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{{Short description|New religious movement founded by Aleister Crowley}}
{{About||the EP|Thelema (EP){{!}}''Thelema'' (EP)|the fictional abbey|Thélème}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2023}}
] in 1912]]
{{Thelema|expand=all}}
{{magic sidebar|Religion}}
'''Thelema''' ({{IPAc-en|θ|ə|ˈ|l|iː|m|ə}}) is a ] and occult social or spiritual philosophy{{sfnp|Crowley|1996|pp=61–62}} and a ] founded in the early 1900s by ] (1875–1947), an English writer, mystic, occultist, and ceremonial magician.{{sfnp|Kaczynski|2010}} Central to Thelema is the concept of discovering and following one's ], a unique purpose that transcends ordinary desires. Crowley's system begins with '']'', a text he maintained was dictated to him by a non-corporeal entity named ]. This work outlines key principles, including the axiom "Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law," emphasizing personal freedom and the pursuit of one's true path, guided by ].
The Thelemic cosmology features deities inspired by ]. The highest deity is ], the night sky symbolized as a naked woman covered in stars, representing the ultimate source of possibilities. ], the infinitely small point, symbolizes manifestation and motion. ], a form of ], represents the Sun and active energies of Thelemic magick. Crowley believed that discovering and following one's True Will is the path to self-realization and personal fulfillment, often referred to as the ].
] is a central practice in Thelema, involving various physical, mental, and spiritual exercises aimed at uncovering one's True Will and enacting change in alignment with it. Practices such as rituals, ], and meditation are used to explore consciousness and achieve self-mastery. The ], a central ritual in Thelema, mirrors traditional religious services but conveys Thelemic principles. ] also observe specific holy days, such as the ]es and the Feast of the Three Days of the Writing of the Book of the Law, commemorating the writing of Thelema's foundational text.
Post-Crowley figures like ], ], ], and ] have further developed Thelema, introducing new ideas, practices, and interpretations. Parsons conducted the ] to invoke the goddess ], while Grant synthesized various traditions into his ]. Lees created the ], and Nema Andahadna developed ].
==Historical precedents==
The word {{lang|grc|θέλημα}} ({{transl|grc|thelēma}}) is rare in ], where it "signifies the appetitive will: desire, sometimes even sexual",{{sfnp|Gauna|1996|pp=90–91}} but it is frequent in the ].{{sfnp|Gauna|1996|pp=90–91}} ] occasionally use the word to refer to the human will,<ref>e.g. {{bibleverse||John|1:12–13}}</ref> and even the will of the ],<ref>e.g. {{bibleverse|2|Timothy|2:26}}</ref> but it usually refers to the will of ].{{sfnp|Pocetto|1998}} In his 5th-century sermon, Catholic philosopher and theologian ] gave a similar instruction:{{sfnp|Sutin|2002|p=127}} "Love, and what you will, do." ({{lang|la|Dilige et quod vis fac}}).{{sfnp|Augustine|1990|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}}
In the ], a character named "Thelemia" represents will or desire in the '']'' of the ] and writer ]. The protagonist Poliphilo has two allegorical guides, Logistica (reason) and Thelemia (will or desire). When forced to choose, he chooses fulfillment of his sexual will over logic.{{sfnp|Salloway|1997|p=203}} Colonna's work was a great influence on the ] and writer ], who in the 16th century used ''Thélème'', the French form of the word, as the name of a ] in his novels, '']''.{{sfnp|Rabelais|1994|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}}{{sfnp|Saintsbury|1911|loc=v. 22, p. 771}} The only rule of this Abbey was "{{lang|fro|fay çe que vouldras}}" <!-- please do not "fix" this quote; it is a direct quote in archaic French. Thanks --> ("{{lang|fr|Fais ce que tu veux}}", or, "Do what you will").
In the mid-18th century, ] inscribed the adage on a doorway of his abbey at ],{{sfnp|Chisholm|1911|loc=v. 4, p. 731}} where it served as the motto of the ].{{sfnp|Chisholm|1911|loc=v. 4, p. 731}} Rabelais's Abbey of Thelema has been referred to by later writers Sir ] and ], in their novel '']'' (1878), and ] in his utopian romance ''The Building of Thelema'' (1910).
=== Definitions ===
==== In Classical Greek ====
In ] there are two words for ]: ''thelema'' ({{lang|grc|θέλημα}}) and ''boule'' ({{lang|grc|βουλή}}).
* {{transl|grc|Boule}} means 'determination', 'purpose', 'intention', 'counsel', or 'project'
* {{transl|grc|Thelema}} means 'divine will', 'inclination', 'desire', or 'pleasure'{{sfnp|Givens|2008|p=}}
'{{transl|grc|Thelema}}' is a rarely used word in Classical Greek. There are very few documents, the earliest being ] (5th century BCE). In antiquity it was beside the divine will which a man performs, just as much for the will of sexual desire. The intention of the individual was less understood as an overall, generalized, ] place wherever it was arranged.{{sfnp|Tolli|2004|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}}
The verb {{transl|grc|thelo}} appears very early (], early ] inscriptions) and has the meanings of "ready", "decide" and "desire" (Homer, 3, 272, also in the sexual sense).
"] says in the book '']'' that the goal of the human will is perception - unlike the plants that do not have '{{transl|grc|epithymia}}' (translation of the author). "{{transl|grc|Thelema}}", says the Aristoteles, "has changed here, '{{transl|grc|epithymia}}'", and '{{transl|grc|thelema}}', and that '{{transl|grc|thelema}}' is to be neutral, not somehow morally determined, the covetous driving force in man."{{sfnp|Tolli|2004|p=9}}
==== In the Old Testament ====
In the ] the term is used for the ] himself, the pious desire of the God-fearing, and the royal will of a secular ruler. It is thus used only for the representation of high ethical willingness in the faith, the exercise of authority by the authorities, or the non-human will, but not for more profane striving.{{sfnp|Tolli|2004|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}} In the  Septuagint, the terms ''boule'' and ''thelema'' appear, whereas in the ] text, the terms are translated into the ] ''voluntas'' ("will"). Thus, the different meaning of both concepts was lost.
==== In the New Testament ====
In the original ] version of the ] the word ''thelema'' is used 62 or 64<ref>{{Cite web |title="KJV Translation Count" |url=https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=G2307&t=NASB |access-date=29 August 2019 |website=Blue Letter Bible}}</ref> times, twice in the plural (''thelemata''). Here, God's will is always and exclusively designated by the word ''thelema'' (θέλημα, mostly in the singular), as the theologian Federico Tolli points out by means of the ''Theological Dictionary of the New Testament'' of 1938 ("Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven"). In the same way the term is used in ] and ]. For Tolli it follows that the genuine idea of Thelema does not contradict the teachings of Jesus.{{sfnp|Tolli|2004|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}}
===François Rabelais and the Abbey of Thélème===
{{Main|François Rabelais}}
]]]
François Rabelais was a ] and later a ] monk of the 16th century. Eventually he left the monastery to study medicine, and moved to the French city of ] in 1532. There he wrote ''],'' a connected series of books. They tell the story of two giants—a father (Gargantua) and his son (Pantagruel) and their adventures—written in an amusing, extravagant, and satirical vein.
Most critics today agree that Rabelais wrote from a ] perspective.{{sfnp|Bowen|1998|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}} The Crowley biographer Lawrence Sutin notes this when contrasting the French author's beliefs with the Thelema of ].{{sfnp|Sutin|2002|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}} In the previously mentioned story of Thélème, which critics analyze as referring in part to the suffering of loyal Christian reformists or "evangelicals"{{sfnp|Chesney|2004|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}} within the French Church,<ref>Hayes, E. Bruce, "Enigmatic prophecy" entry in {{harvp|Chesney|2004|p=68}}.</ref> the reference to the Greek word θέλημα "declares that the will of God rules in this abbey".<ref>Rothstein, Marian, "Thélème, Abbey of" entry in {{harvp|Chesney|2004|p=243}}.</ref> Sutin writes that Rabelais was no precursor of Thelema, with his beliefs containing elements of ] and Christian kindness.{{sfnp|Sutin|2002|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}}
In his first book (ch. 52–57), Rabelais writes of this Abbey of Thélème, built by the giant Gargantua. It is a classical ] presented in order to critique and assess the state of the society of Rabelais's day, as opposed to a modern utopian text that seeks to create the scenario in practice.{{sfnp|Stillman|1999|p=60}} It is a utopia where people's desires are more fulfilled.{{sfnp|Stillman|1999|p=70}}  Satirical, it also epitomises the ideals considered in Rabelais's fiction.{{sfnp|Rothstein|2001|p=17, n. 23}} The inhabitants of the abbey were governed only by their own free will and pleasure, the only rule being "Do What Thou Wilt". Rabelais believed that men who are free, well born and bred have honour, which intrinsically leads to virtuous actions. When constrained, their noble natures turn instead to remove their servitude, because men desire what they are denied.{{sfnp|Rabelais|1994|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}}
Some modern Thelemites consider Crowley's work to build upon Rabelais's summary of the instinctively honourable nature of the Thelemite. Rabelais has been variously credited with the creation of the philosophy of Thelema, as one of the earliest people to refer to it.{{sfnp|Edwards|2001|p=478}} The current National Grand Master General of the U.S. ] Grand Lodge has opined that:
{{blockquote|1=Saint Rabelais never intended his satirical, fictional device to serve as a practical blueprint for a real human society&nbsp;... Our Thelema is that of ''The Book of the Law'' and the writings of Aleister Crowley.{{sfnp|Sabazius X°|2007}} }}
], by ] from the late 1750s]]
Aleister Crowley wrote in ''The Antecedents of Thelema'' (1926), an incomplete work not published in his day, that Rabelais not only set forth the law of Thelema in a way similar to how Crowley understood it, but predicted and described in code Crowley's life and the holy text that he received, '']''. Crowley said the work he had received was deeper, showing in more detail the technique people should practice, and revealing scientific mysteries. He said that Rabelais confines himself to portraying an ideal, rather than addressing questions of political economy and similar subjects, which must be solved in order to realize the Law.{{sfnp|Crowley|1998}}
Rabelais is included among the ].{{sfnp|Crowley|1919b|p=249}}
===Francis Dashwood and the Hellfire Club===
] adopted some of the ideas of Rabelais and invoked the same rule in French, when he founded a group called the Monks of ] (better known as the ]).{{sfnp|Chisholm|1911|loc=v. 4, p. 731}} An abbey was established at Medmenham, in a property which incorporated the ruins of a ] abbey founded in 1201.  The group was known as the Franciscans, not after Saint ], but after its founder, ]. ], ] and other politicians were members.{{sfnp|Chisholm|1911|loc=v. 4, p. 731}} There is little direct evidence of what Dashwood's Hellfire Club practiced or believed.{{sfnp|Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon|2006}} The one direct testimonial comes from John Wilkes, a member who never got into the chapter-room of the inner circle.{{sfnp|Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon|2006}}
] in his ''Historical Memoires'' (1815) accused the Monks of performing Satanic rituals, but these reports have been dismissed as hearsay.{{sfnp|Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon|2006}} Daniel Willens argued that the group likely practiced ], but also suggests Dashwood may have held secret Roman Catholic sacraments. He asks if Wilkes would have recognized a genuine Catholic Mass, even if he saw it himself and even if the underground version followed its public model precisely.{{sfnp|Willens|1992}}
{{clear}}
==Beliefs==
===''The Book of the Law''===
{{Main|The Book of the Law}}
]]]
Aleister Crowley's system of Thelema begins with ''The Book of the Law'', which bears the official name '']''. It was written in ], during his honeymoon with his new wife ] ({{nee|Kelly}}). A small book, '']'', contains just three chapters, each of which Crowley said he had written in exactly one hour—beginning at noon on April 8, April 9, and April 10, 1904, respectively. Crowley also maintained that the book was dictated to him by a non-corporeal entity named ], whom he later identified as his ].{{sfnp|Crowley|1991|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}} Crowley stated that "no forger could have prepared so complex a set of numerical and literal puzzles" and that study of the text would dispel all doubts about the method of how the book was obtained.{{sfnp|Crowley|1991|loc=ch. 7}}
Besides the reference to ] made in the book, an analysis by Dave Evans found similarities to ''The Beloved of Hathor and Shrine of the Golden Hawk'',{{sfnp|Farr|Shakespear|c. 1902}} a play by ].{{sfnp|Evans|2007|pp=10, 26–30}} Evans says this may have resulted from the fact that "both Farr and Crowley were thoroughly steeped in ] imagery and teachings",{{sfnp|Evans|2007|p=5}} and that Crowley probably knew the same materials that inspired some of Farr's motifs.{{sfnp|Evans|2007|p=3}} ] also found similarities between Thelema and the work of ], attributing this to "shared insight" and perhaps to the older man's knowledge of Crowley's work.{{sfnp|Sutin|2002|pp=68, 137–138}}
Crowley wrote several commentaries on ''The Book of the Law'', the last of which he wrote in 1925. The latter commentary, dubbed "]", warns against discussing the book's contents, states that all "questions of the Law are to be decided only by appeal to my writings", and is signed by ].{{sfnp|Crowley|1976|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}}
===Axioms===
Three statements from ''The Book of the Law'' distill the practice and ethics of Thelema.{{sfnp|Crowley|1976}} Of these statements, one in particular, known as the "Law of Thelema", forms the central doctrine of Thelema."Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law". The first statement is then supplemented by a second, follow-up statement: "Love is the law, love under will." These two statements are generally believed to be better understood in light of a third statement: "Every man and every woman is a star."{{sfnp|Kaczynski|2010}}
These three statements have specific meanings:
*"Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law":{{sfnp|Crowley|1976|loc=ch.1, v. 40}} Adherents of Thelema should seek out and follow their true path, known as their ].{{sfnmp|1a1=Orpheus|1y=2005|1p=64|2a1=Kaczynski|2y=2010|3a1=Pasi|3y=2014}}
*"Every man and every woman is a star":{{sfnp|Crowley|1976|loc=ch.1, v.3}} This refers to the ],{{sfnp|Cornelius|2005|p=59}} which Plato described as being composed of the same substance as the stars.{{sfnp|Mead|1919|p=84}} It implies that individuals doing their Wills are like stars in the universe—occupying a time and position in space, yet distinctly individual and having an independent nature largely without undue conflict with other stars.{{sfnmp|1a1=Kaczynski|1y=2010|2a1=Pasi|2y=2014}}
*"Love is the law, love under will":{{sfnp|Crowley|1976|loc=ch. 1, v. 57}} The nature of the Law of Thelema is love, which Crowley wrote should be understood in the same sense as the Greek word '']''. Both ''agape'' and ''thelema'' sum to 93 in ].{{sfnmp|1a1=Kaczynski|1y=2010|2a1=Churton|2y=2011|2p=219}} The phrase "love under will" is often abbreviated as "93/93",{{sfnp|Campbell|2018|loc=ch. 3}} suggesting that "love under will" represents something akin to unity.{{sfnmp|1a1=Kaczynski|1y=2010|2a1=Pasi|2y=2014}}
===Cosmology===
]  depicting ], ] as the winged globe, ] seated on his throne, and the creator of the Stèle, the scribe ]]]
Thelema places its principal gods and goddesses—three altogether—from ] as the speakers presented in ''Liber AL vel Legis''.
The highest deity in the ] of Thelema is the goddess ] (also spelled ''Nuith''). She is envisioned as the night sky arching over the Earth, represented as a nude woman and typically depicted with stars covering her body. Nuit is conceived as the "]" and the ] of all things,{{sfnp|Orpheus|2005|pp=33–44}} the collection of all possibilities,{{sfnp|Crowley|1944|loc=XX. The Aeon}} "Infinite Space, and the Infinite Stars thereof",{{sfnp|Crowley|1976|loc=ch. 1, v. 22}} and the circumference of an infinite circle or sphere. Nuit is derived from the Egyptian sky goddess ] and is referred to poetically as "Our Lady of the Stars"{{sfnp|Sutin|2014|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}} and, in '']'', as "Queen of Space" and "Queen of Heaven".{{sfnp|Crowley|1976|loc=ch. 1, vv. 27,33}}
The second principal deity of Thelema is the god ], conceived as ], and the complement and consort of Nuit. Hadit symbolizes manifestation, motion, and time.{{sfnp|Orpheus|2005|pp=33–44}} He is also described in ''Liber AL vel Legis'' as "the flame that burns in every heart of man, and in the core of every star."{{sfnp|Crowley|1976|loc=II, 6}}
Hadit has sometimes been said to represent a "]" and all individual point-events within the body of Nuit.{{sfnp|Crowley|1973b|loc=ch. XI}} Hadit is said, in ''The Book of the Law'', to be "perfect, being Not."{{sfnp|Crowley|1976|loc=ch. II, v. 15.}} Additionally, it is written of Nuit in ''Liber AL bel Legis'' that "men speak not of Thee  as One but as None."{{sfnp|Crowley|1976|loc=ch. I, v. 27}}
The third deity of Thelemic theology is ], a manifestation of the ancient Egyptian deity ]. He is symbolized as a throned man with the head of a ] who carries a wand. He is associated with the ] and the active energies of Thelemic ].{{sfnp|Orpheus|2005|pp=33–44}}
Other deities within the pantheon of Thelema are ] (or ]), the god of silence and inner strength and the twin of Ra-Hoor-Khuit,{{sfnp|Orpheus|2005|pp=33–44}} as well as ], the goddess of all pleasure known as the Virgin Whore,{{sfnp|Orpheus|2005|pp=33–44}} and ], the beast upon which Babalon rides who represents the wild animal within humankind and the force of nature.{{sfnp|Orpheus|2005|pp=33–44}}
===True Will===
{{Main|True Will}}
According to Crowley, every individual has a ''True Will'', which is to be distinguished from the ordinary wants and desires of the ego. The True Will is essentially one's "calling" or "purpose" in life. "Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law"{{sfnp|Crowley|1976|loc=ch. 1, v. 40}} for Crowley refers not to ], fulfilling everyday desires, but to acting in response to that calling. According to ], a Thelemite is anyone who bases their actions on striving to discover and accomplish their true will,{{sfnp|DuQuette|1997|p=3}} when a person does their True Will, it is like an orbit, their niche in the universal order, and the universe assists them:{{sfnp|DuQuette|2003|p=12}}
{{blockquote|But the Magician knows that the pure Will of every man and every woman is already in perfect harmony with the divine Will; in fact, they are one and the same.{{sfnp|DuQuette|2003|p=12}}}}
For the individual to follow their True Will, the everyday self's socially instilled inhibitions may have to be overcome via deconditioning.{{sfnp|Morris|2006|p=302}}{{sfnp|Harvey|1997|p=98}} Crowley believed that to discover the True Will, one had to free the desires of the ] mind from the control of the conscious mind, especially the restrictions placed on sexual expression, which he associated with the power of divine creation.{{sfnp|Sutin|2002|p=294}} He identified the True Will of each individual with the ], a '']'' unique to each individual.{{sfnp|Hymenaeus Beta|1995|p=xxi}} The spiritual quest to find what you are meant to do and do it is also known in Thelema as the ].{{sfnp|Kraig|1998|p=44}}
===Ethics===
'']'' makes some standards of individual conduct clear. The primary of these is "Do what thou wilt", which is presented as the sum of the law and a right. Some interpreters of Thelema believe that this right includes an obligation to allow others to do their own wills without interference,{{sfnp|Suster|1988|p=200}} but ''Liber AL vel Legis'' makes no clear statement on the matter. Crowley himself wrote that there was no need to detail the ethics of Thelema for everything springs from "Do what thou Wilt".{{sfnp|Crowley|1979|p=400}} Crowley wrote several additional documents presenting his personal beliefs regarding individual conduct in light of the Law of Thelema, some of which indeed address the topic interference with the will of others: '']'', ''Duty'', and ''Liber II''.
''Liber OZ'' enumerates some of the individual's rights implied by the overarching right, "Do what thou wilt". For every individual, these include the right to "live by one's own law"; "live in the way that one wills to do"; "work, play, and rest as one will"; "die when and how one will"; "eat and drink what one will"; "live where one will"; "move about the earth as one will"; "think, speak, write, draw, paint, carve, etch, mould, build, and dress as one will"; "love when, where and with whom one will"; and "kill those who would thwart these rights".{{sfnp|Crowley|1997|p=689|loc=Appendix VIII: Supplement: ]}}
''Duty'' is described as "A note on the chief rules of practical conduct to be observed by those who accept the Law of Thelema."{{sfnp|Crowley|1997|p=484|loc=Appendix I: Official Instructions of the O.T.O.}} It is not a numbered "''Liber''" as the other documents Crowley intended for ]; instead, it is listed as a document explicitly intended for ].{{sfnp|Crowley|1997|p=484|loc=Appendix I: Official Instructions of the O.T.O.}} There are four sections:{{sfnp|Crowley|n.d.}}
*''A. Your Duty to Self:'' Describes the self as the center of the universe, with a call to learn about one's inner nature. Admonishes the reader to develop every faculty in a balanced way, establish one's autonomy, and devote oneself to the service of one's own ].
*''B. Your Duty to Others:'' An admonishment to eliminate the illusion of separateness between oneself and all others, to fight when necessary, to avoid interfering with the Wills of others, to enlighten others when needed, and to worship the divine nature of all other beings.
*''C. Your Duty to Mankind:'' States that the Law of Thelema should be the sole basis of conduct and that the laws of the land should aim to secure the greatest liberty for all individuals. Crime is described as being a violation of one's True Will.
*''D. Your Duty to All Other Beings and Things:'' States that the Law of Thelema should be applied to all problems and used to decide every ethical question. It violates the Law of Thelema to use any animal or object for a purpose for which it is unfit or to ruin things that are useless for their purpose. Man can use natural resources, but this should not be done wantonly, or the breach of the law will be avenged.
In ''Liber II: The Message of the Master Therion'', the Law of Thelema is summarized briefly as "Do what thou wilt—then do nothing else." Crowley describes the pursuit of True Will as not merely detaching from possible results but also involving tireless energy. It is ] but in a dynamic rather than static form. The ] is described as the individual's orbit, and if one seeks to do anything else, one will encounter obstacles, as doing anything other than the Will is a hindrance to it.{{sfnp|Crowley|1919c}}
==Practice==
{{main|Great Work (Thelema)}}
The core of Thelemic thought is "Do what thou wilt". However, beyond this, there exists a wide range of interpretation of Thelema. Modern Thelema is a syncretic philosophy and religion,{{sfnp|Rabinovitch|Lewis|2004|pp=267&ndash;270}} and many Thelemites try to avoid strongly dogmatic thinking.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} Crowley emphasized that each individual should follow their own inherent "]", rather than blindly following his teachings, saying he did not wish to found a flock of sheep.{{sfnp|Crowley|1979|loc=ch. 66}} Thus, contemporary Thelemites may practice more than one religion, including ], ], ], ] and ].{{sfnp|Rabinovitch|Lewis|2004|pp=267&ndash;270}} Many adherents of Thelema recognize correlations between Thelemic and other systems of spiritual thought; most borrow freely from the methods and practices of other traditions, including ], ], ], ], ] and ].{{sfnp|Rabinovitch|Lewis|2004|pp=267&ndash;270}} For example, ] and ] are thought to correspond with the ] and ] of ], ] and ] of the Hindu ]s, ] and ] of ], ] and ] in the ].{{sfnp|Orpheus|2005|pp=124, 131}}{{sfnp|Suster|1988|loc=p. 184 for Nuit and Tao, p. 188 for Hadit, Kether and Tao Teh, p. 146 & 150 for link to Tantra}}
===Magick===
{{Main|Ceremonial magic}}
], important in the magical order ] as the degrees of advancement in are related to it]]
Thelemic magick is a system of physical, mental, and spiritual exercises which practitioners believe are of benefit.<ref>DuQuette, Lon Milo, quoted in {{harvp|Orpheus|2005|p=1}}.</ref> Crowley defined magick as "the Science and Art of causing Change to occur in conformity with Will",{{sfnp|Crowley|1997|loc=Introduction to Part III}} and spelled it with a 'k' to distinguish it from stage magic. He recommended magick as a means for discovering the ].{{sfnp|Gardner|2004|p=86}} Generally, magical practices in Thelema are designed to assist in finding and manifesting the True Will, although some include celebratory aspects as well.{{sfnp|DuQuette|1993|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}} Crowley believed that after discovering the True Will, the magician must also remove any elements of himself that stand in the way of its success.{{sfnp|Crowley|1997|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}}
Crowley was a prolific writer, integrating Eastern practices with Western magical practices from the ].{{sfnp|Pearson|2002|p=44}} He recommended a number of these practices to his followers, including: basic ] (] and ]);{{sfnp|Orpheus|2005|pp=9–16, 45–52}} rituals of his own devising or based on those of the Golden Dawn, such as the ], for banishing and invocation;{{sfnp|DuQuette|1993|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}} '']'', a ritual for the invocation of the ];{{sfnp|DuQuette|1993|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}} ] such as '']'' and ''The Mass of the Phoenix'';{{sfnp|DuQuette|1993|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}} and '']'', consisting of four daily adorations to the sun.{{sfnp|DuQuette|1993|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}} He also discussed ]k and sexual gnosis in various forms involving ] and ] between heterosexual and homosexual partners; practices which are among his suggestions for those in the higher degrees of ].{{sfnp|Urban|2006|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}}
One goal in the study of Thelema within the magical Order of the A∴A∴ is for the magician to obtain the knowledge and conversation of the Holy Guardian Angel: conscious communication with their own personal ], thus gaining knowledge of their True Will.{{sfnp|Whitcomb|1993|p=51}} The chief task for one who has achieved this goes by the name of "crossing the ]";{{sfnp|Whitcomb|1993|p=483}} completely relinquishing the ego.  If the aspirant is unprepared, he will cling to the ego instead, becoming a Black Brother. According to Crowley, the Black Brother slowly disintegrates, while preying on others for his own self-aggrandisement.{{sfnp|Cavendish|1977|p=130}}
Crowley taught ] examination of all results obtained through ] or magick, at least for the student.{{sfnp|Crowley|1976b|loc=''Liber O'', I:2-5}} He tied this to the necessity of keeping a ] or diary, that attempts to list all conditions of the event.{{sfnp|Crowley|1976b|loc=''Liber E vel Exercitiorum'', section I}} Remarking on the similarity of statements made by spiritually advanced people of their experiences, he said that fifty years from his time they would have a scientific name based on "an understanding of the phenomenon" to replace such terms as "spiritual" or "supernatural". Crowley stated that his work and that of his followers used "the method of science; the aim of religion",{{sfnp|Crowley|1997|loc=Part I}} and that the genuine powers of the magician could in some way be objectively tested. This idea has been taken on by later practitioners of Thelema.  They may consider that they are testing hypotheses with each magical experiment. The difficulty lies in the broadness of their definition of success,{{sfnp|Luhrmann|1991|p=24}} in which they may see as evidence of success things which a non-magician would not define as such, leading to ]. Crowley believed he could demonstrate, by his own example, the effectiveness of magick in producing certain subjective experiences that do not ordinarily result from taking ], enjoying oneself in Paris, or walking through the ] desert.{{sfnp|Crowley|1909|loc=entries for 2.5 and 2.22 on the Eleventh Day}} It is not strictly necessary to practice ritual techniques to be a Thelemite, as due to the focus of Thelemic magick on the True Will, Crowley stated "every intentional act is a magickal act."{{sfnp|Kraig|1988|p=9}}
===Gnostic Mass===
{{main|Liber XV, The Gnostic Mass}}
Crowley wrote 'The Gnostic Mass'&nbsp;— technically called ''Liber XV'' or "''Book 15''"&nbsp;— in 1913 while travelling in ]. The structure is similar to the Mass of the ] and ], communicating the principles of Thelema. It is the central rite of ] and its ecclesiastical arm, ].{{sfnp|Tau Apiryon|2010}}
===Holidays===
{{further|Thelemic date}}
The ] gives several holy days to be observed by Thelemites. There are no established or dogmatic ways to celebrate these days, so as a result Thelemites will often take to their own devices or celebrate in groups, especially within ]. These holy days are usually observed on the following dates:{{sfnp|Schubert|2020}}
* March 20. ''The Feast of the Supreme Ritual'', which celebrates the Invocation of Horus, the ritual performed by Crowley on this date in 1904 that inaugurated the New Aeon.
* March 20/March 21. The ''Equinox of the Gods'', which is commonly referred to as the ''Thelemic New Year'' (although some celebrate the New Year on April 8). Although the ] and the Invocation of Horus often fall on the same day, they are often treated as two different events. This date is the Autumnal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere.
* April 8 through April 10. ''The Feast of the Three Days of the Writing of the Book of the Law.'' These three days are commemorative of the three days in the year 1904 during which Aleister Crowley wrote ''The Book of the Law''. One chapter was written each day, the first being written on April 8, the second on April 9, and the third on April 10. Although there is no official way of celebrating any Thelemic holiday, this particular feast day is usually celebrated by reading the corresponding chapter on each of the three days, usually at noon.
* June 20/June 21. The '']'' in the Northern Hemisphere and the ] in the Southern Hemisphere.
* August 12. ''The Feast of the Prophet and His Bride.'' This holiday commemorates the marriage of Aleister Crowley and his first wife ]. Rose was a key figure in the writing of ''The Book of the Law''.
* September 22/September 23. The '']'' in the Northern Hemisphere and the Vernal Equinox in the Southern Hemisphere.
* December 21/December 22. The '']'' in the Northern Hemisphere and the Summer Solstice in the Southern Hemisphere.
* ''The Feast for Life'', celebrated at the birth of a Thelemite and on birthdays.
* ''The Feast for Fire/The Feast for Water''. These feast days are usually taken as being when a child hits puberty and steps unto the path of adulthood. The Feast for Fire is celebrated for a male, and the Feast for Water for a female.
* ''The Feast for Death'', celebrated on the death of a Thelemite and on the anniversary of their death. Crowley's Death is celebrated on December 1.
===Greetings===
{{anchor|93}}<!--] redirects here-->
The number '''93''' is of great significance in Thelema.{{sfnp|Skinner|1996|p=79}} The central philosophy of Thelema is in two phrases from Liber AL: "do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the law" and "love is the law, love under will". Crowley urged their use in everyday communications, and himself used them to greet people.{{sfnp|Campbell|2018|loc=ch. 3}} Today, rather than using the full phrases, Thelemites often use ] abbreviations to shorten these greeting in informal contexts, a practice Crowley also applied in his informal written correspondences.{{sfnp|Campbell|2018|loc=ch. 3}} The two primary terms in these statements are 'will' and 'love', respectively. Using the Greek technique of ], which applies a numerical value to each letter, the letters of words ''thelema'' ('will') and '']'' ('love') each sum to 93:
* Thelema: {{lang|el|Θελημα}} = 9 + 5 + 30 + 8 + 40 + 1 = 93
* Agapé: {{lang|el|Αγαπη}} = 1 + 3 + 1 + 80 + 8 = 93
In this way, the first phrase is abbreviated to "93" while the second is abbreviated to "93 93/93", with the division "93/93" symbolizing love "under" will.{{sfnp|Campbell|2018|loc=ch. 3}}
==Post-Crowley developments==
Aleister Crowley was highly prolific and wrote on the subject of Thelema for over 35 years, and many of his books remain in print. During his time, there were several others who wrote on the subject, including U.S. ] Grand Master ], whose works on Qabalah are still in print, and Major-General ]. Subsequent to Crowley, a number of figures have made significant contributions to Thelema. Each has their own following within the broader Thelemic community.{{sfnp|Evans|2007b}}
===Jack Parsons===
]
] (1914–1952) was an American ], ], and Thelemite ]ist. Parsons converted to Thelema, and together with his first wife, Helen Northrup, joined the ], the Californian branch of ] (O.T.O.), in 1941. At Crowley's bidding, Parsons replaced ] as its leader in 1942 and ran the Lodge from his mansion on Orange Grove Boulevard.
Parsons identified four obstacles that prevented humans from achieving and performing their True Will, all of which he connected with fear: the fear of incompetence, the fear of the opinion of others, the fear of hurting others, and the fear of insecurity. He insisted that these must be overcome, writing that "The Will must be freed of its fetters. The ruthless examination and destruction of taboos, complexes, frustrations, dislikes, fears and disgusts hostile to the Will is essential to progress."{{sfnp|Parsons|2008|pp=69–71}}
The project was based on the ideas of Crowley, and his description of a similar project in his 1917 novel ].{{efn|{{harvp|Urban|2006|pp=135–137}}: "The ultimate goal of these operations, carried out during February and March 1946, was to give birth to the magical being, or 'moonchild,' described in Crowley's works.  Using the powerful energy of IX degree Sex Magick, the rites were intended to open a doorway through which the goddess Babalon herself might appear in human form."}} The rituals performed drew largely upon rituals and ] described by Crowley.  Crowley was in correspondence with Parsons during the course of the Babalon Working, and warned Parsons of his potential overreactions to the magic he was performing, while simultaneously deriding Parsons' work to others.{{sfnp|Sutin|2002|pp=412–414}}
A brief text entitled ''Liber 49'', self-referenced within the text as ''The Book of Babalon'', was written by ] as a transmission from the goddess or force called 'Babalon' received by him during the Babalon Working.{{sfnp|Pendle|2006|pp=263–271}}   Parsons wrote that ''Liber 49'' constituted a fourth chapter of Crowley's ''Liber AL Vel Legis (])'', the holy text of Thelema.{{sfnp|Nichols|Mather|Schmidt|2010|pp=1037–1038}}
===Kenneth Grant===
]
] (1924–2011) was an English ]ian and advocate of the Thelemic religion. A poet, novelist, and writer, he founded his own Thelemic organisation, the ]—later renamed the Typhonian Order—with his wife Steffi Grant.
Grant drew eclectically on a range of sources in devising his teachings.{{sfnp|Hedenborg White|2020|p=161}} Although based in Thelema, Grant's Typhonian tradition has been described as "a ''bricolage'' of occultism, Neo-Vedanta, Hindu tantra, Western sexual magic, Surrealism, ufology and Lovecraftian gnosis".{{sfnp|Bogdan|2015|p=1}} Grant promoted what he termed the Typhonian or Draconian tradition of magic,{{sfnp|Djurdjevic|2014|p=95}} and wrote that Thelema was only a recent manifestation of this wider tradition.{{sfnp|Djurdjevic|2014|p=106}} In his books, he portrayed the Typhonian tradition as the world's oldest spiritual tradition, writing that it had ancient roots in Africa.{{sfnp|Djurdjevic|2014|p=96}} The religious studies scholar Gordan Djurdjevic noted that Grant's historical claims regarding Typhonian history were "at best highly speculative" and lacked any supporting evidence; however he also suggested that Grant may never have intended these claims to be taken literally.{{sfnp|Djurdjevic|2014|p=109}}
Grant wrote that Indian spiritual traditions like Tantra and Yoga correlate to Western esoteric traditions and that both stem from a core ancient source and have parallels in the perennial philosophy promoted by the ] of esotericists.{{sfnp|Djurdjevic|2014|pp=92–93}} He believed that by mastering magic, one masters this illusory universe, gaining personal liberation and recognising that only the Self really exists.{{sfnp|Djurdjevic|2014|p=98}} Doing so, according to Grant, leads to the discovery of one's True Will, the central focus of Thelema.{{sfnp|Djurdjevic|2014|p=109}}  Grant further wrote that the realm of the Self was known as 'the Mauve Zone', and that it could be reached while in a state of deep sleep, where it has the symbolic appearance of a swamp.{{sfnp|Djurdjevic|2014|p=99}} He also believed that the reality of consciousness, which he deemed the only true reality, was formless and thus presented as a void, although he also taught that it was symbolised by the Hindu goddess ] and the Thelemic goddess ].{{sfnp|Djurdjevic|2014|p=100}}
Grant's views on ] drew heavily on the importance of ] among humans and the subsequent differentiation of gender roles.{{sfnp|Hedenborg White|2020|p=168}} Grant taught that the true secret of sex magic were bodily secretions, the most important of which was a woman's menstrual blood.{{sfnp|Djurdjevic|2014|p=96}} In this he differed from Crowley, who viewed ] as the most important genital secretion.{{sfnp|Hedenborg White|2020|p=174}} Grant referred to female sexual secretions as ''kalas'', a term adopted from ].{{sfnp|Djurdjevic|2014|p=107}} He thought that because women have kalas, they have oracular and visionary powers.{{sfnp|Hedenborg White|2020|p=169}} The magical uses of female genital secretions are a recurring theme in Grant's writings.{{sfnp|Hedenborg White|2020|p=165}}
===James Lees===
]
James Lees (August 22, 1939{{sfnp|Thompson|2018}} - 2015) was an English magician known for creating the system he called ]. In November 1976, Lees explained how he had discovered{{sfnp|Lees|2018}} the "order & value of the English Alphabet."{{sfnp|Crowley|1976|loc=ch. 3, v. 47}} Follow this, Lees founded the order ] in order to assist others in the pursuit of their own spiritual paths.{{sfnp|Thompson|2018}} The first public report of the system known as English Qaballa (EQ) was published in 1979 by Ray Sherwin in an editorial in the final issue of his journal, ''The New Equinox''. Lees subsequently assumed the role of publisher of ''The New Equinox'' and, starting in 1981, published additional material about the EQ system over the course of five issues of the journal, extending into 1982.{{sfnp|Lees|2018}}
The "order & value"{{sfnp|Crowley|1976|loc=ch. 3, v. 47}} proposed by James Lees lays the letters out on the grid superimposed on the page of manuscript of ''Liber AL'' on which this verse (Ch. III, v. 47) appears (sheet 16 of Chapter III).{{sfnp|Crowley|1976|loc=ch. 3, v. 47}} Also appearing on this page are a diagonal line and a circled cross. ''The Book of the Law'' states that the book should only be printed with Crowley's hand-written version included, suggesting that there are mysteries in the "chance shape of the letters and their position to one another" of Crowley's handwriting.  Whichever top-left to bottom-right diagonal is read the magical order of the letters is obtained.{{sfnp|Stratton-Kent|1988}}
Little, if any, further material on English Qaballa was published until the appearance of Jake Stratton-Kent's book, ''The Serpent Tongue: Liber 187'', in 2011.{{sfnp|Stratton-Kent|2011}} This was followed in 2016 by ''The Magickal Language of the Book of the Law: An English Qaballa Primer'' by Cath Thompson.{{sfnp|Thompson|2016}} An account of the creation, exploration, and continuing research and development of the system up to 2010, by James Lees and members of his group in England, is detailed in her 2018 book, ''All This and a Book''.{{sfnp|Thompson|2018}}
===Nema Andahadna===
] (1939–2018) practiced and wrote about ] (magical working, as defined by Aleister Crowley) for over thirty years. In 1974, she said she had ] a short book called '']''.
From her experience with Thelemic magick, she developed her own system of magic called "Maat Magick" which has the aim of transforming the human race.  In 1979, she co-founded the Horus-Maat Lodge. The Lodge and her ideas have been featured in the writings of ].{{sfnp|Grant|1980|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}}{{sfnp|Grant|1999|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}}
Her writings have appeared in many publications, including the ''Cincinnati Journal of Ceremonial Magick'', ''Aeon'', and ''Starfire''. According to ]:
{{blockquote|Nema has been one of the most influential occultists of the last quarter century although most occultists have never read her works. What Nema has done is influence those who have been writers and teachers. They, in turn, influenced the rest of us.{{sfnp|Kraig|n.d.}} }}
==See also==
<!-- Please note that in general, articles already linked earlier in the article do not also get listed in the see also section. -->
*{{annotated link|Sri Sabhapati Swami}}
*{{annotated link|Wiccan Rede}}
*{{annotated link|Worship of heavenly bodies}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|25em}}
===Works cited===
====Primary sources====
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Augustine|1990}} |last=Augustine of Hippo |first=Saint |author-link=Augustine of Hippo |year=1990 |title=The Works of Saint Augustine: A Translation for the 21st century |publisher=New City Press |editor1-first=Edmund |editor1-last=Hill |editor2-first=John E. |editor2-last=Rotelle |isbn=978-1-56548-055-1 |location=Brooklyn, NY |oclc=20594822}}
* {{cite book |last=Crowley |first=Aleister  |author-link=Aleister Crowley |year=1909 |title=John St. John: The Record of the Magical Retirement of G.H. Frater, O.M. |place=United Kingdom |publisher=Morton Press}}
* {{cite journal |last=Crowley |first=Aleister |title=Liber XV: O. T. O. Ecclesiæ Gnosticæ Catholicæ Canon Missæ |journal=The Equinox: The Review of Scientific Illuminism |year=1919b |place=Detroit |publisher=Universal Publishing Co. |volume=3 |number=1 |pages=249 ''ff''}}
* {{cite journal |last=Crowley |first=Aleister |title=Liber II: The Message of Master Therion |journal=The Equinox: The Review of Scientific Illuminism |year=1919c |place=Detroit |publisher=Ordo Templi Orientis, Thelema Publications |volume=3 |number=1 |pages=44–46}}
* {{cite journal |last=Crowley |first=Aleister |year=1944 |title=The Book of Thoth: A Short Essay on the Tarot of the Egyptians |journal=The Equinox |volume=III |number=V |publisher=O T O}}
* {{cite book |last=Crowley |first=Aleister |year=1973b |title=] |publisher=LLewellyn Publication |isbn=978-0875421155}}
* {{cite book |last=Crowley |first=Aleister |year=1976 |title=The Book of the Law: Liber AL vel Legis |publisher=Weiser Books |place=York Beach, Maine |isbn=978-0-87728-334-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/bookoflawtechnic00crow/ |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Crowley |first=Aleister |year=1976b |title=Liber E and Liber O |place=United States |publisher=Samuel Weiser |isbn=978-0877283416}}
*{{cite book |last=Crowley |first=Aleister |editor1-last=Symonds |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Symonds |editor2-last=Grant |editor2-first=Kenneth |editor2-link=Kenneth Grant |title=The Confessions of Aleister Crowley |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1979}}
* {{cite book |last=Crowley |first=Aleister |year=1991 |title=] |place=United States |publisher=New Falcon Publications |isbn=978-1-56184-028-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Crowley |first=Aleister |title=Little Essays Toward Truth |publisher=New Falcon Publications |year=1996 |isbn=1-56184-000-9 |quote=" But none of this shakes, or even threatens, the Philosophy of Thelema. On the contrary, it may be called the Rock of its foundation."}}
* {{cite book |last1=Crowley |first1=Aleister |title=Magick: Liber ABA, Book 4, Parts I-IV |date=1997 |publisher=Weiser |location=Boston |isbn=0877289190 |edition=Second revised}}
* {{cite book |last1=Crowley |first1=Aleister |orig-year=1926 |chapter=The Antecedents of Thelema |year=1998 |title=The Revival of Magick and Other Essays |series=Oriflamme |place=United States |publisher=New Falcon Publications |editor1=Hymenaeus Beta |editor1-link=Hymenaeus Beta |editor2=Richard Kaczynski |isbn=978-1561841332}}
* {{cite web |last=Crowley |first=Aleister |url=http://lib.oto-usa.org/crowley/essays/duty.html |title=Duty |website=oto-usa.org |publisher=Ordo Templi Orientis |date=n.d. |access-date=2021-11-20}}
* {{cite book |last1=Farr |first1=Florence |author-link=Florence Farr |last2=Shakespear |first2=O. |title=The Beloved of Hathor and the Shrine of the Golden Hawk |place=Croydon |publisher=Farncombe & Son |date=c. 1902}}
* {{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Gerald B. |author-link=Gerald Gardner |year=2004 |title=The Meaning of Witchcraft |place=United States |publisher=Red Wheel Weiser |isbn=978-1578633098}}
* {{cite book |last=Grant |first=Kenneth |author-link=Kenneth Grant |title=Outside the Circles of Time |publisher=Muller |year=1980}} Contains a lengthy account of the writing of Nema's ''Liber Pennae Praenumbra''.
* {{cite book |last=Grant |first=Kenneth |title=Beyond the Mauve Zone |location=London |publisher=Starfire |year=1999}} Contains a photo facsimile of ''Liber Pennae Praenumbra''.
* {{cite book |last1=Lees |first=James |author-link=James Lees (English magician) |editor=Thompson, Cath |title=The New Equinox: The British Journal of Magick |publisher=Hadean Press Limited |year=2018 |isbn=978-1907881770}}
* {{cite book |title= Three Essays on Freedom |last=Parsons |first=John Whiteside |author-link=Jack Parsons (rocket engineer) |year=2008 |publisher= Teitan Press |location= York Beach, Maine |isbn=978-0-933429-11-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Rabelais |first=François |author-link=François Rabelais |title=Gargantua and Pantagruel |date=1994 |publisher=Knopf |isbn=0-679-43137-3 |location=New York |oclc=29844841}}
*{{cite web |author=Sabazius X° |url=https://sabazius.oto-usa.org/notocon-vi-keynote-address-beauty-strength/ |title=Address delivered by National Grand Master General Sabazius X° to the Sixth National Conference of the U.S. O.T.O. Grand Lodge |date=August 10, 2007 |location=Salem, Massachusetts}}
{{refend}}
====Secondary sources====
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |contribution=Introduction |last=Bogdan |first=Henrik |year=2015 |title=Kenneth Grant: A Bibliography |editor-last=Bogdan |editor-first=Henrik |edition=second |publisher=Starfire |location=London |pages=1–11 |isbn=978-1-906073-30-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Barbara C. |title=Enter Rabelais, Laughing |date=1998 |publisher=Vanderbilt University Press |isbn=0-585-17753-8 |edition=1st |location=Nashville |oclc=44959481}}
*{{cite book |last=Cavendish |first=Richard |title=The Black Arts |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1977 |isbn=0-330-25140-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Colin D. |title=Thelema: an introduction to the life, work & philosophy of Aleister Crowley |date=2018 |location=Woodbury, Minnesota |publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide, Limited |isbn=9780738755236}}
* {{Cite book |last=Churton |first=Tobias |title=Aleister Crowley: The Biography |publisher=Watkins Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78028-012-7 |location=London |oclc=701810228 |author-link=Tobias Churton}}
*{{cite book |last=Cornelius |first=J. Edward |year=2005 |title=Aleister Crowley and the Ouija Board |publisher=Feral House |isbn=978-1932595109}}
*{{cite book |last=Djurdjevic |first=Gordan |title=India and the Occult: The Influence of South Asian Spirituality on Modern Western Occultism |year=2014 |location=London and New York |publisher=] |isbn= 978-1-137-40498-5}}
*{{cite book |last=DuQuette |first=Lon Milo |year=1993 |title=The Magick of Thelema: A Handbook of the Rituals of Aleister Crowley |location=United States |publisher=Samuel Weiser |isbn=978-0877287780}}
*{{cite book |last=DuQuette |first=Lon Milo |title=Angels, Demons & Gods of the New Millennium |publisher=Weiser |year=1997 |isbn=1-57863-010-X}}
*{{cite book |last=DuQuette |first=Lon Milo |title=The Magick of Aleister Crowley: A Handbook of the Rituals of Thelema |publisher=Weiser |year=2003 |isbn=1-57863-299-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Linda |title=A Brief Guide to Beliefs: Ideas, Theologies, Mysteries, and Movements |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-664-22259-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Dave |title=Aleister Crowley and the 20th Century Synthesis of Magick: Strange Distant Gods That Are Not Dead Today |publisher=Hidden Publishing |edition=2nd rev. |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-9555237-2-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Dave |title=The History of British Magick after Crowley |publisher=Hidden Publishing |year=2007b |isbn=978-0955523700}}
*{{cite book |last=Gauna |first=Max |title=The Rabelaisian Mythologies |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-8386-3631-4}}
*{{cite book |last1=Givens |first1=Edmond Willie |title=Original King James Bible: The History Before It Is! |date=May 2008 |publisher=Xulon Press |isbn=978-1-60477-946-2  |language=en}}
*{{cite web |author=] |date=July 22, 2006 |url=http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/history/hellfire/hellfire.html |title=The Hell-fire Clubs |website=Freemasonry.bcy.ca |access-date=2021-11-20}}
*{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Graham |title=Listening People, Speaking Earth |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |year=1997 |isbn=1-85065-272-4}}
*{{cite book |title=The Eloquent Blood: The Goddess Babalon and the Construction of Femininities in Western Esotericism |last=Hedenborg White |first=Manon |year=2020 |location=Oxford and New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1900-6502-7 }}
*{{cite book |author=Hymenaeus Beta |chapter=Editor's Foreword |editor-last=Crowley |editor-first=Aleister |title=The Goetia: The Lesser Key of Solomon the King |publisher=Red Wheel |year=1995 |isbn=0-87728-847-X}}
*{{cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Kaczynski |year=2010 |title=Perdurabo, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Life of Aleister Crowley |publisher=North Atlantic Books |isbn=978-1556438998}}
*{{cite book |last=Kraig |first=Donald Michael |title=Modern Magick |publisher=Llewellyn |year=1988 |isbn=0-87542-324-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Kraig |first=Donald Michael |title=Modern Sex Magick |year=1998 |publisher=Llewellyn |isbn=1-56718-394-8}}
*{{cite journal |last=Kraig |first=Donald Michael |title=Review of ''Maat Magick'' |journal=New Moon Rising: A Magickal Pagan Journal |issue=45 |date=n.d.}}
*{{cite book |last=Luhrmann |first=Tanya |title=Persuasions of the Witch's Craft |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1991 |isbn=0-674-66324-1}}
*{{cite book |first=G. R. S. |last=Mead |author-link=G. R. S. Mead |title=The Doctrine of the Subtle Body in Western Tradition |publisher=Watkins |year=1919}}
*{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Brian |title=Religion and anthropology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-521-85241-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Orpheus |first=Rodney |title=Abrahadabra: Understanding Aleister Crowley's Thelemic Magick |year=2005 |publisher=Weiser Books |isbn=1-57863-326-5 |location=Boston, MA |oclc=58728775}}
*{{cite book |last=Pasi |first=Marco |year=2014 |title=Aleister Crowley and the Temptation of Politics |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-54630-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Pendle |first=George |title=Strange Angel: The Otherworldly Life of Rocket Scientist John Whiteside Parsons |year=2006 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0156031790}}
*{{cite web |last=Pocetto |first=Alexander T. |date=February 1998 |title=Rabelais, Francis de Sales and the ''Abbaye de Thélème'' |url=http://www4.desales.edu/~salesian/resources/articles/english/rabelais.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910021533/http://desales.edu/~salesian/resources/articles/english/rabelais.html |archive-date=2006-09-10 |access-date=July 20, 2006 |publisher=Allentown College of St. Francis de Sales}}
*{{cite journal |last=Rothstein |first=Marian |date=Winter 2001 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/french_forum/v026/26.1rothstein.pdf |title=Androgyne, Agape, and the Abbey of Thélème |journal=French Forum |volume=26 |number=1 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |pages=1–19|doi=10.1353/frf.2001.0010 |s2cid=170901713 }}
*{{cite book |last=Salloway |first=David |title=Random Walks |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-7735-1679-4}}
*{{cite web |last=Schubert |first=Heather |date=March 24, 2020 |title=Thelemic Families and Holidays |url=https://thelemicknights.org/thelemic-families-holidays/ |website=ThelemicKnights.org |publisher=Prder of Thelemic Knights |access-date=2021-11-20}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Skinner |editor-first=Stephen |title=The Magical Diaries of Aleister Crowley: Tunisia 1923 |publisher=] |year=1996 |isbn=0-87728-856-9}}
*{{cite journal |last=Stillman |first=Peter G. |title=Utopia and Anti-Utopia in Rousseau's Thought |journal=EMF |issue=special issue on French Utopias, 1500-1800 |volume=5 |year=1999 |pages=60–77}}
*{{cite journal |last=Stratton-Kent |first=Jake |date=March 1988 |title=The English Qaballa |journal=The Equinox: British Journal of Thelema |volume=VII |number=1 |pages=17–25 |issn=0953-7015}}
*{{cite book |first=Jake |last=Stratton-Kent |title=The Serpent Tongue: Liber 187 |location=UK |publisher=Hadean Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-907881-07-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Suster |first=Gerald |year=1988 |title=The Legacy of the Beast: The Life, Work and Influence of Aleister Crowley |place=United Kingdom |publisher=W.H. Allen |isbn=0-491-03446-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Sutin |first=Lawrence |title=Do What Thou Wilt: A life of Aleister Crowley |year=2002 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |isbn=0-312-25243-9 |location=New York |oclc=48140552}}
*{{cite book |last=Sutin |first=Lawrence |year=2014 |title=Do What Thou Wilt: A Life of Aleister Crowley |place=United States |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group |isbn=978-1466875265}}
*{{cite web |author=Tau Apiryon |year=2010 |title=Introduction to the Gnostic Mass |access-date=2022-09-09 |url=https://sabazius.oto-usa.org/introduction-to-the-gnostic-mass/ |website=The Invisible Basilica of Sabazius |publisher=]}}
*{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Cath |title=The Magickal Language of the Book of the Law: An English Qaballa Primer|publisher=Hadean Press Limited |year=2016 |isbn=978-1907881688}}
*{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Cath |title=All This and a Book |year=2018 |publisher=Hadean Press Limited |isbn=978-1-907881-78-7}}
*{{cite book |first=Federico |last=Tolli |title=Thelema in Christentum, Logentradition und New Aeon: im Spannungsfeld zwischen Christentum, Logentradition und New Aeon |year=2004 |publisher=Edition Araki |isbn=3-936149-35-6 |oclc=71335779}}
*{{cite book |last=Urban |first=Hugh |title=Magia Sexualis: Sex, Magic, and Liberation in Modern Western Esotericism |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-520-24776-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Whitcomb |first=Bill |title=The Magician's Companion |publisher=Llewellyn |year=1993 |isbn=0-87542-868-1}}
*{{cite journal |last=Willens |first=Daniel |url=http://www.newciv.org/nl/newslog.php/_v308/__show_article/_a000308-000275.htm |title=The Hell-Fire Club: Sex, Politics, and Religion in Eighteenth-Century England |journal=] |date=Summer 1992 |access-date=July 22, 2006}}
{{refend}}
====Tertiary sources====
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Chesney |editor-first=Elizabeth A. |date=2004 |title=The Rabelais Encyclopedia |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-1-4294-7439-9 |location=Westport, CT |oclc=145555086}}
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Buckinghamshire |volume=4 |page=731}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nichols |first1=Larry A. |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Cults, Sects, and World Religions: Revised and Updated Edition |year=2010 |publisher=Zondervan |isbn=978-0310866060  |first2=George |last2=Mather |first3=Alvin J. |last3=Schmidt}}
*{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Joanne |title=A Popular Dictionary of Paganism |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=0-7007-1591-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Rabinovitch |first1=Shelley |last2=Lewis |first2=James |title=The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism |publisher=Citadel Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-8065-2406-5}}
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Rabelais, François |volume=22 |page=771 |first=George |last=Saintsbury}}
{{refend}}
===Other sources===
<!-- These two GFDL articles were used as sources for text in the early development of this article, thus these links need to be kept to satisfy GFDL licensing terms, even if these articles can't be considered reliable sources -->
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*💕 of Thelema (2005). . Retrieved March 12, 2005.
*Thelemapedia. (2004). '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613213750/http://www.thelemapedia.org/index.php/Thelema |date=2006-06-13 }}'' Retrieved April 15, 2006.
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |author-last=Bogdan |author-first=Henrik |year=2012 |chapter=Envisioning the Birth of a New Aeon: Dispensationalism and Millenarianism in the Thelemic Tradition |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=za9BM0BvmkMC&pg=PA89 |editor1-last=Bogdan |editor1-first=Henrik |editor2-last=Starr |editor2-first=Martin P. |title=Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism |location=] and ] |publisher=] |pages=89–106 |isbn=978-0-19-986309-9 |oclc=820009842 |ref=none}}
*{{cite journal |last=Clukey |first=A. |year=2014 |title=Enchanting Modernism: Mary Butts, Decadence, and the Ethics of Occultism |journal=Modern Fiction Studies |volume=60 |number=1 |pages=78–107 |doi=10.1353/mfs.2014.0003 |s2cid=161852959 |ref=none}}
*{{cite journal |last=Djurdjevic |first=Gordan |date=September 2019 |title='Wishing You a Speedy Termination of Existence': Aleister Crowley's Views on Buddhism and Its Relationship with the Doctrine of Thelema |journal=] |location=] |publisher=] on behalf of the ] |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=212–230 |doi=10.1163/15700593-01902001 |s2cid=204456438 |issn=1567-9896 |ref=none}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Gillavry |first1=D. M. |year=2014 |title=Aleister Crowley, the Guardian Angel and Aiwass: The Nature of Spiritual Beings in the Philosophies of the Great Beast 666 |url=https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/132199/3_Sacra_11-2013-2_6.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Sacra |location=] |publisher=] |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=33–42 |issn=1214-5351 |s2cid=58907340 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627021137/http://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/132199/3_Sacra_11-2013-2_6.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2016 |access-date=10 January 2022 |ref=none}}
*{{cite journal |last=Hedenborg White |first=M. |title=Proximal Authority: The Changing Role of Leah Hirsig in Aleister Crowley's Thelema, 1919–1930 |journal =]|volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=69–93|date=January 2020 |doi=10.1163/15700593-02101008 |s2cid=242182711 |doi-access=free |url=https://mau.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1661758/FULLTEXT01 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Morgan |first=M. |year=2011 |title=The Heart of Thelema: Morality, Amorality, and Immorality in Aleister Crowley's Thelemic Cult |journal=] |volume=13 |number=2 |pages=163–183 |doi=10.1558/pome.v13i2.163}}
*{{cite book |author-link=J. Gordon Melton |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |year=1983 |chapter=Thelemic Magick in America |title=Alternatives to American Mainline Churches |editor-first=Joseph H. |editor-last=Fichter |place=Barrytown, NY |publisher=Unification Theological Seminary |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Readdy |first=Keith |year=2018 |title=One Truth and One Spirit: Aleister Crowley's Spiritual Legacy |publisher=Ibis Press |isbn=978-0892541843 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Starr |first=Martin P. |year=2003 |title=The Unknown God: W.T. Smith and the Thelemites |place=Bolingbrook, IL |publisher=Teitan Press |ref=none}}
*{{cite journal |last=Tully |first=Caroline |year=2010 |title=Walk Like an Egyptian: Egypt as Authority in Aleister Crowley's Reception of ''The Book of the Law'' |url=https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/252812/Tully%20Walk%20like%20an%20Egyptian%20.pdf |url-status=live |journal=] |location=London |publisher=] |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=20–47 |doi=10.1558/pome.v12i1.20 |hdl=11343/252812 |hdl-access=free |issn=1528-0268 |s2cid=159745083 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110234429/https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/252812/Tully%20Walk%20like%20an%20Egyptian%20.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=10 January 2022 |ref=none}}
*{{cite journal |last=Urban |first=Hugh B. |year=2012 |title=The Occult Roots of Scientology?: L. Ron Hubbard, Aleister Crowley, and the Origins of a Controversial New Religion |journal=Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=91–116 |doi=10.1525/nr.2012.15.3.91 |jstor=10.1525/nr.2012.15.3.91 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=van Egmond |first=Daniel |year=1998 |chapter=Western Esoteric Schools in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries |editor1-last=van den Broek |editor1-first=Roelof |editor2-last=Hanegraaff |editor2-first=Wouter J. |title=Gnosis and Hermeticism From Antiquity To Modern Times |place=Albany |publisher=] |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Webster |first=Sam |author-link=Sam Webster (writer) |year=2021 |title=Tantric Thelema: And The Invocation of Ra-Hoor-Khuit in the Manner of the Buddhist Mahayoga Tantras |publisher=Concrescent Press |isbn=978-0-9903927-7-4 |ref=none}}
*{{cite journal |last=Whitehouse |first=D. |year=2020 |title='Mercury is in a Very Ape-Like Mood': Frieda Harris's Perception of Thelema |journal=]|volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=125–152 |doi=10.1163/15700593-02101005 |s2cid=230539828 |doi-access=free |ref=none}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{sister project links|n=no|q=no|s=Category:Thelema|b=no|v=Portal:Thelema}}
* &nbsp;– a complete introduction to the spiritual philosophy of Thelema
* &nbsp;– a collection of texts on the topic of Thelema
* &nbsp;– an academic journal investigating the occult tradition of Thelema
{{Thelema series}}
{{New Religious Movements}}
{{Religion topics}}
{{Sex}}
{{Authority control}}
]
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