- τηρησει πταισει — 𝔐
- μοιχευεις φονευεις — א A B C
- μοιχευσεις φονευσεις — 𝔐
- κατακαυχαται ελεος — א B
- κκατακαυχασθω δε ελεος — A
- κατακαυχαται ελεον — C 𝔐
- λειπομενοι — א B C
- λειπομενοι ωσιν — A 𝔐
- χωρις των εργων καγω σοι δειξω — א B
- χωρις των εργων καγω δειξω σοι — A
- χωρις των εργων σου καγω δειξω σοι — C
- εκ των εργων σου καγω δειξω σοι — 𝔐
- πιστιν — א B C
- πιστιν μου — A 𝔐
- εις εστιν ο θεος — 𝔓 א A 1735 2464 𝑙 it vg syr cop arm eth geo Augustine Cyril Salvian Faustus Caesarius Anastasius
- εις εστιν θεος — 945 1241 1739 2298
- εις θεος εστιν — B 614 630 1292 1505 1611 1852 1875 2138 2412 2495 Theophylact
- εις ο εστιν θεος — C 33 81 1175 1243 2344 2492 syr
- ο θεος εις εστιν — K L 049 056 0142 88 104 181 322 323 326 436 629 1067 1409 1877 𝔐 Lect vg slav Didymus Cyril Salvian Caesarius Ps-Oecumenius
- θεος εις εστιν — 330 451 2127
- εις ο θεος — Cyril
- εστιν θεος — Ψ Ps-Athanasius
- εις ο θεος — it vg Cyril
- αργη — B C* 322 323 945 1175 1243 1739 it vg cop arm Augustine
- νεκρα — א A C K L P Ψ 049 056 0142 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1067 1241 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1852 1877 2127 2138 2298 2344 2464 2492 2495 𝔐 Lect it vg syr cop eth slav Didymus Cyril Salvian Faustus Ps-Athanasius Ps-Oecumenius Cassiodorus
- κενη — 𝔓 it
- ορατε — א A B C
- ορατε τοινυν — 𝔐
- αγγελους — 𝔓 𝔓 א A B K P Ψ 33 81 322 323 436 1067 1175 1243 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1852 2138 2344 𝔐 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 it vg syr
- αγγελους του Ισραηλ — 61 syr
- αγγελους τους κατασκοπους — 𝑙
- κατασκοπους — C K L 945 1241 1739 2298 2464 Lect it syr cop arm eth geo slav
19 Textual variants in James 3
- δυνατος — A B 𝔐
- δυναμενος — א
- ει δε — א A B* K L Ψ 049 33 104 181 326 330 436 451 1067 1243 1409 1505 1611 1735 1852 2344 2464 2492 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 lat cop geo Ps-Oecumenius John-Damascus
- ιδε — C P 056 0142 81 88 322 323 614 629 630 945 1175 1241 1292 1505 1739 2127 2138 2298 2412 2495 𝔐 Lect syr cop arm slav Ps-Ambrose Theophylact
- ει δε γαρ (ιδε γαρ) — א* syr
- ιδου — 36 483 1874 1877
- quare ergo — it
- βαλλομεν εις — א B C
- βαλλομεν προς — A 𝔐
- ανεμων σκληρων — א B C K P 056 0142 81 307 1175 1243 1852
- σκληρων ανεμων — A L Ψ 049 1739 𝔐
- οπου — א B
- οπου αν — A C 𝔐
- βουλεται — א B
- βουληται — A C 𝔐
- μεγαλα αυχει — A B C
- μεγαλαυχει — 𝔓 א 𝔐
- ηλικον — א B
- ολιγον — A C 𝔐
- αδικιας η γλωσσα — 𝔓 א A B C
- αδικιας ουτως η γλωσσα — 𝔐
- δαμασαι δυναται ανθρωπων — 𝔓 B C 1739
- δυναται δαμασαι ανθρωπων — א A K P Ψ 049 81 307 1175 1852
- δυναται ανθρωπων δαμασαι — 𝔐
- ακαταστατον — א A B K P 1175 1243 1735 1739* 2298 it vg syr cop Jerome
- ακατασχετον — C L Ψ 81 322 323 436 945 (1067) 1241 1292 1409 1505 1611 1739 1852 2138 2344 2464 𝔐 Lect syr eth geo slav Epiphanius Jerome Cyril Flavian-Constantinople Speculum Cassiodorus John-Damascus
- κυριον — 𝔓 א A B C P Ψ 33 81 623 945 1175 1241 1735 1739 1852 it vg syr cop arm Cyril
- θεον — K L 322 323 436 1067 1243 1292 1409 1505 1611 2138 2298 2344 2464 𝔐 Lect it vg syr cop geo slav Epiphanius Jerome Augustine John-Damascus
- ουδε αλυκον — 88
- ουτε αλυκον — A B C* 1175 1243 1852 2492 syr cop arm (John-Damascus)
- ουτως αλυκον — 2492
- ουτως ουδε αλυκον — א 81 322 323 1739 2344 latt syr cop (eth) geo Cyril
- ουτως ουτε αλυκον και — 1735
- ουτως ουτε αλυκον — C Ψ
- ουτως και αλυκον — 1241
- ουτως ουδε ουδε αλυκον — 33
- ουτως ουδεμια ποα αλυκον και — 1067
- ουτως ουδεμια πηγη αλυκον και — K L 049 056 0142 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 917 945 1292 1409 1611 1877 2127 2298 2412 𝔐 Lect syr slav Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact
- ουδεμια πηγη αλυκον και — 1505 2492
- ουτως ουτε πηγη αλυκον και — 2464
- ουτως ουτε μια πηγη αλυκον και — P 1505 2138
- εριθειαν — 𝔐
- ερειθειαν — 𝔓
- ψευδεσθε — 𝔐
- ψευδευσθε — 𝔓
- επιγειος — 𝔐
- επιγιος — 𝔓
- ακαταστασια — 𝔐
- ακαστασια — 𝔓
- αδιακριτος — א A B C
- αδιακριτος και — 𝔓 K L 049 69 322 323 𝔐
- δικαιοσυνης — A B C
- της δικαιοσυνης — 𝔐
- ο δικαιοσυνης — א
25 Textual variants in James 4
- ποθεν μαχαι — א (A) B C
- μαχαι — 𝔐
- υμιν — 𝔐
- υμειν — 𝔓
- ουκ εχετε δια — 𝔓 A B 𝔐
- και ουκ εχετε δια — א
- αιτεισθε — 𝔐
- αιτειτε — 𝔓 69 631
- μοιχαλιδες — 𝔓 א* A B 33 81 1175* 1241 1739 1852 latt syr cop arm eth geo Augustine
- μοιχοι και μοιχαλιδες — א K L P Ψ 049 056 0142 88 104 181 (322) 323 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 945 1067 1175 1243 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1877 2127 2138 2298 2344 2464 2492 2495 𝔐 Lect syr slav Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact
- μοιχοι — 629*
- εαν — א B
- αν — A 𝔐
- κατωκισεν — 𝔓 א B Ψ 049 104 226 241 462 547 807 1241 1739 1877* slav
- κατωκησεν — K L P 056 0142 32 33 88 181 322 323 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 945 1067 1243 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1852 1877 2127 2138 2298 2344 2412 2492 2495 𝔐 Lect latt syr cop arm eth geo Nilus Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact
- κατωκεισεν — A 81 1175 2464 𝑙
- δε — א A B 𝔐
- omit — 𝔐
- μετατραπητω — 𝔓 B P 614 1241 1739
- μεταστραφητω — א A 𝔐
- κατηφειαν — 𝔐
- κατηφιαν — 𝔓
- η — 𝔓 א A B
- και — 𝔐
- κρινων — 𝔐
- κρεινων — 𝔓
- νομον — 𝔐
- νον — 𝔓
- νομοθετης — 𝔓 𝔓 B P 1175 1241* 1243 1852 arm geo Cyril
- ο νομοθετης — א A K L Ψ 33 81 322 323 436 945 1067 1241 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1739 2138 2298 2344 2464 𝔐 Lect cop eth Didymus Cyril John-Damascus
- και κριτης — א A B
- omit — 𝔐
- ο κρινων — 𝔓 א A B
- ος κρινεις — 𝔐
- πλησιον — א A B
- ετερον — 𝔐
- η — א B
- και — A 𝔐
- πορευσομεθα... ποιησομεν... εμπορευσομεθα και κερδησομεν — 𝔓 B P 323 1739
- πορευσομεθα... ποιησωμεν... εμπορευσομεθα και κερδησομεν — א
- πορευσωμεθα... ποιησωμεν... εμπορευσομεθα και κερδησομεν — A
- πορευσωμεθα... ποιησωμεν... εμπορευσωμεθα και κερδησωμεν — 𝔐
- ενιαυτον — א B
- ενιαυτον ενα — A 𝔐
- το της αυριον — א K L Ψ 049 056 0142 104 181 322 323 326 330 436 451 629 1067 1409 1735 1877 2127 2464 𝔐 Lect lat syr arm (eth) Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact
- ττα της αυριον — A P 33 81 614 630 945 1175 1241 1243 1292 1505 1611 1739 1852 2138 2298 2344 2412 2492 2495 syr
- της αυριον — B it Jerome
- ποια — א* B 614 1505 1611 1852 2138 2412 2495 it syr cop arm
- ποια γαρ — 𝔓 𝔓 א A K L P Ψ 049 056 0142 33 81 88 104 181 322 323 326 330 436 451 629 630 945 1067 1175 1241 1243 1292 1409 1735 1739 1877 2127 2298 2344 2464 2492 𝔐 Lect lat syr cop slav Jerome Augustine Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact
- ποια δε — it eth geo
- ατμις γαρ εστε η — 81 104 614 1243 1292 1852 2412 2495 syr Jerome Ps-Oecumenius
- ατμις γαρ εστε — B 322 323 945 1175 1739 2298
- ατμις γαρ εσται — P 88 1241 𝑙 𝑙
- ατμις εσται η — A it
- ατμις εστιν η — 33 1735 2344 vg cop
- ως ατμις γαρ εσται η — it (arm) (eth)
- ατμις γαρ εσται η — K Ψ 049 181 326 436 1067 1505 1611 2127 2138 2464 2495 𝔐 Lect
- ατμις γαρ εστιν η — L 056 0142 330 451 629 630 1409 1877 𝔐 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 it slav (Augustine) Bede John-Damascus John-Damascus Theophylact
- ατμις γαρ εστιν — 𝑙
- η — א
- και — א A B
- δε και — 𝔐
- ζησομεν και ποιησομεν — א A B
- ζησωμεν και ποιησωμεν — 𝔐
21 Textual variants in James 5
- αφυστερημενος — א B*
- απεστερημενος — A B P Ψ (33) (81) 322 323 945 1067 1175 1241 1243 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1739 1852 2138 2298 2344 2464 𝔐 Lect lat arm (eth) geo slav Didymus Cyril John-Damascus
- αποστερημενος — K L
- υμων — א (A) B
- υμων ως — 𝔐
- αυτω — א A B
- αυτον — 𝔐
- εως — A B 𝔐
- εως αν — א
- λαβη — 𝔓 B 048 945 1241 1739 2298 lat cop arm geo
- λαβη υετον — A K L P Ψ 049 056 0142 33 81 88 104 181 322 323 326 330 451 614 629 1243 1292 1505 1611 1735 1852 1877 2127 2138 2344 2412 2464 2495 𝔐 Lect vg syr geo slav Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact
- υετον λαβη — 436 1067 1409
- λαβη καρπον — א 255 398 1175 it syr cop Faustus Cassiodorus Antiochus
- λαβη καρπον τον — א*
- προιμον — א A B
- πρωιμον — 𝔐
- αδελφοι κατ’ αλληλων — B
- αδελφοι μου κατ’ αλληλων — A
- κατ’ αλληλων αδελφοι — (א) 𝔐
- αδελφοι της κακοπαθιας — (A) B
- αδελφοι μου της κακοπαθειας — 𝔐
- της κακοπαθιας αδελφοι μου — א
- εν — (א) B P 307 1243
- omit — A K L Ψ 049 056 0142 81 𝔐
- υπομειναντας — א A B
- υπομενοντας — 𝔐
- ειδετε — א B
- ιδετε — A 𝔐
- ο κυριος — א A (B)
- omit — 𝔐
- υπο κρισιν — א A B
- εις υποκρισιν — 𝔐
- αλειψαντες αυτον — א A (Ψ) 048 𝔐
- αλειψαντες — B P 1243 it vg cop
- του κυριου — א K L P 33 322 323 436 945 1175 1241 1243 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1739 1852 2138 2298 2344 2464 𝔐 Lect geo (eth) Chrysostom Cyril John-Damascus
- κυριου — A Ψ 81 1067 𝑙 𝑙 arm John-Damascus
- του κυριου or κυριου — lat syr slav Origen Hesychius
- του κυριου Ιησου — 𝑙
- Ιησου Χριστου — 6
- omit — B
- ουν αλληλοις τας αμαρτιας — א A B
- αλληλοις τα παραπτωματα — 𝔐
- ευχεσθε — א K P Ψ 056 0142 𝔐
- προσευχεσθε — A 048
- προσευχεσθαι — B
- μου — א A B
- omit — 𝔐
- γινωσκετω οτι — א A K L P 049 056 0142 81 88 104 181 322 323 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 945 1067 1175 1241 1243 1292 1409 1611 1735 1739 1846 1852 1877 2127 2298 2344 2412 2464 2492 𝔐 Lect lat syr cop arm eth (geo) slav Didymus
- γινωσκετε οτι — B 69 1505 1518 2138 2495 syr
- οτι — Ψ Origen
- omit — 𝔓 it cop
- αυτου εκ θανατου — א A P 048 33 436 1067 1409 1735 1739 2298 2344 2464 lat syr copbo arm (eth) Didymus Cyril
- εκ θανατου αυτου — 𝔓 B 614 1108 1292 1611 1852 2138 (2412) it
- εκ θανατου — K L Ψ 049 056 0142 81 88 104 181 322 323 326 330 451 629 630 945 1175 1241 1243 1505 1846 1852 1877 2127 2492 2495 𝔐 Lect cop Origen Ps-Oecumenius John-Damascus Theophylact
- αυτου — Ambrosiaster
- αμαρτιων — 𝔐
- αμαρτιων αμην — 181 378 614 1518 1765 1898 syr
- αμαρτιων οτι αυτω η δοξα εις τους αιωνας αμην — 330
See also
- Alexandrian text-type
- Biblical inerrancy
- Byzantine text-type
- Caesarean text-type
- Categories of New Testament manuscripts
- Comparison of codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus
- List of New Testament verses not included in modern English translations
- Textual variants in the New Testament
- Western text-type
References
- Adam Fox, John Mill and Richard Bentley: A Study of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament 1675–1729 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954), pp. 105–115; John Mill, Novum Testamentum Graecum, cum lectionibus variantibus MSS (Oxford 1707)
- Metzger and Ehrman (2005), p.154
- Peter J. Gurry, "The Number of Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate" New Testament Studies 62.1 (2016), p. 113
- Metzger, Bruce Manning; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 54, 62–86, 102–103. ISBN 0-19-516667-1.
- J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Legenda tekstkritische notities". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 May 2022.
Further reading
- Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine, ed. E. Nestle, K. Aland, Stuttgart 1981.
- Bruce M. Metzger & Bart D. Ehrman, "The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration", OUP New York, Oxford, 4 edition, 2005
- Bart D. Ehrman, "The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament", Oxford University Press, New York - Oxford, 1996, pp. 223–227.
- Bruce M. Metzger, "A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament", 1994, United Bible Societies, London & New York.
External links
- The Comparative Critical Greek New Testament Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
- Variantes textuais (in Portuguese)
- Varianten Textus receptus versus Nestle-Aland
| Textual variants in the New Testament by book | |
|---|---|
| Epistle of James | |
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| Persons | |
| Terms/phrases | |
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