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{{Short description|Italian Catholic saint (c. 1181–1226)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{About|the friar and patron saint}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox saint
| honorific_prefix    = ]
| name                = Francis of Assisi
| honorific_suffix    = ]
| image               = Philip Fruytiers - St. Francis of Assisi.jpg
| alt                 = 
| caption             = A painting of Saint Francis{{efn|The tunic that Saint Francis actually wore was simpler.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/1855-tunic-worn-saint-francis-identified.html |title=Tunic Worn by Saint Francis Identified |last=Bryner |first=Jeanna |date=10 Sep 2007 |website=LiveScience |access-date=18 Dec 2023}}</ref> It reportedly was made by himself to be unattractive and uncomfortable,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/6279/chapter-abstract/149948257?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false |title=St. Francis and His Tunic |last=Wolf |first=Kenneth |date=March 2003 |website=Oxford Academic |publisher= |access-date=18 Dec 2023}}</ref> unlike today's Franciscan habits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncregister.com/blog/7-religious-talk-about-the-habits-they-wear |title= 7 Religious Talk About the Habits They Wear |last=Graves |first=Jim |date=22 Mar 2019 |website=National Catholic Register|access-date=18 Dec 2023 |quote=but our habits are comfortable to wear}}</ref>}} by ]
| titles              = Founder of the Franciscan Order<br />Confessor of the Faith and Stigmatist
| birth_name          = Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone
| birth_date          = 1181
| birth_place         = ], ], ]
| home_town           = 
| residence           = 
| death_date          = 3 October 1226 (aged approximately 44 years)
| death_place         = Assisi, ], ]{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}}
| venerated_in        = {{unbulleted list|]|]|]|]}}
| beatified_date      = 
| beatified_place     = 
| beatified_by        = 
| canonized_date      = 16 July 1228
| canonized_place     = ], ]
| canonized_by        = ]
| major_shrine        = ]
| feast_day           = 4 October
| attributes          = ], birds, animals, ], ], book, and a skull
| patronage           = ], poor people,<ref name="Times">{{cite web |last1=Pavia |first1=Will |title=St Francis of Assisi: patron saint of the poor |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/st-francis-of-assisi-patron-saint-of-the-poor-t2t23mh65ch |website=thetimes.co.uk |publisher=News Corporation |access-date=29 May 2023 |date=14 March 2013}}</ref> ]; animals; ]s; ]s; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ] and Italy
| influences          = 
| influenced          = 
| tradition           = 
| major_works         = 
}}
{{Christian mysticism}}
{{Eucharistic Adoration}}
] near the entrance of the ] ], painted between March 1228 and March 1229. He is depicted without the ], but the image is a ] and not a portrait.{{sfn|Brooke|2006|pp=161–162}}]]
'''Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone'''<!--This name goes first per ]; discuss--> ({{circa}} 1181 – 3 October 1226), known as '''Francis of Assisi''',{{Efn|His mother was French and that may be why he was known as Francesco (Francis), a name with the possible meaning "Frenchman".}} was an Italian{{efn|Though an ] had yet to be established, the Latin equivalent of the ] (''italus'') had been in use for natives of ] since antiquity. For example in ], '']'' 9.23.}} ], poet, and ] who founded the religious order of the ]. Inspired to lead a ] life of poverty, he became a ]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zielinski |first=Karen |date=23 Jan 2019 |title=Begging like St. Francis |url=https://www.globalsistersreport.org/column/ministry-spirituality/begging-st-francis-55802 |website=Global Sisters Report}}</ref> and ]. 
One of the most venerated figures in Christianity,{{sfn|Delio|2013}}{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}} Francis was canonized by ] on 16 July 1228. He is commonly portrayed wearing a brown ] with a rope tied around his waist, featuring three knots symbolizing the three Franciscan vows of ], ], and ].
In 1219, he went to Egypt in an attempt to convert the sultan ] and put an end to the conflict of the ].{{sfn|Tolan|2009|p=}} In 1223, he arranged for the first live ] as part of the annual ] celebration in ].{{efn|name=Nativity}}<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Christmas|volume= 3 |last= Martindale  |first= C. C. |author-link= C. C. Martindale |short=1}}</ref><ref name="cefa">{{CathEncy|wstitle=St. Francis of Assisi|volume= 6 |last= Robinson |first= Paschal  |author-link= Paschal Robinson|short=1}}</ref> According to Christian tradition, in 1224 Francis received the ] during the ] of a ]ic angel in a ].<ref name="ODCC Francis" />
Francis is associated with patronage of animals and the ]. It became customary for churches to hold ceremonies blessing animals on his ] of the fourth of October, which became ]. He was noted for his devotion to the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Francis of Assisi – Franciscan Friars of the Renewal |url=http://franciscanfriars.com/vocations/stfrancis/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215105319/http://franciscanfriars.com/vocations/stfrancis/ |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=24 October 2012 |publisher=Franciscanfriars.com}}</ref> Along with ], he was designated ] of Italy. He is also the namesake of the city of ].
] is the feast of Francis' stigmatization.<ref>{{cite web|url=
https://www.italianartsociety.org/2016/09/september-17-is-the-feast-of-the-stigmata-of-st-francis-of-assisi/|title=Feast of the stigmatization of Francis of Assisi}}</ref>
== Names ==
Francis ({{langx|it|Francesco d'Assisi}}; {{langx|la|Franciscus Assisiensis}}) was baptized Giovanni by his mother. His surname, di Pietro di Bernardone, comes from his father, Pietro di Bernardone. The latter was in France on business when Francis was born in ], a small town in Italy. Upon his return, Pietro took to calling his son Francesco ("Free man" or "Frenchman"), possibly in honour of his commercial success and enthusiasm for all things French.<ref name="Chesterton">{{Cite book |last=Chesterton |first=Gilbert Keith |title=St. Francis of Assisi |publisher=Image Books |year=1924 |edition=14 |place=] |page=158 |author-link=G. K. Chesterton}}</ref>
== Biography ==
]
===Early life===
Francis of Assisi was born {{Circa|1181}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Francis of Assisi |url=https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=4829 |access-date=22 Sep 2023 |website=Catholic Online}}</ref><ref name="dukemag2">{{Cite journal |last=Dagger |first=Jacob |date=November–December 2006 |title=Blessing All Creatures, Great and Small |url=https://alumni.duke.edu/magazine/articles/blessing-all-creatures-great-and-small |journal=Duke Magazine |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> one of the children of an ] father, Pietro di Bernardone dei Moriconi, a prosperous silk merchant, and a French mother, Pica di Bourlemont, about whom little is known except that she was a noblewoman originally from ].<ref name="Lives">{{Cite book |last=Englebert |first=Omer |url=https://archive.org/details/livesofsaintshis00omer/page/529 |title=The Lives of the Saints |publisher=Barnes & Noble |year=1951 |isbn=978-1-56619-516-4 |location=New York |page=}}</ref>
Indulged by his parents, Francis lived the high-spirited life typical of a wealthy young man.<ref name="ODCC Francis">{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0199566712 |editor-last=Cross |editor-first=F. L. |location=New York |chapter=Francis of Assisi}}</ref> As a youth, Francis became a devotee of ] and was fascinated with all things ].<ref name="Chesterton" /> He was handsome, witty, gallant, and delighted in fine clothes.<ref name="cefa" /> He spent money lavishly.<ref name="cefa" /> Although many ] remark about his bright clothing, rich friends, and love of pleasures,<ref name="Lives" /> his displays of disillusionment toward the world that surrounded him came fairly early in his life, as is shown in the "story of the beggar". In this account, he was selling cloth and velvet in the marketplace on behalf of his father when a beggar came to him and asked for ]. At the conclusion of his business deal, Francis abandoned his wares and ran after the beggar. When he found him, Francis gave the man everything he had in his purse. His friends mocked him for his charity; his father scolded him in rage.<ref name="chest41">Chesterton (1924), pp.&nbsp;40–41</ref>
Around 1202, he joined a military expedition against ] and was taken as a prisoner at Collestrada. He spent a year as a captive,<ref name="Bonaventure">{{Cite book |last1=St. Bonaventure |title=The Life of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Francisci) |last2=Cardinal Manning |publisher=TAN Books & Publishers |year=1867 |isbn=978-0-89555-343-0 |edition=1988 |location=] |page=190 |author-link=Bonaventure |author-link2=Henry Edward Manning}}</ref> during which an illness caused him to re-evaluate his life. However, upon his return to Assisi in 1203, Francis returned to his carefree life. In 1205, Francis left for ] to enlist in the army of ]. A strange vision made him return to Assisi and lose interest in worldly life.<ref name="ODCC Francis" /> According to ] accounts, thereafter he began to avoid the sports and feasts of his former companions. A friend asked him whether he was thinking of marrying, to which he answered: "Yes, a fairer bride than any of you have ever seen", meaning his "Lady Poverty".<ref name="cefa" />
On a ] to Rome, he joined the poor in begging at ].<ref name="ODCC Francis" /> He spent some time in lonely places, asking God for ]. He said he had a mystical ] in the forsaken country chapel of ], just outside Assisi, in which the ] said to him, "Francis, Francis, go and repair My church which, as you can see, is falling into ruins." He took this to mean the ruined church in which he was presently praying, and so he sold some cloth from his father's store to assist the priest there.<ref name="chest54">Chesterton (1924), pp.&nbsp;54–56</ref> When the priest refused to accept the ill-gotten gains, an indignant Francis threw the coins on the floor.<ref name="cefa" />
In order to avoid his father's wrath, Francis hid in a cave near San Damiano for about a month. When he returned to town, hungry and dirty, he was dragged home by his father, beaten, bound, and locked in a small storeroom. Freed by his mother during Bernardone's absence, Francis returned at once to San Damiano, where he found shelter with the officiating priest, but he was soon cited before the city consuls by his father. The latter, not content with having recovered the scattered gold from San Damiano, sought also to force his son to forego his inheritance by way of restitution. In the midst of legal proceedings before the ], Francis renounced his father and his ].<ref name="cefa" /> Some accounts report that he stripped himself naked in token of this renunciation, and the bishop covered him with his own cloak.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de la Riva |first=Fr. John |date=2011 |title=Life of St. Francis |url=http://www.shrinesf.org/life-of-st-francis.html |access-date=11 June 2019 |website=St. Francis of Assisi National Shrine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiefer |first=James E. |date=1999 |title=Francis of Assisi, Friar |url=http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/258.html |access-date=11 June 2019 |website=Biographical sketches of memorable Christians of the past}}</ref>
For the next couple of months, Francis wandered as a beggar in the hills behind Assisi. He spent some time at a neighbouring monastery working as a ]. He then went to ], where a friend gave him, as an alms, the cloak, girdle, and staff of a pilgrim. Returning to Assisi, he traversed the city, begging stones for the restoration of St. Damiano. These he carried to the old chapel, set in place himself, and so at length rebuilt it. Over the course of two years, he embraced the life of a ], during which he restored several ruined chapels in the countryside around Assisi, among them San Pietro in ] (in the area of San Petrignano in the valley about a kilometre from ], today on private property and once again in ruin); and the ], the little chapel of ] in the plain just below the town.<ref name="cefa" /> This later became his favorite ].<ref name="chest54" /> By degrees he took to nursing ]s, in the ] near Assisi.
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Casa-de-sao-francisco.jpg|], Francis’ legendary birthplace 
File:Sassetta 001.jpg|''Saint Francis renounces his earthly father''.
</gallery>
===Founding of the Franciscan Orders===
====Friars Minor====
One morning in February 1208, Francis was taking part in a Mass in the chapel of St. Mary of the Angels, near which he had by then built himself a hut. The Gospel of the day was the "Commissioning of the Twelve" from the Book of Matthew. The disciples were to go and proclaim that the Kingdom of God is at hand. Francis was inspired to devote himself to a life of poverty. Having obtained a coarse woollen tunic, the dress then worn by the poorest Umbrian peasants, he tied it around himself with a knotted rope and went about exhorting the people of the countryside to penance, brotherly love, and peace. Francis's preaching to ordinary people was unusual as he had no license to do so.{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}}
His example attracted others. Within a year Francis had eleven followers. The brothers lived a simple life in the deserted leper colony of Rivo Torto near Assisi. They spent much of their time wandering through the mountainous districts of ], making a deep impression upon their hearers by their earnest exhortations.<ref name="cefa" />
] approving the statutes of the Order of the Franciscans, by ]]]
In 1209 he composed a simple rule for his followers ("friars"), the ''Regula primitiva'' or "Primitive Rule", which came from verses in the Bible. The rule was "to follow the teachings of our Lord Jesus Christ and to walk in his footsteps." He then led eleven followers to Rome to seek permission from ] to found a new religious order.<ref name="chest107">Chesterton (1924), pp.&nbsp;107–108</ref> Upon entry to Rome, the brothers encountered Bishop Guido of Assisi, who had in his company ], the ]. The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent&nbsp;III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope. After several days, the pope agreed to admit the group informally, adding that when God increased the group in grace and number, they could return for an official audience. The group was ]d.<ref name="Francis of Assisi and His World">Galli (2002), pp.&nbsp;74–80</ref> This was important in part because it recognized Church authority and prevented his following from accusations of heresy, as had happened to the ] decades earlier. Though a number of the pope's counsellors considered the mode of life proposed by Francis to be unsafe and impractical, following a dream in which he saw Francis holding up the ], he decided to endorse Francis's order. This occurred, according to tradition, on 16 April 1210, and constituted the official founding of the ].{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}} The group, then the "Lesser Brothers" (''Order of Friars Minor'' also known as the ''Franciscan Order'' or the ''Seraphic Order''), were centred in the Porziuncola and preached first in Umbria, before expanding throughout Italy.{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}} Francis was later ordained a deacon, but not a priest.<ref name="cefa" />
====Poor Clares and Third Order====
From then on, the new order grew quickly. Hearing Francis preaching in the church of ] in Assisi in 1211, the young noblewoman ] sought to live like them. Her cousin Rufino also sought to join. On the night of ], 28 March 1212, Clare clandestinely left her family's palace. Francis received her at the Porziuncola and thereby established the Order of Poor Clares.<ref name="chest110">Chesterton (1924), pp.&nbsp;110–111</ref> He gave Clare a ], a garment similar to his own, before lodging her, her younger sister Caterina, and other young women in a nearby monastery of ] nuns until he could provide a suitable monastery. Later he transferred them to San Damiano,{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}} to a few small huts or cells. This became the first monastery of the Second Franciscan Order, now known as ].<ref name="cefa" />
For those who could not leave their affairs, Francis later formed the ], a fraternity composed of either ] or clergy whose members neither withdrew from the world nor took ]. Instead, they observed the principles of Franciscan life in their daily lives.{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}} Before long, the Third Order – now titled the ] – grew beyond Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secular Franciscan Order |url=https://secularfranciscansusa.org |access-date=January 13, 2021 |website=Secular Franciscan Order US}}</ref>
===Travels===
Determined to bring the Gospel to all peoples and let God convert them, Francis sought on several occasions to take his message out of Italy. In approximately 1211, a ] of the ] held the lordship of the castle and town of ], situated near the city of ], in the region of ], Spain. Medrano's son was suffering from a mysterious and untreatable ailment. In 1211, Saint Francis of Assisi roamed those very paths of Agoncillo. In a saintly manner, he visited Medrano's ], placed his mystical hands upon the ailing Medrano boy, and ] healed him, securing the Medrano lineage in Agoncillo. As a result, the Medrano family are distinguished by their devotion to Saint Francis of Assisi.<ref>Recoge esta historia, entre otros, D. Cesáreo Goicoechea en "Castillos de la Rioja, Logroño, 1949, y Fray Domingo Hernáez de Torres en "Primera parte de la Crónica · de la Provincia de Burgos". Madrid, 1772.</ref><ref name=":1" /> The Medrano family generously donated some land, including a tower, situated close to the ] within the city of ] as a gift to Saint Francis, where he established the first Spanish ] of his Order there. Although the convent met its demise in the 19th century, the remnants of its walls remain.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzYg5AN1x28C&q=Medrano |title=Revista Hidalguía número 9. Año 1955 |publisher=Ediciones Hidalguia |pages=181–182 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rioja |first=El Día de la |date=2024-02-19 |title=Un convento de armas tomar |url=https://www.eldiadelarioja.es/noticia/z2dfd573c-eb33-bb3e-d4393945f387190a/202402/un-convento-de-armas-tomar |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=El Día de la Rioja |language=spanish}}</ref> 
In the late spring of 1212, he set out for Jerusalem, but was shipwrecked by a storm on the ]n coast, forcing him to return to Italy. On 8 May 1213, he was given the use of the mountain of ] (Alverna) as a gift from ] Orlando di Chiusi, who described it as "eminently suitable for whoever wishes to do penance in a place remote from mankind".<ref>Fioretti quoted in: St. Francis, ''The Little Flowers, Legends, and Lauds'', trans. N. Wydenbruck, ed. Otto Karrer (London: ], 1979) 244.</ref> The mountain would become one of his favourite retreats for prayer.<ref name="chest130">Chesterton (1924), p. 130</ref>
During the ] in 1219 Francis went to Egypt where a Crusader army had been encamped for over a year besieging the walled city of ]. He was accompanied by Friar ] and hoped to convert the ] or be martyred in the attempt. The Sultan, ], a nephew of ], had succeeded his father as Sultan of Egypt in 1218 and was encamped upstream of Damietta. A bloody and futile attack on the city was launched by the Christians on 29 August 1219, following which both sides agreed to a ceasefire that lasted four weeks.<ref>Runciman, Steven. ''History of the Crusades, vol. 3: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades'', Cambridge University Press (1951, paperback 1987), pp. 151–161.</ref> Probably during this interlude Francis and his companion crossed the Muslims' lines and were brought before the Sultan, remaining in his camp for a few days.{{sfn|Tolan|2009|pp=4–}} Reports give no information about what transpired during the encounter beyond noting that the Sultan received Francis graciously and that Francis preached to the Muslims. He returned unharmed.{{efn|e.g., Jacques de Vitry, Letter 6 February or March 1220 and ''Historia orientalis'' (c. 1223–1225) cap. XXII; Tommaso da Celano, ''Vita prima'' (1228), §57: the relevant passages are quoted in an English translation in {{harvnb|Tolan|2009|pp=19–}} and {{harvnb|Tolan|2009|p=54}} respectively.}} No known Arab sources mention the visit.{{sfn|Tolan|2009|p=5}}
]
Such an incident is alluded to in a scene in the late 13th-century fresco cycle, attributed to Giotto, in the upper basilica at Assisi.{{efn|e.g., Chesterton, ''Saint Francis'', Hodder & Stoughton (1924) chapter 8. {{harvnb|Tolan|2009|p=126}} discusses the incident as recounted by Bonaventure, an incident which does not extend to a fire actually being lit.}}
According to some late sources, the Sultan gave Francis permission to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land and even to preach there. All that can safely be asserted is that Francis and his companion left the Crusader camp for ], from where they embarked for Italy in the latter half of 1220. Drawing on a 1267 sermon by ], later sources report that the Sultan secretly converted or accepted a death-bed baptism as a result of meeting Francis.{{efn|For grants of various permissions and privileges to Francis as attributed by later sources, see, e.g., {{harvnb|Tolan|2009|pp=258–263}}. The first mention of the Sultan's conversion occurs in a sermon delivered by Bonaventure on 4 October 1267. See {{harvnb|Tolan|2009|p=168}} }}
Whatever transpired as a result of Francis’ and al-Kamil’s meeting the Franciscans have maintained a presence in the ] almost uninterruptedly since 1217 and remain there today (see ]). They received concessions from the ] Sultan in 1333 with regard to certain Holy Places in ] and ], and (so far as concerns the Catholic Church) jurisdictional privileges from ] in 1342.<ref>Bulla ''Gratias agimus'', commemorated by Pope John Paul II in a  dated 30 November 1992. See also {{harvnb|Tolan|2009|p=258}}. On the Franciscan presence, including a historical overview, see, generally the official website at  and ]</ref>
===Reorganization of the Franciscan Order===
] (by ]).]] The growing order of friars was divided into ]; groups were sent to France, Germany, Hungary, and Spain and to the East. Upon receiving a report of the martyrdom of five brothers in ], Francis returned to Italy via ].<ref name="b162">Bonaventure (1867), p.&nbsp;162</ref> Cardinal ] was then nominated by the pope as the protector of the order. Another reason for Francis' return to Italy was that the Franciscan Order had grown at an unprecedented rate compared to previous religious orders, but its organizational ] had not kept up with this growth and had little more to govern it than Francis' example and simple rule. To address this problem, Francis prepared a new and more detailed Rule, the "First Rule" or "Rule Without a ]" (''Regula prima'', ''Regula non bullata''), which again asserted devotion to poverty and the apostolic life. However, it also introduced a greater institutional structure, though this was never officially endorsed by the pope.{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}}
Brother Peter was succeeded by ] as ] of Francis. Two years later, Francis modified the "First Rule", creating the "Second Rule" or "Rule With a Bull", which was approved by Pope Honorius III on 29 November 1223. As the order's official rule, it called on the friars "to observe the Holy Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ, living in obedience without anything of our own and in chastity". In addition, it set regulations for discipline, preaching, and entering the order. Once the rule was endorsed by the pope, Francis withdrew increasingly from external affairs.{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}} During 1221 and 1222, he crossed Italy, first as far south as ] in Sicily and afterwards as far north as ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ruggeri |first=Francesco Rocco |title=Sicilian Visitors Volume 2 |year=2018 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-387-97789-5}}</ref>
=== Stigmata, final days, and sainthood ===
] part of the '']''.<ref name="Goff">Le Goff, Jacques. ''Saint Francis of Assisi'', 2003 {{ISBN|0-415-28473-2}} p. 44</ref><ref name="Miles160">Miles, Margaret Ruth. ''The Word made flesh: a history of Christian thought'', 2004 {{ISBN|978-1-4051-0846-1}} pp. 160–161</ref> by ], 1699]]
While he was praying on the mountain of Verna, during a forty-day fast in preparation for ] (29 September), Francis is said to have had a vision on or about 13 September 1224, the Feast of the ], as a result of which he received the ]. Brother Leo, who had been with Francis at the time, left a clear and simple account of the event, the first definite account of the phenomenon of stigmata. "Suddenly he saw a vision of a seraph, a six-winged angel on a cross. This angel gave him the gift of the five wounds of Christ."<ref name="chest131">Chesterton (1924), p. 131</ref> Suffering from these stigmata and from ], Francis received care in several cities (], ], ]) to no avail. He began to go blind and the bishop of Ostia ordered that his eyes be operated on which meant cauterizing the eyes with hot irons. Francis claims to have felt nothing at all when this was done.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Armstrong |first1=Regis J. |last2=Hellmann |first2=J. A. Wayne |last3=Short |first3=William J. |title=Francis of Assisi - The Prophet: Early Documents, vol. 3: Early Documents |date=1999 |publisher=New City Press |isbn=978-1-56548-114-5 |page=861 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-geLPmduL4C&dq=st+francis+of+assisi+cauterized+eyes&pg=PA861 |access-date=14 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>  In the end, he was brought back to a hut next to the Porziuncola. Here he spent his last days dictating his spiritual testament. He died on the evening of Saturday, 3 October 1226, singing ].
On 16 July 1228, he was declared a saint by Pope ] (the former cardinal Ugolino di Conti, a friend of Francis and Cardinal Protector of the Order). The next day, the pope laid the foundation stone for the ] in Assisi. Francis was buried on 25 May 1230, under the Lower Basilica, but his tomb was soon hidden on orders of Brother Elias, in order to protect it from Saracen invaders. His burial place remained unknown until it was rediscovered in 1818. Pasquale Belli then constructed a crypt for the remains in the Lower Basilica. It was refashioned between 1927 and 1930 into its present form by Ugo Tarchi. In 1978, the remains of Francis were examined and confirmed by a commission of scholars appointed by ], and put into a glass urn in the ancient stone tomb.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Key to Umbria: Assisi |url=http://www.keytoumbria.com/Assisi/S_Francesco_Crypt.html |access-date=2021-05-09 |website=www.keytoumbria.com}}</ref>
In 1935, Dr. Edward Frederick Hartung concluded that Francis contracted ] while in Egypt and died of ]. This data was published in the '']''.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Medicine: St. Francis' Stigmata |url=https://time.com/archive/6820515/medicine-st-francis-stigmata/ |access-date=15 August 2024 |magazine=TIME |date=11 March 1935 |language=en}}</ref>
==Character and legacy==
] (], 1911)]]
]
Francis set out to replicate Christ and literally carry out his work. This is important in understanding Francis' character, his affinity for the Eucharist and his respect for the priests who carried out the sacrament.{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}} He preached: "Your God is of your flesh, He lives in your nearest neighbour, in every man."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eimerl |first=Sarel |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofgiottoc1200eime |title=The World of Giotto: c. 1267–1337 |publisher=Time-Life Books |others=et al |year=1967 |isbn=0-900658-15-0 |page= |url-access=registration}}</ref>
He and his followers celebrated and even venerated poverty, which was so central to his character that in his last written work, the Testament, he said that absolute personal and ] was the essential lifestyle for the members of his order.{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}}
He believed that nature itself was the mirror of God. He called all creatures his "brothers" and "sisters", and even preached to the birds<ref name="b78" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |first=Ugolino |last=Brunforte |author-link=Ugolino Brunforte |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rR25UQD0E6YC&pg=PT1 |title=The Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi |publisher=] |year=1958 |isbn=978-1-61025212-6 |location=] }}</ref> and supposedly persuaded a ] to stop attacking some locals if they agreed to feed the wolf. His deep sense of brotherhood under God embraced others, and he declared that "he considered himself no friend of Christ if he did not cherish those for whom Christ died".{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}}
Francis's visit to Egypt and attempted ] with the Muslim world had far-reaching consequences, long past his own death, since after the fall of the ], it would be the Franciscans, of all Catholics, who would be allowed to stay on in the Holy Land and be recognized as "]" on behalf of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Custody of the Holy Land |url=https://terrasanta.edu.jo/en.aspx?id=3 |access-date=2021-05-09 |website=terrasanta.edu.jo |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928160912/https://terrasanta.edu.jo/en.aspx?id=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
At Greccio near Assisi, around 1220, Francis celebrated Christmas by setting up the first known ''presepio'' or ''crèche'' (]).<ref name="b178">Bonaventure (1867), p. 178</ref> His nativity imagery reflected the scene in traditional paintings. He used real animals to create a living scene so that the worshipers could contemplate the birth of the child Jesus in a direct way, making use of the senses, especially sight.<ref name="b178" /> Both Thomas of Celano and ], biographers of Francis, tell how he used only a straw-filled manger (feeding trough) set between a real ] and ].<ref name="b178" /> According to Thomas, it was beautiful in its simplicity, with the manger acting as the altar for the Christmas Mass.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Thomas of Celano |chapter=The Life of Saint Francis |date=1228–1229 |title=Francis of Assisi: Early Documents |publisher=New City Press |isbn=1-56548-115-1 |editor-last=Armstrong, O.F.M. Cap. |editor-first=Regis J. |volume=1 |publication-date=2001 |pages=255 |editor-last2=Hellmann, O.F.M. Conv. |editor-first2=J. A. Wayne |editor-last3=Short, O.F.M. |editor-first3=William J. |chapter-url=https://digitalcollections.franciscantradition.org/document/bx4700-f6f722-1999/francis_of_assisi_early_documents_-_the_saint/1999-00-00?pageNo=255}}</ref>
Some modern commentators and animal rights advocates have mistakenly portrayed Francis as a vegetarian. However, historical records indicate that he did consume meat, and his earliest biographers make no mention of him adhering to a meatless diet.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Frayne, Carl|year=2016|title=On Imitating the Regimen of Immortality or Facing the Diet of Mortal Reality: A Brief History of Abstinence from Flesh-Eating in Christianity|journal=Journal of Animal Ethics|volume=6|issue=2|pages=188-212|JSTOR=10.5406}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Grumett, David|year=2007|title=Vegetarian or Franciscan? Flexible Dietary Choices Past and Present|journal=Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/79822354/GrumettJSRNC2007VegetarianOrFranciscan.pdf|volume=1|issue=4|pages=450-467|doi=10.1558/jsrnc.v1i4.450|issn = 1749-4907 }}</ref> Francis's favourite dish was shrimp pie.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Marabini, Liana|date=2020|title=Shrimp and pike, Saint Francis’ favourite dishes|url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/shrimp-and-pike-saint-francis-favourite-dishes|website=Daily Compass|language=en-GB|archive-date=September 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912214858/https://newdailycompass.com/en/shrimp-and-pike-saint-francis-favourite-dishes|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Nature and the environment===
{{See also|Wolf of Gubbio}}
]
Francis preached the Christian doctrine that the world was created good and beautiful by God but suffers a need for redemption because of human sin. As someone who saw God reflected in nature, "St. Francis was a great lover of God's creation ..."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warner OFM |first=Keith |date=April 2010 |title=St. Francis: Patron of ecology |url=https://www.uscatholic.org/church/2010/09/st-francis-patron-ecology |journal=U.S. Catholic |volume=75 |issue=4 |page=25}}</ref> In the ] he gives God thanks for Brother Sun, Sister Moon, Brother Wind, Water, Fire, and Earth, all of which he sees as rendering praise to God.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doyle |first=Eric |title=St. Francis and the Song of Brotherhood and Sisterhood |date=1996 |publisher=Franciscan Institute |isbn=978-1576590034}}</ref>
Many of the stories that surround the life of Francis say that he had a great love for animals and the environment.<ref name="b78">Bonaventure (1867), pp.&nbsp;78–85</ref> The '']'' ("Little Flowers") is a collection of ]s and folklore that sprang up after his death. One account describes how one day, while Francis was travelling with some companions, they happened upon a place in the road where birds filled the trees on either side. Francis told his companions to "wait for me while I go to preach to my sisters the birds."<ref name="b78" /> The birds surrounded him, intrigued by the power of his voice, and not one of them flew away. He is often portrayed with a bird, typically in his hand.<ref name=":0" />
Another legend from the ''Fioretti'' tells that in the city of ], where Francis lived for some time, was a ]. Francis went up into the hills and when he found the wolf, he made the sign of the cross and commanded the wolf to come to him and hurt no one. Then Francis led the wolf into the town, and surrounded by startled citizens made a pact between them and the wolf. Because the wolf had "done evil out of hunger", the townsfolk were to feed the wolf regularly. In return, the wolf would no longer prey upon them or their flocks. In this manner ] was freed from the menace of the predator.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/flowers1.htm |title=The Little Flowers of Saint Francis |year=1926 |editor-last=Hudleston |editor-first=Roger |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705232048/http://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/flowers1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
On 29 November 1979, ] declared Francis the patron saint of ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pope John Paul II |author-link=Pope John Paul II |date=29 November 1979 |title=Inter Sanctos (Apostolic Letter AAS 71) |url=http://francis35.org/pdf/papal_declaration.en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809222858/http://francis35.org/pdf/papal_declaration.en.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> On 28 March 1982, John Paul II said that Francis' love and care for creation was a challenge for contemporary Catholics and a reminder "not to behave like dissident predators where nature is concerned, but to assume responsibility for it, taking all care so that everything stays healthy and integrated, so as to offer a welcoming and friendly environment even to those who succeed us."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pope John Paul II |date=28 March 1982 |title=Angelus |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/it/angelus/1982/documents/hf_jp-ii_ang_19820328.html |access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref> The same Pope wrote on the occasion of the World Day of Peace, 1 January 1990, that Francis "invited all of creation – animals, plants, natural forces, even Brother Sun and Sister Moon – to give honour and praise to the Lord. The poor man of Assisi gives us striking witness that when we are at peace with God we are better able to devote ourselves to building up that peace with all creation which is inseparable from peace among all peoples."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pope John Paul II |author-link=Pope John Paul II |date=8 December 1989 |title=World Day of Peace 1990 |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/messages/peace/documents/hf_jp-ii_mes_19891208_xxiii-world-day-for-peace_en.html |access-date=24 October 2012}}</ref>
In 2015, ] published his encyclical letter ] about the ecological crisis and "care for our common home, which takes its name from the ], which Francis of Assisi composed. It presents Francis as "the example par excellence of care for the vulnerable and of an integral ecology lived out joyfully and authentically".<ref></ref> This inspired the birth of the ], a global network of nearly 1000 organizations promoting the Laudato Si' message and the Franciscan approach to ecology.<ref></ref>
It is a popular practice on his feast day, 4 October, for people to bring their pets and other animals to church for a blessing.<ref></ref>
===Feast day===
{{Main|Feast of Saints Francis and Catherine}}
]]]
Francis' ] is observed on 4 October. A secondary feast in honour of the ] received by Francis, celebrated on 17 September, was inserted in the ] in 1585 (later than the ]) and suppressed in 1604, but was restored in 1615. In the New Roman Missal of 1969, it was removed again from the General Calendar, as something of a duplication of the main feast on 4 October, and left to the calendars of certain localities and of the Franciscan Order.<ref>Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana), p. 139</ref> Wherever the Tridentine Missal is used, however, the feast of the Stigmata remains in the General Calendar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Stigmata of Saint Francis, Appearing and Disappearing in the Liturgy |url=http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2018/09/the-stigmata-of-saint-francis-appearing.html |access-date=2021-05-09}}</ref>
Francis is ] with a ] in the ],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Calendar |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=The Church of England }}</ref> the ], the ], the ], the ], and other churches and religious communities on ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Francis of Assisi |url=https://stfranciscrockett.com/st-francis-of-assisi |access-date=2021-02-02 |website=St. Francis of Tejas Church }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Michael |title=St. Francis of Assisi: The Legend and the Life |publisher=A&C Black |year=1999 |isbn=0-225-66736-3 |location=Great Britain |pages=267}}</ref>
===Papal name===
On 13 March 2013, upon his ] as Pope, Archbishop and ] Jorge Mario Bergoglio of ] chose Francis as his ] in honor of Francis of Assisi, becoming ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pope Francis |author-link=Pope Francis |date=16 March 2013 |title=Audience to Representatives of the Communications Media |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/speeches/2013/march/documents/papa-francesco_20130316_rappresentanti-media_en.html |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Marotta 2016">{{Cite book |last=Marotta |first=Giulia |title=Handbook of Global Contemporary Christianity: Movements, Institutions, and Allegiance |publisher=] |year=2016 |isbn=978-90-04-26539-4 |editor-last=Hunt |editor-first=Stephen J. |editor-link=Stephen J. Hunt |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=12 |location=] |pages=165–184 |chapter=Revolutionary Monasticism?: Franciscanism and Ecclesiastical Hierarchy as a Hermeneutic Dilemma of Contemporary Catholicism |doi=10.1163/9789004310780_009 |issn=1874-6691}}</ref>
At his first audience on 16 March 2013, Pope Francis told journalists that he had chosen the name in honor of Francis of Assisi, and had done so because he was especially concerned for the well-being of the poor.<ref name="Marotta 2016" /><ref name="Pope Francis explains decision to take St Francis of Assisi">{{Cite news |date=16 March 2013 |title=Pope Francis explains decision to take St Francis of Assisi's name |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/16/pope-francis-st-francis-assisi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317092441/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/16/pope-francis-st-francis-assisi |archive-date=17 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="Fracis">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2013 |title=New Pope Francis visits St. Mary Major, collects suitcases and pays bill at hotel |url=http://www.news.va/en/news/new-pope-francis-visits-st-mary-major-collects-sui |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317025225/http://www.news.va/en/news/new-pope-francis-visits-st-mary-major-collects-sui |archive-date=17 March 2013 |access-date=4 January 2017 |publisher=]}}</ref><ref>Michael Martínez, , ] (13 March 2013). Retrieved 13 March 2013.</ref> The pontiff recounted that Cardinal ] had told him, "Don't forget the poor", right after the election; that made Bergoglio think of Francis.<ref>Laura Smith-Spark et al. :  CNN,16 March 2013</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2013 |title=Pope Francis wants 'poor Church for the poor' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21812545 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref> It is the first time a pope has taken the name.{{efn|On the day of his election, the Vatican clarified that his official papal name was "Francis", not "Francis I". A Vatican spokesman said that the name would become Francis I if and when there is a Francis II.<ref name="Fracis"/><ref name="Vatican: It">{{Cite news |last=Alpert |first=Emily |date=13 March 2013 |title=Vatican: It's Pope Francis, not Pope Francis I |work=] |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2013-mar-13-la-fg-wn-vatican-pope-francis-name-20130313-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315094438/http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-vatican-pope-francis-name-20130313,0,1309501.story |archive-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>}}
===Patronage===
] of Francis of Assisi]]
On 18 June 1939, ] named Francis a joint ] of Italy along with ] with the apostolic letter "Licet Commissa".<ref>] (18 June 1939). "Licet Commissa" (Apostolic Letter AAS 31, pp. 256–257)</ref> Pope Pius also mentioned the two saints in the laudative discourse he pronounced on 5 May 1949, in the Church of ].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
Francis is the patron of animals and ecology.<ref name=franciscanmedia.org /> As such, he is the patron saint of the ], a network that promotes the Franciscan ecological paradigm as outlined in the encyclical Laudato Si'.<ref></ref>
He is also considered the patron against dying alone{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}; against fire; patron of the ] and ];<ref name=cns></ref> of families, peace, and needleworkers.<ref name=newman></ref> and a number of religious congregations.<ref name=cns/>
He is the patron of many ] around the world, including: Italy;<ref name=newman/> ], Malta; ], Germany; ]; ]; ], Philippines; ], Philippines; San Francisco;<ref name=newman/> ]; ]; ]; ]; and ], Colombia.
===Outside Catholicism===
====Anglicanism====
One of the results of the ] in the ] during the 19th century was the re-establishment of religious orders, including some of Franciscan inspiration. The principal Anglican communities in the Franciscan tradition are the ] (women, founded 1905), the Poor Clares of Reparation (P.C.R.), the ] (men, founded 1934), and the ] (women, enclosed).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Society of St Francis |url=https://anglicanfranciscans.org/index.php |access-date=25 January 2024 |publisher=anglicanfranciscans.org}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
A U.S.-founded order within the Anglican world communion is the Seattle-founded order of Clares in Seattle (Diocese of Olympia), The Little Sisters of St. Clare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Little Sisters of St. Clare |url=http://www.stclarelittlesisters.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902173451/http://www.stclarelittlesisters.org/ |archive-date=2 September 2010 |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
The Anglican church retained the Catholic tradition of blessing animals on or near Francis' feast day of 4 October, and more recently Lutheran and other Protestant churches have adopted the practice.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bliss |first=Peggy Ann |date=3 October 2019 |title=Animals to be blessed Saturday at Episcopal Cathedral |page=20 |work=The San Juan Daily Star |url=http://www.sanjuanweeklypr.com/pdf/ediciones-pasadas/Oct-3-19.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=6 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007024646/http://www.sanjuanweeklypr.com/pdf/ediciones-pasadas/Oct-3-19.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>
====Protestantism====
{{main|Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism}}
Several Protestant groups have emerged since the 19th century that strive to adhere to the teachings of St. Francis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heimann|first=Mary|date=May 2017|title=The secularisation of St Francis of Assisi|journal=British Catholic History|volume=33|issue=3|pages=401–420|doi=10.1017/bch.2017.4|issn=2055-7973|doi-access=free}}</ref>
There are also some small Franciscan communities within European Protestantism and the ]. There are some ],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Order of Lutheran Franciscans |url=http://www.lutheranfranciscans.org |access-date=20 June 2015 |publisher=Lutheranfranciscans.org}}</ref> including the ], the ], and the Evangelische Kanaan Franziskus-Bruderschaft (Kanaan Franciscan Brothers).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robson |first=Michael J. P. |title=The Cambridge Companion to Francis of Assisi |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780511978128}}</ref>
====Orthodox churches====
Francis is not officially recognized as a saint by any Orthodox Church and the Orthodox Church has not pronounced any official view on the stigmata.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oca.org/questions/romancatholicism/manifestations | title=Manifestations - Questions & Answers }}</ref> Orthodox Saint, bishop, and theologian ] referred to a particular hagiographer of Francis of Assisi as being in delusion:
"As an example of a book written in the state of delusion called opinion, we cite the following: 'When Francis was caught up to heaven,' says a writer of his life, 'God the Father, on seeing him, was for a moment in doubt to as  to whom to give the preference, to His Son by nature, or to His son by grace-Francis.' What can be more frightful or madder than this blasphemy, what can be sadder than this delusion?".<ref>Chapter 11 from "The Arena" by Ignatius Brianchaninov.</ref> 
Francis of Assisi received limited veneration by Orthodox Christians in the Middle Ages, and there are Orthodox icons of him at the Church of Panagia Kera at Kritsa, in Crete.<ref>The church of Panagia Kera at Kritsa. Orthodox Crete. Retrieved from: https://orthodoxcrete.com/en/places/the-church-of-panagia-kera-at-kritsa/</ref>
Today, Francis' feast is celebrated at ], an ] ] community in ] founded by Catholic Franciscans in the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events, New Skete Monastery |url=https://newskete.org/events#cedf0dc2-8e10-4c59-a72c-a3a3517beb29 |website=newskete.org |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119133924/https://newskete.org/events#cedf0dc2-8e10-4c59-a72c-a3a3517beb29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
St. ] had Francis as his baptismal name, and the Greek tradition always requires Saint's names to be taken at baptism.
Romanian Orthodox priest, iconographer, and saint, ] painted an icon of Saints in Draganescu Church, which included St. Francis of Assisi.<ref>Comșuța Radu, The Discovery of a Mystery, 2018, Descoperirea unei Taine. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/41412677/The_Discovery_of_a_Mystery</ref>
]
====Other religions====
Outside of Christianity, other individuals and movements are influenced by the example and teachings of Francis. These include the popular philosopher ], who has made videos on the spirituality of Francis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Francis of Assisi – What is Perfect Joy! |url=https://www.eckharttollenow.com/new-home-video/?shortcode=7ti9fq |access-date=26 June 2019 |website=Eckhart Tolle Now}}</ref>
The interreligious spiritual community of ] in Wales also takes inspiration from the example of Francis, and models itself as an interfaith Franciscan order.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skanda Vale – Frequently asked questions |url=https://www.skandavale.org/faq/ |access-date=14 November 2018 |website=Skanda Vale}}</ref>
===Main writings===
]
* ''Canticum Fratris Solis'' or ''Laudes Creaturarum''; ], 1224
* ''Oratio ante Crucifixum'', Prayer before the Crucifix, 1205 (extant in the original Umbrian dialect as well as in a contemporary Latin translation)
* ''Regula non bullata'', the Earlier Rule, 1221
* ''Regula bullata'', the Later Rule, 1223
* ''Testament'', 1226
* ''Admonitions'', 1205 to 1209<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bartleby.com/essay/St-Francis-And-The-Franciscan-Admonitions-FKNT35YTC | title=Essay about St. Francis and the Franciscan Admonitions &#124; Bartleby }}</ref>
For a complete list, see ''The Franciscan Experience''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writings of St. Francis – Part 2 |url=http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/fra/FRAwr02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128093924/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/fra/FRAwr02.html |archive-date=28 January 2013 |access-date=17 January 2013}}</ref>
Francis is considered the first Italian poet by some literary critics.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uq0bObScHMC |title=The Cambridge History of Italian Literature |publisher=] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-52166622-0 |editor-last=Brand |editor-first=Peter |chapter=2 – Poetry. Francis of Assisi (pp. 5ff.) |access-date=31 December 2015 |editor-last2=Pertile |editor-first2=Lino |editor-link2=Lino Pertile |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uq0bObScHMC&pg=PA5}}</ref> He believed commoners should be able to pray to God in their own language, and he wrote often in the dialect of Umbria instead of Latin.<ref name="Francis">{{Cite book |last=Chesterton |first=G.K. |url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/stf01010.htm |title=St. Francis |publisher=Image |year=1987 |isbn=0-385-02900-4 |pages=160 p |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812043401/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/stf01010.htm |archive-date=12 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The anonymous 20th-century prayer "]" is widely attributed to Francis, but there is no evidence for it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Renoux |first=Christian |title=La prière pour la paix attribuée à saint François: une énigme à résoudre |publisher=Editions franciscaines |year=2001 |isbn=2-85020-096-4 |location=Paris}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Renoux |first=Christian |title=The Origin of the Peace Prayer of St. Francis |url=http://www.franciscan-archive.org/franciscana/peace.html |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
==In art==
The Franciscan Order promoted devotion to the life of Francis from his canonization onwards, and Francis appeared in European art soon after his death.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zutshi |first=Patrick |chapter=Images of Franciscans and Dominicans in a manuscript of Alexander Nequam's ''Florilegium'' (Cambridge University Library, MS Gg.6.42) |date=2018-07-10 |title=The Franciscan order in the medieval English province and beyond |pages=51–66 |editor-last=Zutshi |editor-first=Patrick |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |doi=10.1017/9789048537754.004 |isbn=978-90-485-3775-4 |s2cid=240379755 |editor2-last=Robson |editor2-first=Michael}}</ref> The order commissioned many works for Franciscan churches, either showing him with sacred figures or episodes from his life. There are large early ] cycles in the ], parts of which are shown above.
There are countless seventeenth- and eighteenth-century depictions of Saint Francis of Assisi and a musical angel in churches and museums throughout western Europe. The titles of these depictions vary widely, at times describing Francis as "consoled", "comforted", in "ecstasy" or in "rapture"; the presence of the musical angel may or may not be mentioned.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Holly |title=The Musical Rapture of Saint Francis of Assisi: Hagiographic Adaptations and Iconographic Influences |journal=Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography |volume=45 |issue=1–2 |date=2020 |pages=72–86 |issn=1522-7464 }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="154" caption="Francis of Assisi in art">
File:Master of the bardi saint francis . St. Francis and scenes from his life 13 cent Santa croce.jpg|''St. Francis and scenes from his life'', 13th century, in ].
File:Saint Francis of Assisi Receiving the Stigmata.jpg|'']'', ], c. 1430–1432, ] version
File:Domenico Veneziano - The Stigmatization of St Francis (predella 1) - WGA06432.jpg|''The Stigmatization of St Francis'', ], 1445
File:Giovanni Bellini - Saint Francis in the Desert - Google Art Project.jpg|'']'' ], c. 1480
File:Carlo Crivelli - Saint Francis Collecting the Blood of Christ - Google Art Project.jpg|''Saint Francis with the Blood of Christ'', ], c. 1500
File:El Greco - Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata - Google Art Project.jpg|'']'', Studio of ], 1585–1590
File:Ribalta-san francisco-prado.jpg|''Francis of Assisi with angel music'', ], c. 1620
File:Francisco de Zurbarán 053.jpg|''Saint Francis in Meditation'', ], 1639
File:Saint Francis of Assisi by Jusepe de Ribera.jpg|''Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy'', Jusepe de Ribera, 1639
File:Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy-Caravaggio (c.1595).jpg|'']'', ], c. 1595
File:Josep Benlliure Gil19.jpg|''Francis of Assisi visiting his convent while far away, in a chariot of fire'', ] (1855–1937)
File:The Ecstasy of st Francis--Sassetta--Bernson collecton--Settignano.jpg|''The Ecstasy of St. Francis'', ], 1444
File:Nazario Gerardi as St. Francis in Francesco, giullare di Dio 2.jpg|Nazario Gerardi as Francis in '']'', 1950
File:Statue in Cloisters said to have the cure for toothache. You can see teeth as votive offerings at the foot of the statue!.jpg|Statue in ], Ireland, claimed to cure ], 14th–15th century
File:Late 15th - Early 16th century depiction of Saint Francis of Assisi, by Tiberio of Assisi.jpg|''St Francis,'' ], 1470 - 1524
File:El Greco Ecstasy of Saint Francis higher res.jpg|'']'', attributed to ].
</gallery>
==Media==
]
]]]
===Films===
* '']'', a 1950 film directed by ] and co-written by ]. Francis was played by Nazario Gerardi, a ] friar from the monastery ].
* '']'', a 1961 film directed by ], based on the novel ''The Joyful Beggar'' by ], starring ] as Francis. ], who plays ], later became a ] nun. 
* '']'', a 1966 made-for-television film directed by ], starring ] as Francis.
* '']'', a 1966 film directed by ]
* '']'', a 1972 film by ], starring ] as Francis.
* '']'', a 1989 film by ], contemplatively paced, follows Francis of Assisi's evolution from a rich man's son to a religious humanitarian, and eventually to a full-fledged self-tortured saint. Francis is played by ].
* ''St. Francis'', a 2002 film directed by ], starring ] as Francis.
* ''Clare and Francis'', a 2007 film directed by ], starring Mary Petruolo and Ettore Bassi
* '']'', a 2010 satirical Indian ]
* ''Finding St. Francis'', a 2014 film directed by Paul Alexander
* ''L'ami – François d'Assise et ses frères'' (The friend – Francis of Assisi and his brothers),<ref name="movie-lami">{{cite web | title=L'ami (2016)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5096600/ | access-date=2023-11-25|date=2016|website=imdb.com|quote=The movie follows from 1209 to 1226 Elia da Cortona, one of the most faithful followers of S. Francis.}}</ref> a 2016 film directed by Renaud Fely and Arnaud Louvet starring ]
* ''The Sultan and the Saint'',<ref name="wildgoose.tv">{{Citation |title=St. Francis of Assisi: Sign of Contradiction |url=https://wildgoose.tv/programs/st-francis-of-assisi-sign-of-contradiction-46401f |access-date=2023-09-12 }}</ref> a 2016 film directed by ], starring Alexander McPherson
* ''Sign of Contradiction'',<ref name="wildgoose.tv"/> a 2018 documentary film featuring commentary by Fr. Dave Pivonka, Cardinal ], and others, focusing on a revealing of the true St. Francis to modern audiences.
*''In Search of St. Francis of Assisi'',<ref>, Green Apple Entertainment. Retrieved 20 December 2019.</ref> documentary featuring Franciscan friars and others
* '']'', a 2022 film on YouTube Originals by Nicolas Brown, telling the story of Saint Francis and the encyclical 'Laudato Si'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=Pope Francis YouTube Doc 'The Letter: A Message For Our Earth' Launches From Vatican City – Trailer |url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/global/youtube-doc-the-letter-a-message-for-our-earth-featuring-pope-francis-1235392482/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Variety }}</ref>
===Music===
{{For|musical settings of the prayer incorrectly attributed to Francis|Prayer of Saint Francis#Musical settings}}
* ]:
** ''Cantico del sol di Francesco d'Assisi'', S.4 (sacred choral work, 1862, 1880–81; versions of the Prelude for piano, S. 498c, 499, 499a; version of the Prelude for organ, S. 665, 760; version of the Hosannah for organ and bass trombone, S.677)
** ''St. François d'Assise: La Prédication aux oiseaux'', No. 1 of ''Deux Légendes'', S.175 (piano, 1862–63)
* ]: ''Saint François d'Assise'' (oratorio, 1912)
* ]: '']'' (hymn paraphrase of '']'', published 1919)
* ]: ''Fioretti'' (voice and orchestra, 1920)
* ]: ''San Francesco d'Assisi'' (soloists, chorus and orchestra, 1920–21)
* ]: ''Le Laudi'' (The Praises) or ''Le Laudi di San Francesco d'Assisi'', based on the ''Canticle of the Sun'', (], 1923)
* ]: '']'' (soloists, chorus and orchestra, 1928)
* ]: '']'' (ballet 1938)
* ]: '']'' (cantata for mixed voices with accompaniment for piano or orchestra, 1944)
* ]: '']'' (men's chorus, 1948)
* ]: ''The Canticle of the Sun'' (cantata for chorus of mixed voices with soli ad lib. and accompaniment for organ or orchestra, 1949)
* ]: ''Cantico del sol'' (chorus, 1973–74)
* ]: '']'' (opera, 1975–83)
* {{interlanguage link|Juliusz Łuciuk|pl}}: ''Święty Franciszek z Asyżu'' (oratorio for soprano, tenor, baritone, mixed chorus and orchestra, 1976)
* ]: ''Franz von Assisi'', ''Musikspiel'' (Musical play, text: Wilhelm Wilms, 1978)
* Michele Paulicelli: ''{{interlanguage link|Forza venite gente|it}}'' (musical theater, 1981)
* ]: ''Troubador of the Great King'' (1981), double-LP composed in honor of the 800th birthday of St. Francis of Assisi.
* ]: '']'' (1982), scene 4 of the opera '']''
* ]: ''I Will Sing and Raise a Psalm'' (SATB chorus and organ, 1995)
* ]: ''Sonnengesang'' (solo cello, chamber choir and percussion, 1997)
* {{interlanguage link|Juventude Franciscana|pt|Juventude Franciscana}}: ''Balada de Francisco'' (voices accompanied by guitar, 1999)
* ]: ''L'infinitamente piccolo'' (album, 2000)
* ]: ''St. Francis Preaches to the Birds'' (chamber concerto for violin, 2005)
* ] (composer) / ] (libretto): '']'' (], 2016)
* ]: ''Flowers of St. Francis'' (solo for Bass Clarinet, 2013)
* ]: ''Litany of the Martyrs'', appears in ''Adamandi'' (musical number, 2022)
===Selected biographical books===
Hundreds of books have been written about him. The following suggestions are from Franciscan friar Conrad Harkins (1935–2020), director of the Franciscan Institute at St. Bonaventure University.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harkins |first=Conrad |date=1994 |title=Francis of Assisi: Recommended Resources |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-42/francis-of-assisi-recommended-resources.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020141857/https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-42/francis-of-assisi-recommended-resources.html |archive-date=20 October 2020 |website=Christianity Today |access-date=11 April 2021 }}</ref>
* ], ''Life of St. Francis of Assisi'' (Scribner's, 1905).
* ], ''St. Francis of Assisi: A Biography'' (translated by T. O’Conor Sloane; Longmans, 1912).
* Arnaldo Fortini, ''Francis of Assisi'' (translated by Helen Moak, Crossroad, 1981).
* ], '']'' (Ο Φτωχούλης του Θεού, in Greek; 1954)
* ], ''St. Francis of Assisi'' (SPCK, 1963)
* John Moorman, "The Spirituality of St. Francis of Assisi" (''Our Sunday Visitor'', 1977).
* Erik Doyle, ''St. Francis and the Song of Brotherhood'' (Seabury, 1981).
* ], ''St. Francis of Assisi'' (translated by Paul Duggan; Franciscan, 1988).
===Other===
<!-- Note: Before adding to this section, please consider whether the addition will help the reader better understand St. Francis, his life, or his impact on subsequent generations. Mere reference to St. Francis is not enough to justify inclusion. -->
* In ]'s poem "''Los Motivos del Lobo''{{-"}} ("The Reasons of the Wolf") St. Francis tames a terrible wolf only to discover that the human heart harbours darker desires than those of the beast.
* In ]'s '']'', Ivan Karamazov invokes the name of "Pater Seraphicus", an epithet applied to St. Francis, to describe Alyosha's spiritual guide Zosima. The reference is found in Goethe's ''Faust'', Part 2, Act 5, lines 11,918–25.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Медведев |first=Александр |date=2015 |title="Сердце милующее": образы праведников в творчестве Ф. М. Достоевского и св. Франциск Ассизский |url=https://www.academia.edu/25350873 |journal=Известия Уральского федерального университета. Серия 2: Гуманитарные науки. |volume=2 |issue=139 |pages=222–233 |access-date=11 July 2019 |via=www.academia.edu}}</ref>
* In '']'', ]' chapter on the "Mystics" discusses Francis extensively.
* ''Francesco's Friendly World'' was a 1996–97 ] Christian animated series produced by ] that was about Francesco and his talking animal friends as they rebuild the Church of San Damiano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mark Bernthal |format=Video |url=http://www.markbernthal.com/markbernthal-com/Mark_Bernthal_-_TV-VIDEOS.html |website=www.markbernthal.com}}</ref>
* Rich Mullins co-wrote ''Canticle of the Plains'', a musical, with Mitch McVicker. Released in 1997, it was based on the life of St. Francis of Assisi, but told as a Western story.
* ]'s novel '']'' (1957) features a protagonist, Frank Alpine, who exemplifies the life of St. Francis in mid-20th-century Brooklyn, New York City.{{citation needed|date=October 2022|reason=Novel's article does not mention St. Francis}}
* ]'s book ''St. Francis of Assisi'', a biographical and philosophical explanation of St. Francis<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/saint-francis-by-g-k-chesterton|title=St. Francis of Assisi by G. K. Chesterton|date=1923}}</ref>
==See also==
* ]
* '']'', an opera by ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ], which contains a portrait of Francis made during his lifetime
* ], one of Francis' original followers
* ]
===Prayers===
* ], a prayer by Francis
* ], composed by Francis
* ], a prayer often misattributed to Francis
==Notes==
{{Notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=Nativity|The Christmas scenes made by Saint Francis at the time were not inanimate objects, but live ones, later commercialised into inanimate representations of the Blessed Lord and His parents.}}
}}
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="franciscanmedia.org">{{Cite web |title=Saint Francis of Assisi |url=https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-francis-of-assisi/ |access-date=20 March 2019 |website=Franciscan Media}}</ref>
}}
===General references===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite web |last1=Brady |first1=Ignatius Charles |last2=Cunningham |first2=Lawrence |date=September 29, 2020 |title=St. Francis of Assisi |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Francis-of-Assisi |access-date=5 October 2020 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}
*{{Cite book |last=Brooke |first=Rosalind B. |title=The Image of St Francis: Responses to Sainthood in the Thirteenth Century |date=2006 |publisher=University Press |location=Cambridge}}
*{{Cite news |last=Delio |first=Ilia |date=20 March 2013 |title=Francis of Assisi, nature's mystic |newspaper=] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/francis-of-assisi-natures-mystic/2013/03/20/82619910-9166-11e2-bdea-e32ad90da239_story.html}}.
* Scripta Leonis, Rufini et Angeli Sociorum S. Francisci: The Writings of Leo, Rufino and Angelo Companions of St. Francis, original manuscript, 1246, compiled by Brother Leo and other companions (1970, 1990, reprinted with corrections), Oxford: Oxford University Press, edited by Rosalind B. Brooke, in Latin and English, {{ISBN|0-19-822214-9}}, containing testimony recorded by intimate, longtime companions of St. Francis.
* Francis of Assisi, ''The Little Flowers (Fioretti)'', London, 2012. limovia.net {{ISBN|978-1-78336-013-0}}.
* Bonaventure; Cardinal Manning (1867). The Life of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Francisci) (1988 ed.). Rockford, Illinois: TAN Books & Publishers {{ISBN|978-0-89555-343-0}}.
* Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1924). St. Francis of Assisi (14th ed.). Garden City, New York: Image Books.
* Englebert, Omer (1951). The Lives of the Saints. New York: Barnes & Noble.
* Karrer, Otto, ed., St. Francis, The Little Flowers, Legends, and Lauds, trans. N. Wydenbruck (London: ], 1979).
* {{Cite book |last=Tolan |first=John V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKoSDAAAQBAJ |title=Saint Francis and the Sultan: The Curious History of a Christian-Muslim Encounter |publisher=University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-923972-6 |location=Oxford |author-link=John V. Tolan}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Acocella |first=Joan |date=14 January 2013 |title=Rich Man, Poor Man: The Radical Visions of St. Francis |volume=88 |pages=72–77 |magazine=] |issue=43 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/01/14/rich-man-poor-man |access-date=23 January 2015}}.
* {{cite book|title=Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi|url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/ugolino/flowers.html|last=Bonaventure|first= Saint Cardinal|year=1910|author-link=Bonaventure|publisher=J.M. Dent; New York: E.P. Dutton}} 
* {{cite book|last=Brady|first=Kathleen|title=Francis and Clare: The Struggles of the Saints of Assisi|year=2021|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KN6OzgEACAAJ|publisher=Lodwin Press, New York|isbn=978-1737549826}}
* ''The Little Flowers  of Saint Francis'' (Translated by Raphael Brown), ], 1998. {{ISBN|978-0-385-07544-2}}.
* ], ''Salvation: Scenes from the Life of St. Francis'', New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001. {{ISBN|0-375-40983-1}}.
* Giovanni Morello and Laurence B. Kanter, eds., ''The Treasury of Saint Francis of Assisi'', Electa, Milan, 1999. Catalog of exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, March 16 – June 27, 1999.
*{{cite book|chapter=]|title=Beautiful pearls of Catholic truth|year=1897|publisher=Henry Sphar & Co.|first=Bernard|last=O'Reilly|author-link=}}
* Paul Moses, ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', New York: Doubleday, 2009.
* ], ''Reluctant Saint: The Life of Francis of Assisi'', New York: Viking Compass, 2002. {{ISBN|0-670-03128-3}}.
* Augustine Thompson, O.P., ''Francis of Assisi: A New Biography'', Cornell University Press, 2012.{{ISBN|978-0-80145070-9}}.
* ], '']'', Yale University Press, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-30017894-4}}.
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|d=Q676555}}
* , '']'' online
* , ''Butler's Lives of the Saints''
* 
* 
*  from Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend
* 
* 
* {{Cite web |title=The Poor Man of Assisi |url=https://digilander.libero.it/raxdi/inglese/index6.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323111105/https://digilander.libero.it/raxdi/inglese/induf.htm |archive-date=23 March 2018 |website=Invisible Monastery of charity and fraternity – Christian prayer group }}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Francis of Assisi}}
* {{Librivox author |id=9777}}
*  Exhibition at the ], London, May 6 – July 30, 2023. Review: , '']'', August 17, 2023. Review: ] , ''London Review of Books'', 27 July 2023.
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Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Commons link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Effective protection expiry (view source) (protected)
Module:Effective protection level (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:File link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/whitelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:For (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Internet Archive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/langx (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/aliases (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/b (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/c (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/s (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/v (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Protection banner (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Protection banner/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sister project links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sister project links/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sister project links/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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