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List of brown dwarfs

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This is a list of notable brown dwarfs. These are objects that have masses between heavy gas giants and low-mass stars. The first isolated brown dwarf discovered was Teide 1 in 1995. The first brown dwarf discovered orbiting a star was Gliese 229 B, also discovered in 1995. The first brown dwarf found to have a planet was 2M1207, discovered in 2004. As of 2015, more than 2,800 brown dwarfs have been identified. An isolated object with less than about 13 Jupiter masses is technically a sub-brown dwarf or rogue planet.

Because the mass of a brown dwarf is between that of a planet and that of a star, they have also been called planetars or hyperjovians. Various catalog designations have been used to name brown dwarfs. Brown dwarfs with names ending in a letter such as B, C, or D are in orbit around a primary star; those with names ending in a lower-case letter such as b, c, or d, may be exoplanets (see Exoplanet naming convention).

Some exoplanets, especially those detected by radial velocity, can turn out to be brown dwarfs if their mass is higher than originally thought: most have only known minimum masses because the inclination of their orbit is not known. Examples include HD 114762 b (>11.68 MJ), Pi Mensae b (>10.312 MJ), and NGC 2423-3 b (>10.6 MJ).

A complete list of more than 3000 ultracool dwarfs, which includes brown dwarfs and low-mass stars, is being maintained by astronomers. It is called the UltracoolSheet. The same team also produced a list of 1000 ultracool dwarfs with their mass being determined.

Confirmed brown dwarfs orbiting primary stars

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2011)

Sorted by increasing right ascension of the parent star. Brown dwarfs within a system sorted by increasing orbital period.

Some brown dwarfs listed could still be massive planets.

Star Constellation Right
ascension 		Declination App.
mag. 		Distance (ly) Spectral
type 		Brown dwarf Mass
(MJ) 		Radius
(RJ) 		Orbital
period
(d) 		Semimajor
axis
(AU) 		Ecc. Discovery
year
54 Piscium Pisces 00 39 22 +21° 15′ 02″ 5.88 36.1 K0V+T7.5 B 45.96 ±4.05 0.85 476 2006
81 Cancri Cancer 09 12 14.69 14°  59 ′  39.6″ 6.77 66 G9V+L8 CD 880 2001
AB Pictoris Pictor 06 19 −58° 03′ 15″ 9.16 66.6 K2V+L1 b 13.5 275 2005
HD 63754 Puppis 07 49 45 20° 12′ 27″ 6.55 163.6 G0V + L/T b 81.9 0.86 26,791 16.9 0.26 2024
CT Chamaeleontis Chamaeleon 11 04 09 –76° 27′ 19″ 12.36 538 K7+M8 b 17 2.2 440 2008
HD 984 Cetus 00 14 10.25 −07° 11′ 56.82″ 7

.32

149.1 F7V b 61 1.576 51,100 28 0.76 2015
Eta Coronae Borealis Corona Borealis 15 23 22.6 30° 14′ 56″ 5.02 58.3 G2+G2+L8 C 44.00 ±6.46 0.95 3600 2010
G 196-3 Ursa Major 10 04 22 +50° 23′ 23″ 11.77 50.2 M2.5+L3β b 31.66 ±7.19 1.18 300 1998
Gliese 570 Libra 14 57 28 −21° 24′ 56″ 5.64 19.0 K4V+
M1V+M3V 		D 32.54 ±6.01 0.93 1500 2000
GU Piscium Pisces 01 12 35.04 +17° 03′ 55.7″ 13.1 155.3 M3V+T3.5 b 11 2000 2006
HD 89744 Ursa Major 10 22 10.56 +41° 13′ 46.31″ 5.74 126.2 F7IV B 2000
HD 100546 Musca 11 33 25 –70° 11′ 41″ 6.70 337.25 B9Vne b 20 6.5? 2005
HN Pegasi Pegasus 21 44 28.46 +14° 46′ 7.8″ 58.3 G0V+T2.5 B 17.06 ±6.9 1.14 795 2006
UScoCTIO 108 Scorpius 16 05 54 –18° 18′ 43″ 473 M7 b 14 670 2007
HD 41004 B Pictor 05 59 50 –48° 14′ 23″ 12.33 139 K1IV+M2 b 18.4 1.3283 0.0177 0.081 2004
CoRoT-15 Monoceros 06 28 27.81 +6° 11′ 10.5″ 22 F7V b 63.4 1.12 3.06036 0.045 0 2010
Xi Ursae Majoris B Ursa Major 11 18 12 +31° 32′ 15″ 4.73 25.11 F8.5V b 37 3.98 0.06 0 1931
Upsilon Andromedae Andromeda 01 36 48 +41° 24′ 20″ 4.63 43.9 F8V Samh 13.98 237.7 0.822 0.224 1999
Gliese 758 Lyra 19 23 34 +33° 13′ 19″ 6.36 51.9 G8V+T9 B 23 96 21 2009
Tau Geminorum Gemini 07 11 08 +30° 14′ 43″ 4.40 302 K2III b 18.1 305 2004
HAT-P-13 Ursa Major 08 39 32 +47° 21′ 07″ 10.62 698 G4 c 15.2 428.5 1.186 0.691 2009
HD 16760 Perseus 02 42 21 +38° 37′ 07″ 8.74 163 G5V b 14.3 465.1 1.13 0.067 2009
HD 13189 Triangulum 02 09 40 +32° 18′ 59″ 7.57 603.4 K2II b 14 471.6 1.85 0.28 2005
HD 8673 Andromeda 01 26 09 +34° 34′ 47″ 6.31 124.75 F7V b 14 639 1.58 2005
Gliese 569 Boötes 14 54 29 +16° 06′ 04″ 10.2 31.5 M3V+M8.5 Ba + Bb 116 870 0.87 0.317 1988
HD 29587 Perseus 04 41 34 +42° 07′ 25″ 7.29 146.77 G2V b 40 1471.7 2.5 0.37 1996
ChaHα8 Chamaeleon 11 07 48 −77° 40′ 08″ 20.1 522 M6.5 b 18 1590.9 1 0.49 2007
CoRoT-20 Monoceros 06 30 55.3 +0° 13′ 37″ 14.66 4000 G2V c 17 1675 2.9 0.6 2010
HD 168443 Serpens 18 20 04 –09° 35′ 34″ 6.92 123.5 G5 c 34 1739.5 2.87 0.228 2001
HD 38529 A Orion 05 46 34 +01° 10′ 05″ 5.94 138 G4IV c 37 2174.3 3.68 0.36 2002
Epsilon Indi Indus 22 03 22 –56° 47′ 09″ 4.69 11.8 K5V+T1V+T6V Bb 28 5478.75 2.65 2003
HW Virginis Virgo 12 44 20 −08° 40′ 17″ 10.9 590 sdB+M b 19.23 5786 5.30 0.46 2008
DT Virginis Virgo 13 0 41.74 12°  21 ′  14.7″ 9.72 37.55 M0V+T8.5p c 10.29 ±2.46 1.15 33081 1100 2010
HD 4113 Sculptor 00 43 12.60 −37° 58′ 57.48″ 7.88 136 G5V+T9 C 60 73000 20 2006
Gliese 229 Lepus 06 10 35 –21° 51′ 42″ 8.14 19 M1V+T6.5 B 40 73050 40 1995
TYC 9486-927-1 Octans 21 26 50.4 －81° 40′ 29.3″ 11.82 111 M1V+L3γ 2MASS J2126-8140 13.3 ± 1.7 328725000 6900 2009
Epsilon Indi Indus 22 03 22 –56° 47′ 09″ 4.69 11.8 K5V+T1V+T6V Ba 47 1532899.8 2003
HD 131664 Apus 15 00 06 −73° 32′ 07″ 8.13 180.8 G3V b 18.15 1951 3.17 0.638 2008
HD 136118 Serpens 15 18 55 −01° 35′ 32″ 6.94 171 F9V b 42 1209 1.45 0.352 2002
HD 140913 Corona Borealis 15 45 07 +28° 28′ 12″ 8.07 156.42 G0V b 46 147.94 0.54 0.61 1996
GQ Lupi b Lupus 15 49 12 –35° 39′ 03″ 11.4 400 K7eV+M9e b 1–42 1.8 103 2005
HD 162020 Scorpius 17 50 38 –40° 19′ 06″ 9.18 101.95 K2V b 15.0 8.428198 0.0751 0.277 2000
Nu Ophiuchi Ophiuchus 17 59 01 −09° 46′ 25″ 3.33 152.8 K0III b 21.9 536 0.13 2004
HD 164427 Telescopium 18 04 43 −59° 12′ 35″ 6.89 127.52 G4IV b 46 108.55 0.46 0.55 2000
SCR 1845-6357 Pavo 18 45 07 −63° 57′ 43″ 17.4 12.57 M8.5V B 40-50 4.1 2006
COROT-3 Aquila 19 28 13 +00° 07′ 19″ 13.3 2220 G0V b 21.66 1.01 4.2568 0.057 0 2008
V921 Scorpii Scorpius 16 59 07.0 −42° 42′ 09.0″ 11.0 4833 B0IVe b 60 835 2019
15 Sagittae Sagitta 20 04 06 +17° 04′ 13″ 5.80 57.7 G1V+L4-5 B 65 14 2002
Zeta Delphini Delphinus 20 35 19 +14° 40′ 27″ 4.65 220 A3V+L5 B 55 910 2014
HD 202206 Capricornus 21 14 58 –20° 47′ 20″ 8.08 151.14 G6V b 17.4 255.87 0.83 0.435 2000
Koenigstuhl1 Phoenix 00 21 10.74 –42° 45′ 40.2″ 15.3 87.4 M5.5V+L0.6V B 51.88 ±3.6 1.18 2083.4 1998
HD 126053 Virgo 14 23 15.28 +01° 14′ 29.6″ 6.3 56.9 G1+T8p B 34.29 ±18.38 0.91 2630 2012
47 Ophiuchi Ophiuchus 17 26 37.88 −05° 05′ 11.8″ 4.5 105.3 F3+L5.5 B 69.66 ±0.88 0.93 8850 2014
Wolf 1130 Cygnus 20 05 02.20 +54° 26′ 03.2″ 13.9 54.1 sdM3+ONe+sdT8 C 44.9 0.82 3150 2013

Confirmed brown dwarf orbiting stellar remnants

A stellar remnant can be for example a white dwarf, a pulsar or a black hole. Objects with a mass of a brown dwarf, but with a history of mass-transfer might not be brown dwarfs. If they exist as a period bouncer around a white dwarf they are thought to once have been stars and are today "brown dwarf-like objects". Objects around black widow pulsars on the other hand are thought to be white dwarfs that lost mass to the pulsar and therefore will differ in composition and density compared to brown dwarfs. This list is sorted after the discovery year.

Star Constellation Right
ascension 		Declination App.
mag. 		Distance (ly) Spectral
type 		Brown dwarf Mass
(MJ) 		Radius
(RJ) 		Orbital
period
(d) 		Semimajor
axis
(AU) 		Ecc. Discovery
year
GD 165 Boötes 14 24 39.144 9° 17′ 13.98″ 14.6 103 D4A+L4 B 76.12 ±1.04 0.91 123 1988
WD 0137-349 Sculptor 01 39 43 −34° 42′ 39″ 15.33 330 DA+L8 B 53 0.0803 0.0030 0 2006
PHL 5038 Aquarius 22 20 30.70 −00° 41′ 07.5″ 17.3 240 DAZ+L8-9 B 73 66 2006
SDSS J1433 (mass transfer) Boötes 14 33 17.79 +10° 11′ 23.49″ 18.9 760 WD+L1 B 58 ±8 0.054 2008/2016
SDSS 1557 Serpens 15 57 20.77 +09° 16′ 24.6″ 18.6 500 DAZ+L4 B 66+5
−7 		0.095 0.003 2011/2017
QZ Librae (mass transfer) Libra 15 36 15.98 −08° 39′ 07.52″ 18.8 649 WD+T? B 25-61 0.064 2018
BW Sculptoris (mass transfer) Sculptor 23 53 00.87 −38° 51′ 46.66″ 16.5 305 D+T B 53.4 ±6.3 0.054 0.0027 1997/2023

Unconfirmed brown dwarfs

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2011)

Sorted by increasing right ascension of the parent star. Brown dwarfs within a system sorted by increasing orbital period.

Some brown dwarfs listed could still be massive planets.

Star Constellation Right
ascension 		Declination App.
mag. 		Distance (ly) Spectral
type 		Brown dwarf Mass
(MJ) 		Radius
(RJ) 		Orbital
period
(d) 		Semimajor
axis
(AU) 		Ecc. Discovery year
CM Draconis Draco 16 34 27 +57° 09′ 00″ 12.90 48 M4 b 64 73 0.27 1998
BD+20°2457 Leo 10 16 45 +19° 53′ 29″ 9.75 652 K2II b 21.42 379.63 1.45 0.15 2009
HD 3346 Andromeda 00 36 46 +44° 29′ 19″ 5.16 655.58 K5III c 60 650 2.5 1996
HD 104304 Virgo 12 00 44 −10° 26′ 46″ 5.54 42.1 G9 b 17.2 2752 0.38 2007
HD 154857 Ara 17 11 16 −56° 40′ 51″ 7.25 220 G5V c 18.4 2900 >0.25 2007
Gliese 22 B Cassiopeia 00 32 27 +67° 14′ 09″ 10.38 326 M2.5V b 16 ~5500 0 2008

Field brown dwarfs

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2019)

Data updated from and merged from previous tables

Brown dwarf Constellation Right
ascension 		Declination App.
mag. 		Distance (ly) Spectral
type 		Mass
(MJ) 		Radius
(RJ) 		Discovery
year
2MASS 0036+1821 Pisces 0 36 16.17 18° 21′ 10.4″ 12.47 28.6 L3.5 42 0.94 2000
CFBDS J005910.90–011401.3 Cetus 0 59 10.83 −1° 14′ 1.3″ 18.08 30 T8.5 23 2013
DENIS-P J020529.0−115925A Cetus 2 5 29.401 −11° 59′ 29.67″ 65 L5.5 1997
DENIS-P J020529.0−115925B Cetus 2 5 29.401 −11° 59′ 29.67″ 65 L8 1997
DENIS-P J020529.0−115925C Cetus 2 5 29.401 −11° 59′ 29.67″ 65 T0 1997
2MASS J02431371−2453298 Fornax 2 43 13.71 −24° 53′ 29.8″ 35 T6 33 0.99 2002
WISE J0254+0223 Cetus 2 54 9.45 2° 23′ 59.1″ 16.01 24 T8 65 1.9 n/a
DEN 0255-4700 Eridanus 2 55 3.57 −47° 0′ 50.9″ 22.92 16.2 L8 80 0.97 2006
LP 944-20 Fornax 3 39 35.22 −35° 25′ 44″ 10.725 20.9 M9β 73 1.43 n/a
2MASP J0345432+254023 3 45 43.16 25° 40′ 23.3″ 88 L0 74 1.05 1997
Teide 1 Taurus 3 47 18 +24° 22′ 31″ 380 M8 55 3.78 1995
2MASS J03552337+1133437 Taurus 3 55 23.37 11° 33′ 43.7″ 14.05 29.8 L5γ 20 1.32 2006
2MASS J04151954−0935066 Eridanus 4 15 19.54 −9° 35′ 6.6″ 15.7 18.6 T8 30 0.95 2002
2MASS J04390101-2353083 [de] Eridanus 4 39 1.01 −23° 53′ 8.3″ 29.5 L6.5 48 0.97 2003
2MASS J04414489+2301513 4 41 44.9 23° 1′ 58.07″ 470 M8.5 19 2010
2MASS J0523−1403 Lepus 5 23 38.22 −14° 3′ 2.2″ 40 L2.5 68 1.01 n/a
2MASS 0532+8246 Camelopardalis 5 32 53.46 82° 46′ 46.5″ 81 L7 83 2018
UGPS J072227.51-054031.2 Monoceros 7 22 27.6 −05° 40′ 38.4″ 13.4 T9 26 0.98 2010
DENIS J081730.0-615520 Carina 8 17 30.01 −61° 55′ 15.8″ 13.6 16.1 T6 44 0.94 2010
DENIS J082303.1−491201A Vela 8 23 3.13 −49° 12′ 1.3″ 67 L1.5 44 2006
DENIS J082303.1−491201B Vela 8 23 3.13 −49° 12′ 1.3″ 67 L5.5 28 2006
2MASSW J0920122+351742 Lynx 9 20 12.23 35° 17′ 42.9″ 95 L6.5 2000
2MASSI J0937347+293142 Leo 9 37 34.87 29° 31′ 40.9″ 20.0 T6p 42 0.94 2002
2MASS 0939−2448 Antlia 9 39 35.48 −24° 48′ 27.9″ 16.83 17.4 T8 32 0.95 2005
Luhman 16B Vela 10 49 18.91 −53° 19′ 10″ 6.516 T1 43 1.02 2013
Luhman 16A Vela 10 49 18.91 −53° 19′ 10″ 6.516 L8 40 1.01 2013
DENIS-P J1058.7−1548 Crater 10 58 47.87 −15° 48′ 17.2″ 14.155 49 L3 64 1.00 1997
Cha 110913-773444 Chamaeleon 11 9 14 –77° 34′ 45″ 21.59 163 L 8 1.8 2005
OTS 44 Chamaeleon 11 10 12 –76° 32′ 13″ 554 M9.5V 15 2005
2MASS J11145133−2618235 Hydra 11 14 51.33 −26° 18′ 23.5″ 15.86 18.2 T7.5 33 0.96 2005
DENIS-P J1228.2-1547 Corvus 12 28 15.23 −15° 47′ 34.2″ 14.38 66 L5 1999
2M 1237+6526 Draco 12 37 39.19 65° 26′ 14.8″ 16.05 45.6 T6.5 41 0.94 2003
Kelu-1A Hydra 13 5 40.2 −25° 41′ 6″ 61 L2 63 0.98 1997
Kelu-1B Hydra 13 5 40.2 −25° 41′ 6″ 61 L4 58 0.98 1997
LHS 2924 Boötes 14 28 43.23 +33° 10′ 39.1″ 19.74 38.5 M9V 76 1.06
CFBDSIR 1458+10A Boötes 14 58 29.0 +10° 13′ 43″ 19.83 104 T9 11.1 1.5 2010
CFBDSIR 1458+10B Boötes 14 58 29.0 +10° 13′ 43″ 21.85 104 Y0 9 1.3 2010
TVLM 513-46546 Boötes 15 1 8.18 +22° 50′ 2″ 15.09 35.1 M8.5V 75 1.05 n/a
2MASS 1503+2525 Boötes 15 3 19.61 25° 25′ 19.6″ 20.7 T5 44 0.94 2003
2MASS 1507−1627 Libra 15 7 47.69 −16° 27′ 38.6″ 19 23.9 L5 60 0.99 2000
SDSSp J162414.37+002915.6 Serpens 16 24 14.36 0° 29′ 15.8″ 36 T6 43 0.94 1999
LSR J1835+3259 Lyra 18 35 37.9 32° 59′ 54.5″ 18.27 18.5 M8.5 77 1.07 2003
PSO J318.5−22 Capricornus 21 14 8.02 −22° 51′ 35.8″ 80 L7VL-G 6.5 1.53 2013
2MASS J21392676+0220226 Aquarius 21 39 26.77 2° 20′ 22.7″ 14.71 32.1 T1.5 46 0.96 n/a
2MASS J22282889-4310262 Grus 22 28 28.89 −43° 10′ 26.2″ 15.66 35 T6 42 0.94 2013
WISE 0146+4234 Andromeda 1 46 56.66 42° 34′ 10.0″ 18.71 20.5 Y0 2010
WISE 0226-0211 Cetus 2 26 24 −2° 11′ 42.51″ 18.94 91 T7 2010
WISE 0313+7807 Cepheus 3 13 26.02 78° 7′ 44.4″ 17.65 28 T8.5 2010
WISE 0316+4307 Perseus 3 16 24.35 43° 7′ 9.1″ 106.3 T8 2010
WISE 0350-5658 Reticulum 3 50 0.32 −56° 58′ 30.2″ 22.8 17.7 Y1 2010
WISE 0359-5401 Reticulum 3 59 34.06 −54° 1′ 54.6″ 21.56 19.2 Y0 2010
WISE 0410+1502 Taurus 4 10 22.79 15° 2′ 47.47″ 19.25 20 Y0 6 1.17 2010
WISE 0458+6434A Camelopardalis 4 58 53.93 64° 34′ 52.72″ 17.50 35.9 T8.5 15 4.2 2010
WISE 0458+6434B Camelopardalis 4 58 53.93 64° 34′ 52.72″ 18.48 35.9 T9.5 10 3.8 2010
WISE 0535-7500 Mensa 5 35 16.8 −75° 0′ 24.9″ 21.1 47 Y1 2010
WISE 0607+2429 Gemini 6 7 38.65 24° 29′ 53.5″ 14.22 25.4 L8 2010
WISE 0647-6232 Pictor 6 47 23.23 −62° 32′ 39.7″ 22.65 28 Y1 2010
WISE 0713-2917 Canis Major 7 13 22.55 −29° 17′ 51.9″ 19.64 23.2 Y0 2010
WISE 0734-7157 Volans 7 34 44.02 −71° 57′ 44.0″ 20.41 34.9 Y0 2010
WISE 1217+1626A Coma Berenices 12 17 56.96 16° 26′ 39.98″ 18.59 34.2 T9 12 2010
WISE 1217+1626B Coma Berenices 12 17 56.96 16° 26′ 39.98″ 20.26 34.2 Y0 6 2010
WISE 1405+5534 Ursa Major 14 5 18.27 55° 34′ 21.22″ 20.2 25.3 Y0 pec 30 0.86 2010
WISE 1506+7027 Ursa Minor 15 6 49.89 70° 27′ 36.23″ 14.33 11.1 T6 2010
WISE 1541-2250 Libra 15 41 51.57 −22° 50′ 25.03″ 21.16 20 Y0.5 2010
WISE 1639-6847 Triangulum Australe 16 39 40.83 −68° 47′ 38.6″ 16.3 Y0 2010
WISE 1711+3500 Hercules 17 11 4.59 35° 0′ 36.73″ 17.89 60.3 T8 2010
WISE 1738+2732 Hercules 17 38 35.54 27° 32′ 58.78″ 19.47 20 Y0 2010
WISE 1741+2553 Hercules 17 41 24.22 25° 53′ 18.96″ 16.53 18.9 T9 2010
WISE 1828+2650 Lyra 18 28 31.10 26° 50′ 37.79″ 23.57 36 Y2 2010
WISE 1841+7000 Draco 18 41 24.75 70° 0′ 38.54″ 17.24 131.1 T5 2010
WISE 1952+7240 Draco 19 52 46.61 72° 40′ 0.61″ 15.09 44.4 T4 2010
WISE 2056+1459 Delphinus 20 56 28.88 14° 59′ 53.68″ 19.21 24.5 Y0 2010
WISE 2220-3628 Grus 22 20 55.31 −36° 28′ 17.4″ 20.38 26.4 Y0 2010
WISEA 1101+5400 Ursa Major 11 01 25.95 +54° 00′ 52.8″ 111 T5.5 2017
2M1510 Libra 15 10 47.47 −28° 18′ 18.3″ 120 M9γ+M9γ 2002

Former brown dwarfs

Star Constellation Right
ascension 		Declination App.
mag. 		Distance (ly) Spectral
type 		Brown dwarf Mass
(MJ) 		Radius
(RJ) 		Orbital
period
(d) 		Semimajor
axis
(AU) 		Ecc. Discovery year
L 34-26 Chamaeleon 07 49 12.71 –76° 42′ 06.5″ 35.6 M3Ve COCONUTS-2b 6.3+1.5
−1.9 		400000000 7506
−2060 		2011

See also

References

  1. Nicholos Wethington (October 6, 2008). "Dense Exoplanet Creates Classification Calamity". Universetoday.com. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  2. Rebolo, Rafael (2014), "Teide 1 and the Discovery of Brown Dwarfs", in Joergens, Viki (ed.), 50 Years of Brown Dwarfs - From Prediction to Discovery to Forefront of Research, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 401, Springer, pp. 25–50, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01162-2_4, ISBN 978-3-319-01162-2
  3. "Astronomers Announce First Clear Evidence of a Brown Dwarf". Space Telescope Science Institute news release STScI-1995-48. November 29, 1995. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  4. Mohanty, Subhanjoy; Jayawardhana, Ray; Huelamo, Nuria; Mamajek, Eric (2007). "The Planetary Mass Companion 2MASS 1207−3932B: Temperature, Mass, and Evidence for an Edge-on Disk". The Astrophysical Journal. 657 (2): 1064–1091. arXiv:astro-ph/0610550. Bibcode:2007ApJ...657.1064M. doi:10.1086/510877. S2CID 17326111.
  5. Wm. Robert Johnson (27 December 2015). "List of Brown Dwarfs". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 25 March 2017. (2,850 confirmed; 930 candidates)
  6. Best, William M. J.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Liu, Michael C.; Sanghi, Aniket; Siverd, Robert J.; Zhang, Zhoujian (2024-02-04). "The UltracoolSheet: Photometry, Astrometry, Spectroscopy, and Multiplicity for 3000+ Ultracool Dwarfs and Imaged Exoplanets". Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.10573247.
  7. ^ Sanghi, Aniket; Liu, Michael C.; Best, William M. J.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Siverd, Robert J.; Zhang, Zhoujian; Hurt, Spencer A.; Magnier, Eugene A.; Aller, Kimberly M.; Deacon, Niall R. (2023-11-08). "Table of Ultracool Fundamental Properties". Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.10086810.
  8. ^ FEMENIA B.; REBOLO R.; PEREZ-PRIETO J.A.; HILDEBRANDT S.R.; LABADIE L.; PEREZ-GARRIDO A.; BEJAR V.J.S.; DIAZ-SANCHEZ A.; VILLO I.; OSCOZ A.; LOPEZ R.; RODRIGUEZ L.F.; PIQUERAS J. (2011). "Lucky imaging adaptive optics of the brown dwarf binary GJ569Bab". Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 413: 1524–1536. Bibcode:1988ApJ...330L.119F. doi:10.1086/185218.
  9. Forrest, Skrutskie and Shure (1988). "A possible brown dwarf companion to Gliese 569". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 330 (3): L119–L123. arXiv:1012.4421. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.413.1524F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18226.x. S2CID 55001061.
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