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|date= '''First Phase''': November 1751 – May 1765<br> '''Second Phase''': December 1766 – 1799<br> '''Third Phase''': 1800 – 1839 |date= '''First Phase''': November 1751 – May 1765<br> '''Second Phase''': December 1766 – 1799<br> '''Third Phase''': 1800 – 1839
|place=], ], ], ] and ] |place=], ], ], ] and ]
|result='''First Phase''': Afghans driven from country; Lahore and surronding regions taken by Sikhs{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=303}}<br>''' Second Phase''': Sikh Victory, Afghan campaign cut short, return home due to guerilla tactics.{{sfn|Singh|2004|}}<br> ''' Third Phase''': Decisive Sikh Empire victory, all of the ], ], ] and ] annexed by the Sikh Empire{{sfn|Singh|2004|}}<br>|commander1=] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ] {{KIA}}<br>] ]<br>Syed Akbar Shah {{KIA}}<br>]<br>]
|result='''First Phase''':Afghans driven from country; Lahore taken by Sikhs{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=303}}<br>'''Second Phase''':Afghan campaign cut short, return home{{sfn|Dupree|1980|p=339}}<br> '''Third Phase''':<br>
|combatant1= {{flagicon image|Flag of the Emirate of Herat.svg}} ] (1751-1826)<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg}} ] (1823-1837)<br> {{flagicon image|}} ] tribesmen (1751-1837)
|combatant2= {{flagicon image|Sikh Akali flag.jpg}} ] (1751-1837)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh flag.jpg}} ] (1748-1765)<br> {{flagicon image|Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg}} ] (1765-1800)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh Empire flag.jpg}} ] (1800-1839)<br> {{flagicon image|Sikh Regular Infantry standard.png}} ] (1799-1837)
|commander1=] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ] {{KIA}}<br>] ]<br>Syed Akbar Shah {{KIA}}<br>]<br>]
| |
|commander2= ] ] {{KIA}}<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br>] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] Baba Ala Singh<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ] {{KIA}}<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] {{KIA}}<br> ] Akali Sadhu Singh {{KIA}}<br> ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ] |commander2= ] ] {{KIA}}<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br>] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] ]<br> ] Baba Ala Singh<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ] {{KIA}}<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] {{KIA}}<br> ] Akali Sadhu Singh {{KIA}}<br> ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]<br> ] ] ] ]

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Afghan-Sikh Wars
DateFirst Phase: November 1751 – May 1765
Second Phase: December 1766 – 1799
Third Phase: 1800 – 1839
LocationPunjab, Kashmir, Haryana, Pakistan and Afghanistan
Result First Phase: Afghans driven from country; Lahore and surronding regions taken by Sikhs
Second Phase: Sikh Victory, Afghan campaign cut short, return home due to guerilla tactics.
Third Phase: Decisive Sikh Empire victory, all of the Punjab, Kashmir, Peshawar Valley and Khyber Pass annexed by the Sikh Empire
Commanders and leaders
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Timur Shah Durrani
Mir Mannu
Shah Zaman
Fateh Khan
Dost Muhammad Khan
Nawab Muzaffar Khan  
Azim Khan
Syed Akbar Shah  
Sultan Mohammad Shah
Akbar Khan
Akali Baba Deep Singh  
Nawab Kapur Singh
Sardar Tara Singh Ghaiba & Badesha Sardars
Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgharia
Sardar Hari Singh Bhangi
Sardar Charat Singh
Sardar Maha Singh
Baba Ala Singh
Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab
Misr Diwan Chand
Jarnail Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa  
Sher Singh Sandhanwalia
Kanwar Nau Nihal Singh
Sardar Sham Singh
Sardar Chattar Singh
Sardar Sher Singh
Kharak Singh
Mahan Singh Mirpuri
Akali Phula Singh  
Akali Sadhu Singh  
Akali Naina Singh
Sardar Lehna Singh
Sardar Ranjodh Singh
Jean-Francois Allard
Jean-Baptiste Ventura
Claude Auguste Court

The Afghan–Sikh wars were a series of wars between the Islamic Durrani Empire (centred in present-day Afghanistan), and the Sikh Empire (located in the Punjab region). The conflict had its origins stemming from the days of the Dal Khalsa.

Background

The Sikh Confederacy had effectively achieved independence from the Mughal Empire in 1716, and expanded at its expense in the following decades, despite the Chhota Ghallughara. The Afsharid Persian emperor Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire (1738–40) dealt a heavy blow to the Mughals, but after Nader Shah's death in 1747, the Durrani Empire (roughly covering modern Afghanistan and Pakistan) declared its independence from Persia. Four years later, this new Afghan state came into conflict with the Sikh alliance.

First Phase

Second Phase

In 1766, Ahmad Shah Durrani, again invaded India, taking Lahore without a fight. The Sikhs withdrew, resorting to guerrilla warfare against the Afghans. Ahmad marched on to Amritsar, massacring the population and destroying the city, however his campaign was short-lived. Faced with unpaid troops and internal strife back home in Kandahar, Ahmad was forced to march back to Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah died in 1772, and by 1799, Sikhs were back in possession of Lahore.

Third Phase

Battle of Attock

Main article: Battle of Attock

Siege of Multan

Main article: Siege of Multan (1818)

Battle of Shopian

Main article: Battle of Shopian

Battle of Nowshera

Main article: Battle of Nowshera

Battle of Jamrud

Main article: Battle of Jamrud

See also

References

  1. Mehta 2005, p. 303.
  2. ^ Singh 2004. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSingh2004 (help)
  3. ^ Dupree 1980, p. 339.
  4. Glover 2008, p. 12.

Sources

  • Dupree, Louis (1980). Afghanistan. Princeton University Press.
  • Glover, William J. (2008). Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. New Dawn Press, Inc.

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