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Xokleng language

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Macro-Jê language spoken in Brazil
Xokleng
Native toBrazil
RegionSanta Catarina
EthnicityXokleng
Native speakers(760 cited 1998)
Language familyMacro-Jê
Language codes
ISO 639-3xok
Glottologxokl1240
ELPXokleng

Xokleng or Laklãnõ is a Southern Jê language (, Macro-Jê) spoken by the Xokleng people of Brazil. It is closely related to Kaingang.

Names

Alternate names are Socré, Chocré, Xocren, Bugre, Botocudo, Aweicoma, Cauuba, Caahans, Caagua, Caaigua.

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ
Close-mid e ə o
Open-mid ɛ ɛ̃ ɔ ɔ̃
Open a ã
  • Vowel off-glides may also be present in word-final position.

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain lab.
Nasal m ~ ᵐb n ~ ⁿd ɲ ŋ ~ ᵑɡ ŋʷ ~ ᵑɡʷ
Stop p t k ʔ
Affricate t͡ʃ
Fricative v ~ w ð h
Approximant j
Lateral l
  • Nasal sounds /m, n, ŋ, ŋʷ/ are heard as prenasalized voiced-stops when preceding oral vowel sounds and heard as nasal sounds when preceding nasal vowels, or in nasal positions.
  • /v/ can have an allophone of in free variation, and can be heard as a nasal when preceding a nasal vowel or consonant sound.
  • /ð/ may have an allophone of when following /k/, and as in free variation in word-initial positions.
  • /j/ is heard with an allophone of when in nasal positions, or when preceding or following other palatal sounds.
  • /l/ may be nasalized as when in nasal positions.

References

  1. Xokleng at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  3. Gakrán, Nanblá (2015). Elementos Fundamentais da Gramática Laklanõ. Universidade Estadual de Campinas.

External links

Macro-Jê languages
Cerrado
Goyaz
Panará
Northern
Timbira
Central (Akuwẽ)
Jê of Paraná
Southern
Unclassified
Trans–São Francisco
Krenák
Maxakalían
Kamakã
Western
Mato Grosso
Jabutian
Karajá
Borôro ?
Karirí ?
Purian ?
Italics indicate extinct languages

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