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{{short description|Lifestyle based on vampires in fiction}}
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{{Update|part=references|reason=all but one reference is from before 2010; most are sources from before 2000. Sources from after 2010 are needed for accuracy|date=July 2020}}
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The '''vampire lifestyle''', '''vampire subculture''', or '''vampire community''' (sometimes spelled as "vampyre") is an ] and ] based around the mythology of and popular culture based on ].<ref name="Browning 2015">{{cite journal |last=Browning |first=John Edgar |date=March 2015 |title=The real vampires of New Orleans and Buffalo: a research note towards comparative ethnography |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/palcomms20156.pdf |journal=] |location=] |publisher=] |volume=1 |issue=15006 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1057/palcomms.2015.6 |doi-access=free |issn=2662-9992 |lccn=2016260034 |access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Mellins 2013">{{cite book |last=Mellins |first=Maria |year=2013 |chapter=Vampire Community Profile |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3uHu4_zOD8C&pg=PA45 |title=Vampire Culture |location=] |publisher=] |series=Dress, Body, Culture |pages=45–68 |isbn=9780857850744}}</ref><ref name=ResearchGate>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283273380|title = The Psychic Vampire and Vampyre Subculture|last = Jøn|first = A. Asbjørn|date = 2002|journal = Australian Folklore: A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies|issue = 17|publisher = University of New England|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208171839/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/283273380_The_Psychic_Vampire_and_Vampyre_Subculture|archive-date = 2015-12-08|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=Benecke>{{cite book|last=Benecke|first=Mark|title=Benecke & Fischer: Vampyres among us!: Volume III - A scientific study into vampyre identity groups and subcultures|publisher=Roter Drache|location=Remda-Teichel|year=2015|isbn=9783939459958}}</ref> Those within the subculture commonly identify with or as vampires, with participants typically taking heavy inspiration from media and pop culture based on vampiric folklore and legend, such as the gothic soap opera '']'', the tabletop role-playing game '']'', and the book series '']'' by author ].<ref name="Browning 2015"/> Practices within the vampire community range from blood-drinking from willing donors to organising groups known as 'houses' and 'courts' of self-identified vampires.<ref name="Browning 2015"/>
'''Vampire lifestyle''' refers to a ] of people claiming that they are ], and that the associated lifestyle is one to be celebrated. While some claim that the drinking of ] is not a requirement, most who call themselves "vampires" advocate ritual blood consumption. Because the drinking of blood (in addition to related activities in the sect) carries extreme social implications and is also dangerous, the subject is considered highly ].


The vampire subculture largely stemmed from the ],<ref name="Browning 2015"/><ref name="Mellins 2013"/><ref name=ResearchGate/><ref>{{cite book |last=Skal |first=David J. |title=The Monster Show: A Cultural History of Horror |year=1993|pages = 342–43 |publisher=Penguin |location=New York |isbn=0-14-024002-0}}</ref> but also incorporates some elements of the ] subculture.<ref name=ResearchGate/> The ] provides a prevalent forum of communication for the subculture, along with other media such as ]s devoted to the topic.{{needs update|date=July 2020}}<ref name="Keyworth">{{cite journal|last=Keyworth|first=David|title=The Socio-Religious Beliefs and Nature of the Contemporary Vampire Subculture|journal=]|issue=3|volume=17|pages=355–370|date=October 2002|doi=10.1080/1353790022000008280|s2cid=143072713}}</ref>
There are myriad websites and organisations dedicated solely to this topic, although few (if any) works exist in print. The ] is very broad and encompasses a large number of topics, ranging from the characteristics of vampires to ethical issues to creation of new vampires, and any combination thereof. Some critics have charged that such groups are ], allegedly using cult-like methods to draw new members in.


Participants within the subculture range from those who dress as vampires but understand themselves to be human, to those who assert a need to consume either blood or 'human energy'.<ref name="Browning 2015"/><ref name=Benecke/><ref name="Keyworth"/><ref name="Williams">{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=DJ|title=Contemporary Vampires and (Blood-Red) Leisure: Should We Be Afraid of the Dark?|journal=Leisure|year=2008|volume=32|issue=2|pages=513–539|doi=10.1080/14927713.2008.9651420|s2cid=143339707}}</ref> Both types of vampires may assert that the consumption of blood or energy (sometimes referred to as ] or ] energy) is necessary for spiritual or physical nourishment.
While older occult and tribal cultures have similarly uncommon rituals, the "vampire lifestyle" is largely a social creation within Western culture, drawing from the rich recent history of popular culture related to cult symbolism and ]s. Thus the phenomenon appears to exist primarily in ] and ], and to a significantly lesser extent in certain parts of ] and ].


Though the vampire subculture has considerable overlap with gothic subculture, the vampire community also has overlap with both ] and ] communities, and are considered by some to be a part of both, despite the difference in cultural and historical development.<ref name=fieldguide>{{cite book |author=Lupa | title=A Field Guide to Otherkin | publisher=Immanion Press | pages=25–26, 50, 52 | year=2007 | isbn=978-1-905713-07-3 }}</ref>
In what follows, the term '''vampire''' is used to refer to those referring to themselves to be vampires as part of this subculture. It is used interchangeably with '''vampyre''' and a number of other terms, which have more specific uses. It is important to note that members of the group may ascribe varying implications to each.


==Types of vampire lifestylers==
== Identifying characteristics ==
There are several types of vampire lifestylers:<ref name="Browning 2015"/>


* "{{vanchor|Sanguinarians}}": (sometimes referred to as ]) consume the blood of others<ref name="Browning 2015"/>
Those who believe they are vampires also believe that they are part of a ] of ]. This "species" is variously ascribed a number of identifying characteristics, including
* "]": claim to attain nourishment from the ] or ] energy of others<ref name="Browning 2015"/><ref name="Keyworth"/><ref name="Williams"/> in order to balance a spiritual or psychological energy deficiency, such as a damaged aura or chakra<ref name=ResearchGate/>
* "Hybrids": both consume blood and assert that they consume psychic energy<ref name="Browning 2015"/><ref name="Williams"/>
* "Blood donors": willingly allow other members of the subculture to drink their blood,<ref name="Browning 2015"/> and may or may not exhibit subservience toward those who do<ref name="Guinn">{{cite book|last=Guinn|first=Jeff|title=Something in the Blood: The Underground World of Today's Vampires|year=1996|publisher=Summit Publishing Group|location=Arlington|isbn=978-1-56530-209-9}}</ref><ref name="Benecke"/><ref name="Keyworth"/>
* "]s": use blood as a stimulant or sexual fetish, sometimes drinking it during the course of ] sex<ref name="Williams"/>
* "Role-players" or "lifestylers": acknowledge that they are human beings roleplaying as vampires.<ref name="Browning 2015"/> Williams states that they may "dress up in vampire clothing, live a vampire lifestyle (e.g. sleep in coffins), and primarily participate in RPGs such as '']''"<ref name="Williams"/>


== Explanations for blood-drinking ==
*A proximity-based sense for other vampires
] is a clinical condition marked by a fixation on blood or blood-drinking.
*] for blood separate from thirst for ]
*] not related to ] deficiency in the skin
*]ive decision-making as opposed to thought
*Improved night-vision (a few claim to be able to read or drive by starlight, while wearing sunglasses, which would be physically impossible under a typical understanding of medicine)
*Broader sensory range, and/or extra sensitivity
*Bouts of animalistic ] referred to as "the beast"
*Improved immunity to disease (except for ]/])
*Nocturnal bio-cycles / Insomnia
*Visual perception of auras
*A natural attraction to the sect
*Poor ] skills when dealing with mainstream individuals or broader society


] have also documented cases of people with sexual (]) vampirism and ].<ref name=ResearchGate/><ref>McCully, R. S. (1964). Vampirism: Historical perspective and underlying process in relation to a case of auto-vampirism. ''Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 139,'' 440–451.</ref><ref>Prins, H. (1985). Vampirism: A clinical condition. ''British Journal of Psychiatry, 146,'' 666–668.</ref>
Note that not all "vampires" are said to have all of these characteristics, or even believe that some of them actually exist.


== Controversy ==
It is of interest to many outsiders that many members of the sect do not have long or sharp fangs as a rule, and that a majority do not. This is explained by the "prolonged interbreeding of vampires and humans" causing that characteristic to become diluted. Others suggest that the fangs are retracted when not in use. They do not usually profess that blood should be drawn through or using the teeth, or to have hollow teeth for that purpose. (Some adherents even have permanent or temporary ] devices to complete the illusion of vampirism.)


== Types and variations == === Christianity ===
Some self-proclaimed Christian ]s have arisen in response to the vampire subculture.<ref name="Keyworth"/> Online, they swarm vampire websites with ] and participate in other similar activities.<ref name=Thorne>{{cite book|last=Thorne|first=Tony|title=Children of the Night: Of Vampires and Vampirism|year=1999|publisher=Victor Gollancz|location=London|isbn=978-0-575-40272-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/childrenofnighto0000thor}}</ref>


==References==
Members of the vampire sect fall into roughly two main categories: psionic (psi) and sanguarian (sang). Sanguarian vampires model themselves the closest to traditional mythology (see ]) in that they believe themselves to be dependant on blood for both the supernatural powers they believe they possess, and (for many) their sanity. They generally accept either animal or human blood for this purpose, provided it remains unmodified and inseperate. Conversely, others believe that animal blood contains demons and must be boiled prior to drinking. Psionic vampires are said to be able to feed either on blood or psionic energy, having to start off with blood. Many members of the sect believe that psionic vampyres, by nature, have poor interpersonal skills, and that their behavior is often mistaken for a personality deficiency.
{{reflist}}


==Further reading==
The differences between psionic vampires and sanguarian ones seems to have sprouted more than a few arguments over which one is better than the other, or whether the two types are even different at all.
*Belanger, Michelle A. (2004). ''The Psychic Vampire Codex: A Manual of Magick and Energy Work.'' Red Wheel/Weiser. {{ISBN|978-1-57863-321-0}}
* {{Cite journal|url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283273380|title = The Psychic Vampire and Vampyre Subculture|last = Jøn|first = A. Asbjørn|date = 2002|journal = Australian Folklore: A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies|issue = 17|publisher = University of New England}}
*Laycock, Joseph (2009). ''Vampires Today: The Truth About Modern Vampirism''. Praeger. {{ISBN|978-0-313-36472-3}}
*Russo, Arlene (2005). ''Vampire Nation''. John Blake. {{ISBN|978-1-84454-172-0}}
*{{cite news|author=Ariana Eunjung Cha |title=Researchers: Vampires are people, too, and need as much psychotherapy as the rest of us |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/07/09/researchers-vampires-are-people-too-and-deserve-acceptance-by-medical-professionals/ |newspaper=] |date=July 9, 2015}}
* Peter Day (Hrsg.): ''Vampires: myths and metaphors of enduring evil''- Editions Rodopi, 2006, {{ISBN|978-90-420-1669-9}}


{{Goth subculture}}
Other types and variants include:


]
*'''Astral'''. These "vampires" believe that they only have any vampiric characteristics while dreaming (supposedly on the astral plane of existence). They believe that they can enter into people's dreams and feed on their energy there.
]
*'''Elemental'''. This type believe they can feed off the basic "elements" of ancient times directly, at small harm to anything depending on them.
]
*'''Emotional'''. These are believed to feed from emotional energy. How these differ from emotionally needy humans is unknown.
*'''Incubi/Succubi'''. These are a type of ] which coerce donations of blood or energy by the means of sexual violence. The larger vampiric community generally treats these people the same way a larger society would treat ] and ].

There are also believed to be three types coexistent with the aforementioned, which are akin to rank:

*'''Royal'''. These are believed to possess all properties of vampirism at once and are also believed to be powerful enough to kill all the other vampires if they so desired.
*'''Pureblood'''. These believers do not purport to possess all the properties the royals do, however they believe they were born as vampires and are powerful enough to kill all the turns.
*'''Turn'''. These are "vampires" which have been '''created''' (or ]) from another "vampire" by means of a crude blood transfusion (equipment such as needles need not be used). They do not believe that they will inherit all the characteristics of the vampire who turned them. This type of member will have a more difficult time dealing with the symptoms they now believe they have, and that the "parent" can somehow revoke all of their power.

== Thirst ==

All vampires believe they are subject to an affliction called the ''thirst''. This is a hunger for blood (or energy, depending on the type of vampire). This affliction has symptoms comprised of a combination of extreme desire for water, withdrawal-like symptoms, and a random and extreme ] and rash of animal instinct referred to as ''the Beast''. Vampires believe that they have control over this affliction.

The time between feeding and the onset of another thirst is inversely proportional to the quality of blood. That from oneself or from animals is said to be worst, trumped by humans, then ]s or other ]s. The best, naturally, is believed to come from other vampires.

This belief comes from the related one that the reason vampires need blood is due to the spiritual energy contained therein. The "normal person" is said to be spiritually stagnant, and therefore has a lower amount of spiritual energies. This also extends to psionic feeding.

== Creation of new vampires ==

The genesis of a vampire can take many paths. Most involve a biological link to someone in the community. Note that, for this belief, being "fed" upon is not sufficient as a means of transmission. However, most have to do with blood, as it would be supposed.

=== Awakening ===

This form is only applicable to those with a "vampire" or two in their ancestry. Those who the believers think can be awakened are drawn from childhood to everything associated with blood and with vampires and may have a natural like of the darkness. They may feel even more drawn to the community by puberty, sometimes almost irresistibly, and this is the time in which they may "awaken". (Note that puberty is usually the time in which individuals attempt to be superior psychologically.) This may be done by the "vampire" accepting his nature, and convincing himself (or being convinced) that he is what he thinks he is. If a "vampire" is not awakened during this time they will be considered ''unawakened'' or ''latent''; thus they will still give birth to potential unwakened "vampires". They will usually cease to experience any attraction to the lore or any symptoms of the affliction.

=== Birth ===

When a believer becomes a parent, it is believed that the offspring will be vampires. What sort and how much depends on the parents, in the following cases:

* '''Vampire (of one type) + Vampire (of the same type)''': This union is believed to create a more powerful vampire than the two parents who is awakened from birth, having the sum of their powers, approximately.
* '''Vampire + Non-vampire''': This union is believed to create an unawakened vampire with less power than the vampire parent.
* '''Vampire (of one type) + Vampire (of another type)''': A lineage such as this is believed to produce a vampire more powerful than both of the parents who is a mix of the two types.

It should be noted that most characteristics of this affliction can be attributed to hereditary genetic mutations or diseases, thus the weaker symptoms with only one parent, the stronger from both, combination of both, et cetera.

=== Turning ===

If a believer intravenously administers a portion of their blood to a non-vampire, without the aid of needles, the non-vampire will be considered a "turn" and also believed to be "awakened". They will allegedly inherit a portion of the "parent" vampire's power. Some believe that needles or any other technology nullifies the vampirisim-carrying properties of the blood.

'''It should be noted that this activity significantly increases the risk of those partaking of contracting a blood-borne pathogen or disease! This activity is NOT recommended!'''

== Food sources ==

Vampires, in order to "replenish their vampiric energy", will sometimes feed on the blood of other humans, however will also feed on other things such as themselves, animals, plants or the elements. Psionic vampires believe that they feed by meditating and willing the energy toward them, or occasionally by unconscious means.

All vampires believe that they occupy a higher position in the ] and a different niche than humans do. Many also claim that they often become ill when eating food.

=== Humans ===

This is the most widely used form of food. Naturally, to outsiders this form of feeding is considered ], however vampires consider themselves a separate species that naturally feeds on human energy. It is not recommended by members of the vampiric community that a human be used more than three times by the same vampire, for it is believed that if this happens, the human will become inextricably bound and attracted to the vampire.

==== Psionic ====

Psionic vampires attempt to feed on humans by sapping their ] in meditation. It is believed that the energy is shed naturally in small quantities, and thus it is possible to feed off a crowd in this way. However, feeding from one person singularily supposedly improves the quality of the energy, as does actually having physical contact with the prey (or "donor") during feeding. The person is usually reported as feeling unnaturally drained afterward.

The energy of common folk is considered stagnant and thus of poor quality, though that of ] and various other spellcasters and magi is considered far better (though none of these claim association with vampirism). The best is said to come from other "vampires", however this is not recommended for starting out.

==== Sanguinarian ====

Sanguinarian vampires believe that they feed on humans directly from the blood. It is generally accepted as code of ]s that the blood is taken willingly. Although it can be removed by a doctor using needles, it is mostly taken from open cuts or wounds. Cuts are usually made along the arm or directly behind the shoulder with a razor blade or a lancet; biting is considered very unhygienic and the neck is never used due to the danger of such a practice. A very small amount of blood is actually required.

=== Animal ===

Animals are generally considered dangerous, unhygienic and poor food by the vampiric community. The reasons differ for both major types of vampire; psionic vampires will find very little energy as animals are believed to have less intricate, lower quality energy. Sanguinarian vampires may feed off of animals, however it is believed that animals make good hosts for demons because they are vacant. Therefore, some believe the blood must be boiled to remove the demons (who reportedly dislike heat) before it is consumed. Animal blood is generally regarded as swill by the vampiric community.

=== Plant ===

Plants are not useful food sources to sanguinarian vampires. However, some psionic vampires believe they can find small amounts of energy in most plants (and large amounts in others like ]). It is believed that feeding from a plant will most likely kill it. A few sites suggest that one feed off specific plants rather than weeding the yard or garden. On the other hand, some psionic vampires believe that natural things constitute the basis for energetic beings; still others may say that the natural world is a link to the astral plane. These vampires believe that natural/plant energy is a very potent energy to feed upon.

=== Elemental ===

This, of course, is of no use to Sanguinarian vampires as the elements do not have blood or anything comparable to it. The basic elements are ], ], ] and ]. Many ancient peoples believed that everything was made up of combinations and forms of these. Psionic and elemental vampires believe that the elements are full of energy and can be fed from, however it is not recommended for those '''not''' wishing to do harm. It is supposed that drawing from elements is an activity which has a radial effect from the area in which it is done, and weakens or changes everything in the area made up on the specific element. For example, feeding from earth may supposedly affect local plants, and using water may likewise kill fish.

== Additional senses ==

Most members of this sect believe themselves to have some sort of sensory amplification or extrasensory perception. The purported effects are:

*'''Improved night-vision''', to the point of being able to see without even moonlight.
*'''Stinging of the skin when exposed to sunlight'''.
*'''A sense for other vampires'''.
*'''Broader range of senses'''.
*'''Instinctive prescience'''. A select few believe that they are able to instinctively predict the immediate future with 100% accuracy, and thus act very quickly by instinct.
*'''Perception of Auras'''.

== Lifestyle ==

Members of these sects have distinctly different lifestyles from vampires. It includes different habits and different dress norms and even different social norms/faux-pas, and can be considered a subculture. However, by most vampires, this is not considered an actual type of vampirism. It is usually referred to using the word "vampyre." The distinguishing factors between vampires and vampyres are that vampires foremost possess the thirst. Vampires also may possess extrasensory abilities, and vampyres possess none of these.

=== Fashion ===

Vampyres generally are drawn to darker, ] dress, with a distinct focus on chains, lace and dark colours. Some people believe this is either to hide a black aura, to emulate ]'s high fashion or ]'s ] fashion, or to blend in with darkness. However, as with most style, there is no definite practicality to the dress.

== Organised activity ==

There is a fairly large amount of organised activity in this sect, however it is surprisingly not governed by a single person or organisation. For one reason or another, most of its activity takes place over the ] and from a distance. Activity on the internet is generally over the following mediums:

*"Help" or Informational sites
*] chat systems (which are surprisingly pervasive)
*]

There are an inordinate number of sites dedicated to vampirism, however many of them possess blatant lack of fact. Other, more serious sites denounce these, purport superiority of one type over another or over all humanity, and/or offer a large amount of information which may or may not be in accordance with the general consensus of the community. A number of these sites also act as a classified system, with people posting advertisements requesting blood. However, the general consensus among the vampiric community on vampiric visibility is that it should not exist. Members are strongly discouraged from recruitment, except in specialised circumstances.

Also, there are a large number of extreme detractors to the belief, including most ]s, ]s and ]s. They tend to believe the activity is ], ] and many other ]s. There is concern in the general public for those who are found to be participating in the cult. However, because of the isolated nature of vampires, for most, this does not become an issue.

==External links==
* ,<br> from
* , from
* , from
* Information about the vampire subculture
* &#8220;Test Everything. Believe Nothing.&#8221;

]
]
]

]

Latest revision as of 09:55, 13 September 2024

Lifestyle based on vampires in fiction
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The vampire lifestyle, vampire subculture, or vampire community (sometimes spelled as "vampyre") is an alternative lifestyle and subculture based around the mythology of and popular culture based on vampires. Those within the subculture commonly identify with or as vampires, with participants typically taking heavy inspiration from media and pop culture based on vampiric folklore and legend, such as the gothic soap opera Dark Shadows, the tabletop role-playing game Vampire: The Masquerade, and the book series The Vampire Chronicles by author Anne Rice. Practices within the vampire community range from blood-drinking from willing donors to organising groups known as 'houses' and 'courts' of self-identified vampires.

The vampire subculture largely stemmed from the goth subculture, but also incorporates some elements of the sadomasochism subculture. The Internet provides a prevalent forum of communication for the subculture, along with other media such as glossy magazines devoted to the topic.

Participants within the subculture range from those who dress as vampires but understand themselves to be human, to those who assert a need to consume either blood or 'human energy'. Both types of vampires may assert that the consumption of blood or energy (sometimes referred to as auric or pranic energy) is necessary for spiritual or physical nourishment.

Though the vampire subculture has considerable overlap with gothic subculture, the vampire community also has overlap with both therian and otherkin communities, and are considered by some to be a part of both, despite the difference in cultural and historical development.

Types of vampire lifestylers

There are several types of vampire lifestylers:

  • "Sanguinarians": (sometimes referred to as hematophages) consume the blood of others
  • "Psychic vampires": claim to attain nourishment from the aura or pranic energy of others in order to balance a spiritual or psychological energy deficiency, such as a damaged aura or chakra
  • "Hybrids": both consume blood and assert that they consume psychic energy
  • "Blood donors": willingly allow other members of the subculture to drink their blood, and may or may not exhibit subservience toward those who do
  • "Blood fetishists": use blood as a stimulant or sexual fetish, sometimes drinking it during the course of sadomasochistic sex
  • "Role-players" or "lifestylers": acknowledge that they are human beings roleplaying as vampires. Williams states that they may "dress up in vampire clothing, live a vampire lifestyle (e.g. sleep in coffins), and primarily participate in RPGs such as Vampire: The Masquerade"

Explanations for blood-drinking

Renfield syndrome is a clinical condition marked by a fixation on blood or blood-drinking.

Sex researchers have also documented cases of people with sexual (paraphilic) vampirism and autovampirism.

Controversy

Christianity

Some self-proclaimed Christian vampire slayers have arisen in response to the vampire subculture. Online, they swarm vampire websites with hate mail and participate in other similar activities.

References

  1. ^ Browning, John Edgar (March 2015). "The real vampires of New Orleans and Buffalo: a research note towards comparative ethnography" (PDF). Palgrave Communications. 1 (15006). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan: 1–8. doi:10.1057/palcomms.2015.6. ISSN 2662-9992. LCCN 2016260034. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  2. ^ Mellins, Maria (2013). "Vampire Community Profile". Vampire Culture. Dress, Body, Culture. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 45–68. ISBN 9780857850744.
  3. ^ Jøn, A. Asbjørn (2002). "The Psychic Vampire and Vampyre Subculture". Australian Folklore: A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies (17). University of New England. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08.
  4. ^ Benecke, Mark (2015). Benecke & Fischer: Vampyres among us!: Volume III - A scientific study into vampyre identity groups and subcultures. Remda-Teichel: Roter Drache. ISBN 9783939459958.
  5. Skal, David J. (1993). The Monster Show: A Cultural History of Horror. New York: Penguin. pp. 342–43. ISBN 0-14-024002-0.
  6. ^ Keyworth, David (October 2002). "The Socio-Religious Beliefs and Nature of the Contemporary Vampire Subculture". Journal of Contemporary Religion. 17 (3): 355–370. doi:10.1080/1353790022000008280. S2CID 143072713.
  7. ^ Williams, DJ (2008). "Contemporary Vampires and (Blood-Red) Leisure: Should We Be Afraid of the Dark?". Leisure. 32 (2): 513–539. doi:10.1080/14927713.2008.9651420. S2CID 143339707.
  8. Lupa (2007). A Field Guide to Otherkin. Immanion Press. pp. 25–26, 50, 52. ISBN 978-1-905713-07-3.
  9. Guinn, Jeff (1996). Something in the Blood: The Underground World of Today's Vampires. Arlington: Summit Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-56530-209-9.
  10. McCully, R. S. (1964). Vampirism: Historical perspective and underlying process in relation to a case of auto-vampirism. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 139, 440–451.
  11. Prins, H. (1985). Vampirism: A clinical condition. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 666–668.
  12. Thorne, Tony (1999). Children of the Night: Of Vampires and Vampirism. London: Victor Gollancz. ISBN 978-0-575-40272-0.

Further reading

Goth subculture
Associated music
Notable bands
Notable figures
Regional scenes
Notable club nights
Notable events
Art and fashion
Film and literature
See also
Categories: