Chalukya dynasty: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively ← Previous edit Next edit →Content deleted Content addedVisual WikitextInline

Revision as of 17:45, 20 January 2007 view sourceSarvabhaum (talk \| contribs)263 edits reverted vandalism← Previous edit		Revision as of 04:24, 21 January 2007 view source Dineshkannambadi (talk \| contribs)Rollbackers29,841 edits reverted from incomplete citation by Sarvabhaum. His citations are under scrutiny. No ID and date of publishing.Next edit →
Line 2:		Line 2:
	{{Chalukya infobox}}		{{Chalukya infobox}}
	], built ]]]], ''c.'' ]]]		], built ]]]], ''c.'' ]]]
	The '''Chalukya dynasty''' (~~],]:चालुक्य ,~~ ]: '''ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು''') {{IPA2\|ʧaːɭukjə}}) was an ] royal dynasty that ruled large parts of ] and ] between the ] and the ] centuries. During this period, they ruled as three closely related, but individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty is known as the ''Badami Chalukyas'' who ruled from their capital ] from the middle of the 6th century. The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the ] kingdom of ] and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of ]. After the death of Pulakesi II, the ] became an independent kingdom in the eastern ]. They ruled from the capital ] until about the ]. In the western Deccan, the rise of the ] in the middle of ] eclipsed the Chalukyas of Badami before being revived by their descendants, the ] in late ]. These Western Chalukyas ruled from ] till the end of the 12th century.		The '''Chalukya dynasty''' (]: '''ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು''') {{IPA2\|ʧaːɭukjə}}) was an ] royal dynasty that ruled large parts of ] and ] between the ] and the ] centuries. During this period, they ruled as three closely related, but individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty is known as the ''Badami Chalukyas'' who ruled from their capital ] from the middle of the 6th century. The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the ] kingdom of ] and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of ]. After the death of Pulakesi II, the ] became an independent kingdom in the eastern ]. They ruled from the capital ] until about the ]. In the western Deccan, the rise of the ] in the middle of ] eclipsed the Chalukyas of Badami before being revived by their descendants, the ] in late ]. These Western Chalukyas ruled from ] till the end of the 12th century.

	The rise of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of ] and a golden age in the history of ]. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the rise of Badami Chalukyas. For the first time in history, a South Indian kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the ] and the ] rivers. The rise of this empire also saw the birth of efficient administration, rise in overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called ]. Around the ], it also saw the growth of ] as a language of literature in the ] '']'', ] '']'' and ] traditions. The 11th century saw the birth of ] under the patronage of the Eastern Chalukyas.		The rise of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of ] and a golden age in the history of ]. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the rise of Badami Chalukyas. For the first time in history, a South Indian kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the ] and the ] rivers. The rise of this empire also saw the birth of efficient administration, rise in overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called ]. Around the ], it also saw the growth of ] as a language of literature in the ] '']'', ] '']'' and ] traditions. The 11th century saw the birth of ] under the patronage of the Eastern Chalukyas.

	==Origin of Chalukyas==		==Origin of Chalukyas==
	===Marathi Kshatriyas===
	Noted historian C.V.Vaidya states that Chalukya are ''pure Maratha kshatriyas''. Dr.Bhandarkar also agrees to this theory. Chalukyas were the residents of Maharashtra and their most marriages happened in Maharashtra with Maratha empires like Pallavs, Kadambas, Sendriks and Rashtrakutas. According to Vaidya, Chalukyas are the ] which came from North here and (later named as ]) in ancient times. This theory of C.V.Vaidya is confirmed by the various inscriptions and written proofs which include ] inscription in ] dated 100 A.D, ''Shabar Bhashya'' dated 400 A.D) and Chinese traveler Hyun-Tsang (640 A.D) who specifically describes Chalukya king Pulakeshi as '''King of Maharashtra''' and '''Kshatriya'''. But the most important proof is of ''Kumarilbhatta''(700 A.D). It was later after hundred and fifty years that Badami was part of Karnataka. Maharashtri Prakit was spoken here centuries before the Kanarese (Kannada) language emerged.<ref name="vaidya">History of medieval Hindu India
	(BEING A history of Indian from 600 to 1200 AD) Vol.II by Chinataman Vinayak Oak, Oriental book supplying agency,Pune (pg.171-)</ref>

	===Natives of Karnataka===		===Natives of Karnataka===
	] inscription, Virupaksha Temple, ], ]]]		] inscription, Virupaksha Temple, ], ]]]
Line 16:		Line 12:

	The Chalukya inscriptions are in ] and ]. Their inscriptions call them ''Karnatas'' and their names use indigenous Kannada titles such as ''Priyagallam'' and ''Noduttagelvom''. The names of some Chalukya kings end with the pure Kannada term ''arasa'' (meaning "king" or "chief").<ref name="arasa">Prof. N.L. Rao has pointed out from inscriptions that princess and kings of the dynasty had names like Kattiyarasa (]), Bittarasa (]) and Mangalarasa (]), Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), pp 57-60</ref><ref name="arasa_1">Historians, Shafaat Ahmad Khan and S. Krishnasvami Aiyangar have mentioned in their book that '''Arasa''' is Kannada word, equivalent to Sanskrit word Raja. ''Journal of Indian History'' p102, Published by Department of Modern Indian History, University of Allahabad.</ref> The ] inscriptions speak of Chalukyas of Badami as ''Karnataka Bala'' (Power of Karnataka). Scholars have proposed that the word ''Chalukya'' originated from ''Salki'' or ''Chalki'' which is a Kannada word for an agricultural implement.<ref name="Chalki">Dr. Hoernle suggests a non-Sanskrit origin of the name while Dr. S.C. Nandinath has argued that the Chalukyas were of agricultural background from Karnataka region who later took up a martial career, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p57</ref><br>		The Chalukya inscriptions are in ] and ]. Their inscriptions call them ''Karnatas'' and their names use indigenous Kannada titles such as ''Priyagallam'' and ''Noduttagelvom''. The names of some Chalukya kings end with the pure Kannada term ''arasa'' (meaning "king" or "chief").<ref name="arasa">Prof. N.L. Rao has pointed out from inscriptions that princess and kings of the dynasty had names like Kattiyarasa (]), Bittarasa (]) and Mangalarasa (]), Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), pp 57-60</ref><ref name="arasa_1">Historians, Shafaat Ahmad Khan and S. Krishnasvami Aiyangar have mentioned in their book that '''Arasa''' is Kannada word, equivalent to Sanskrit word Raja. ''Journal of Indian History'' p102, Published by Department of Modern Indian History, University of Allahabad.</ref> The ] inscriptions speak of Chalukyas of Badami as ''Karnataka Bala'' (Power of Karnataka). Scholars have proposed that the word ''Chalukya'' originated from ''Salki'' or ''Chalki'' which is a Kannada word for an agricultural implement.<ref name="Chalki">Dr. Hoernle suggests a non-Sanskrit origin of the name while Dr. S.C. Nandinath has argued that the Chalukyas were of agricultural background from Karnataka region who later took up a martial career, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p57</ref><br>
	Thanjavur inscription on the walls of the famous ],mentions ''Shalke''(Chalukya/Salunke) as one of 96 royal clans of ].<ref name="Shalke">Thanjavur inscription on the walls of famous Brihadeshwar temple completed during Chola rule,its translation in English is made by Shri V.Srinivasachari and Tamil version is made by Shri S.Gopalan, in a book titled ''Bhosale vansha charita'', reprinted by Director of Sarasvati Mahal Library,Thanjavur(1990)</ref><br>

	===Sources of history===		===Sources of history===
Line 25:		Line 20:
	===Foreign notes===		===Foreign notes===

	], a ] traveller had visited the court of ]. At the time of this visit, as mentioned in the ] record, Pulakesi II had divided his empire into three ''Maharashtrakas'' ~~which according to Suryanath Kamath means~~ great provinces comprising of 99,000 villages each. ~~Chinataman Vaidya states that chinese traveller has described the Pulkesi of Badami as ''King of Maharashtra''<ref name="vaidya" />. Pulakesi's~~ empire possibly covered present day ], ] and ]. Hiuen-Tsang, impressed with the governance of the empire observed that the benefits of king's efficient administration was felt far and wide.<ref name="actions">Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002)</ref><ref name="actions1">{{cite web\|title=''History of Karnataka - Chalukyas of Badami\|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm \|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore\|publisher=© 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com,Inc\|work=\|accessdate=2006-11-10}}</ref>		], a ] traveller had visited the court of ]. At the time of this visit, as mentioned in the ] record, Pulakesi II had divided his empire into three ''Maharashtrakas'' or great provinces comprising of 99,000 villages each. This empire possibly covered present day ], ] and ]. Hiuen-Tsang, impressed with the governance of the empire observed that the benefits of king's efficient administration was felt far and wide.<ref name="actions">Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002)</ref><ref name="actions1">{{cite web\|title=''History of Karnataka - Chalukyas of Badami\|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm \|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore\|publisher=© 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com,Inc\|work=\|accessdate=2006-11-10}}</ref>
	Later, Persian emperor ] exchanged ambassadors with Pulakesi II.<ref name="Persia">from the notes of Arab traveller Tabari, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p60</ref>		Later, Persian emperor ] exchanged ambassadors with Pulakesi II.<ref name="Persia">from the notes of Arab traveller Tabari, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p60</ref>

Line 76:		Line 71:
	The rule of the Chalukyas is a major event in the history of ] and Telugu languages. During this time, writing epic narratives and poetry in Sanskrit was very popular. However during the ] - ], Kannada language had already seen some of its greatest writers. The three gems of ], ], ] and ] belonged to this period.<ref name="gems"> These three Jain poets are considered the gems of Kannada literature, Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p356</ref> In the ], Telugu literature was born under the patronage of the Eastern Chalukyas with Nannaya Bhatta as its first writer. Famous writers in Sanskrit from this period were ] who achieved fame by writing ] a book on Hindu law. ] was a great scholar and king compiled an ] of all arts and sciences called ''Manasollasa''.<ref name="science">The work is one on various topics including traditional medicine, music, precious stones, dance etc., Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p106</ref><br>		The rule of the Chalukyas is a major event in the history of ] and Telugu languages. During this time, writing epic narratives and poetry in Sanskrit was very popular. However during the ] - ], Kannada language had already seen some of its greatest writers. The three gems of ], ], ] and ] belonged to this period.<ref name="gems"> These three Jain poets are considered the gems of Kannada literature, Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p356</ref> In the ], Telugu literature was born under the patronage of the Eastern Chalukyas with Nannaya Bhatta as its first writer. Famous writers in Sanskrit from this period were ] who achieved fame by writing ] a book on Hindu law. ] was a great scholar and king compiled an ] of all arts and sciences called ''Manasollasa''.<ref name="science">The work is one on various topics including traditional medicine, music, precious stones, dance etc., Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p106</ref><br>

	From the period of the Badami Chalukya however no major Kannada literary work has been recovered, though many works have been referenced in later centuries. The ] ] record of ] in ''tripadi'' (three line) metre is considered the earliest work in Kannada poetics. The literary work ''Karnateshwara Katha'', which was quoted later by Jayakirti, belonged to the period of Pulakesi II with the great king himself as the hero.<ref name="karnateshwara">According to Dr. Chidananda Murthy - Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p67</ref> Other Kannada writers of this time were Syamakundacharya of ] who wrote ''Prabhrita'', the celebrated Srivaradhadeva also called Tumubuluracharya of 650 (who wrote ''Chudamani'', a commentary on ''Tattvartha-mahashastra'' in 96,000 verses), King ], and others.<ref name="extinct">In the opinion of Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p355</ref><ref name="extinct1">R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, p4</ref><ref name="extinct2">{{cite web\|title=History of Kannada Literature\|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm \|author=Dr. Jyotsna Kamat\|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri\|work=Kamat's Potpourri, November 04,2006\|accessdate=2006-11-12}}.</ref> The ] inscription (]) of Pulakesi II written by court poet Ravi Kirti in old Kannada script and Sanskrit language is considered as an excellent piece of poetry.<ref name="kirti">In this composition, the poet deems himself an equal to Sanskrit scholars of lore like Bharavi and Kalidasa. An earlier inscription in Mahakuta, in prose style is comparable to works of Bana, Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p312</ref><ref name="kirti1">Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p59</ref> In Sanskrit, a few verses of a poetess called Vijayanaka has been preserved.<br> The first attested poetic composition in Marathi is ''Abhistatha Chintamani'' (अभिस्तर्था चिंतामणी) by Chalukya king Soma Deva (1129 CE).<ref>Marathi By A. Pardharipande, Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande, Published by Routledge (UK)</ref>		From the period of the Badami Chalukya however no major Kannada literary work has been recovered, though many works have been referenced in later centuries. The ] ] record of ] in ''tripadi'' (three line) metre is considered the earliest work in Kannada poetics. The literary work ''Karnateshwara Katha'', which was quoted later by Jayakirti, belonged to the period of Pulakesi II with the great king himself as the hero.<ref name="karnateshwara">According to Dr. Chidananda Murthy - Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p67</ref> Other Kannada writers of this time were Syamakundacharya of ] who wrote ''Prabhrita'', the celebrated Srivaradhadeva also called Tumubuluracharya of 650 (who wrote ''Chudamani'', a commentary on ''Tattvartha-mahashastra'' in 96,000 verses), King ], and others.<ref name="extinct">In the opinion of Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p355</ref><ref name="extinct1">R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, p4</ref><ref name="extinct2">{{cite web\|title=History of Kannada Literature\|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm \|author=Dr. Jyotsna Kamat\|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri\|work=Kamat's Potpourri, November 04,2006\|accessdate=2006-11-12}}.</ref> The ] inscription (]) of Pulakesi II written by court poet Ravi Kirti in old Kannada script and Sanskrit language is considered as an excellent piece of poetry.<ref name="kirti">In this composition, the poet deems himself an equal to Sanskrit scholars of lore like Bharavi and Kalidasa. An earlier inscription in Mahakuta, in prose style is comparable to works of Bana, Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p312</ref><ref name="kirti1">Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p59</ref> In Sanskrit, a few verses of a poetess called Vijayanaka has been preserved.<br>

	==Badami Chalukya Government==		==Badami Chalukya Government==
Line 121:		Line 116:
	* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001). A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002), OCLC: 7796041		* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001). A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002), OCLC: 7796041
	* Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi, ISBN 0-14-302989-4.		* Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi, ISBN 0-14-302989-4.
	* K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi.		* K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi ISBN 3987-10333.
	* R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras,1988, ISBN 81-206-0303-6.		* R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras,1988, ISBN 81-206-0303-6.
	* John Keay, History of India, 2000, Grove publications, New York, ISBN 0-8021-3797-0, BINC: 6494766		* John Keay, History of India, 2000, Grove publications, New York, ISBN 0-8021-3797-0, BINC: 6494766

Revision as of 04:24, 21 January 2007

This article is currently under extended confirmed protection.
Extended confirmed protection prevents edits from all unregistered editors and registered users with fewer than 30 days tenure and 500 edits. The policy on community use specifies that extended confirmed protection can be applied to combat disruption, if semi-protection has proven to be ineffective. Extended confirmed protection may also be applied to enforce arbitration sanctions. Please discuss any changes on the talk page; you may submit an edit request to ask for uncontroversial changes supported by consensus.

Template:Chalukya infobox

File:Pattadakal Virupaksha temple.jpg

Virupaksha temple, Pattadakal, built 740

The Chalukya dynasty (Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು) IPA: [ʧaːɭukjə]) was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three closely related, but individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty is known as the Badami Chalukyas who ruled from their capital Badami from the middle of the 6th century. The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the Kadamba kingdom of Banavasi and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of Pulakesi II. After the death of Pulakesi II, the Eastern Chalukyas became an independent kingdom in the eastern Deccan. They ruled from the capital Vengi until about the 11th century. In the western Deccan, the rise of the Rashtrakutas in the middle of 8th century eclipsed the Chalukyas of Badami before being revived by their descendants, the Western Chalukyas in late 10th century. These Western Chalukyas ruled from Basavakalyan till the end of the 12th century.

The rise of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of South India and a golden age in the history of Karnataka. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the rise of Badami Chalukyas. For the first time in history, a South Indian kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the Kaveri and the Narmada rivers. The rise of this empire also saw the birth of efficient administration, rise in overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called Vesara. Around the 9th century, it also saw the growth of Kannada as a language of literature in the Jaina Puranas, Veerashaiva Vachanas and Brahminical traditions. The 11th century saw the birth of Telugu literature under the patronage of the Eastern Chalukyas.

Origin of Chalukyas

Natives of Karnataka

While opinions vary regarding the origins of the Chalukyas, the consensus is that they were native to the Karnataka region. An alternate argument is that the Chalukya were descendants of the "Seleukia" tribe of Iraq and that their conflict with the Pallava of Kanchi was, but a continuation of the conflict between ancient Seleukia and "Parthians", the proposed ancestors of Pallavas. However, this theory has been rejected as it seeks build lineages based simply on similar sounding clan names. A third theory that they were descendants of a chieftain called Kandachaliki Remmanaka, a feudatory of the Andhra Ikshvaku was put forward but this has failed to explain the difference in lineage. The Kandachaliki feudatory call themselves Vashisthiputras of the Hiranyakagotra where as Chalukya inscriptions address themselves as Harithiputras of Manavyasagotra, which incidentally is the same as their early overlords, the Kadambas of Banavasi. This makes them descendants of the Kadambas. The Chalukyas took control of the territory formerly ruled by the Kadambas. Another record of Eastern Chalukyas conforms to the northern origin theory and claims one ruler of Ayodhya came south, defeated the Pallavas and married a Pallava princess. She had a child called Vijayaditya who is claimed to be the Pulakesi I's father. However, there is inscriptional evidence that the father of Pulakesi I was Ranaranga.

The Chalukya inscriptions are in Kannada and Sanskrit. Their inscriptions call them Karnatas and their names use indigenous Kannada titles such as Priyagallam and Noduttagelvom. The names of some Chalukya kings end with the pure Kannada term arasa (meaning "king" or "chief"). The Rashtrakuta inscriptions speak of Chalukyas of Badami as Karnataka Bala (Power of Karnataka). Scholars have proposed that the word Chalukya originated from Salki or Chalki which is a Kannada word for an agricultural implement.

Sources of history

Inscriptions are the main source of information about the Badami Chalukya history. Important among them, the Badami cave inscriptions (578) of Mangalesa, Kappe Arabhatta record of 700, Peddavaduguru inscription of Pulakesi II, the Kanchi Kailasanatha inscription and Pattadakal Virupaksha Temple inscriptions of Vikramaditya II all in Kannada provide more evidence of the Chalukya language. The earliest inscription of the Badami cliff dated 543 of Pulakesi I, the Mahakuta Pillar inscription (595) of Mangalesa and the Aihole inscription dated 634 of Pulakesi II are examples of Sanskrit inscriptions written in old Kannada script. The reign of the Chalukyas saw the arrival of Kannada as the predominant language of inscriptions along with Sanskrit, in areas of the Indian peninsula outside what is known as Tamilaham (Tamil country). Several coins of the early Chalukyas with Kannada legends have been found indicating usage of Kannada at the highest administrative levels. Inscriptions of the Chalukyas have been translated and recorded by historians of the Archaeological Survey of India.

Foreign notes

Hiuen-Tsiang, a Chinese traveller had visited the court of Pulakesi II. At the time of this visit, as mentioned in the Aihole record, Pulakesi II had divided his empire into three Maharashtrakas or great provinces comprising of 99,000 villages each. This empire possibly covered present day Karnataka, Maharashtra and coastal Konkan. Hiuen-Tsang, impressed with the governance of the empire observed that the benefits of king's efficient administration was felt far and wide. Later, Persian emperor Khosrau II exchanged ambassadors with Pulakesi II.

Legends

Vidyapati Bilhana, the famous poet in the court of Vikramaditya VI of the Western Chalukya dynasty of Kalyana, mentions a legend in his work, Vikramankadeva Charita:

Indra once requested Brahma to create a hero who would put an end to Godlessness in the world and punish the wicked. Agreeing to his request, Brahma looked into his Chuluka (hollow of the hands) while performing the Sandhya, and lo! From there sprang a mighty warrior. He was called "Chalukya" and he became the eponymous ancestor of the line. In it were born two great heroes, Harita and Manavya who raised the Chalukyas into distinct position. This story is repeated and elaborated in the Ramastipundi grant of Vimaladitya of the Eastern Chalukya family.

Another legend in the Handarike inscription of Vikramaditya VI claims that the Chalukyas were born in the interior of the Chuluka (hollow of the palm) of the sage Haritipanchashikhi when he was pouring out libations to the Gods. The Chalukyas claimed to have been nursed by the Sapta Matrikas (the seven divine mothers). It was a popular practice to link South Indian royal family lineage to a Northern kingdom in ancient times.

According to a Western Chalukya inscription of Vikramaditya VI, the Chalukyas originally hailed from Ayodhya where fifty-nine kings, and later sixteen more, of this family ruled from Dakshinapatha (South India) where they had migrated.

Periods in Chalukya history

Chalukya dynasties

Vatapi / Badami Chalukyas

Jayasimha	500-520
Ranaraga	520-540
Pulakeshin I	540–566
Kirttivarman I	566–597
Mangalesha	597–609
Pulakeshin II	609–642
Adityavarman	643-645
Abhinavaditya	645-646
Chandraditya	646-649
Vijaya-Bhattarika (regent)	650-655
Vikramaditya I	655–680
Vinayaditya	680–696
Vijayaditya	696–733
Vikramaditya II	733–746
Kirtivarman II	746–753

Vengi / Eastern Chalukyas

Kubja Vishnuvardhana	624–641
Jayasimha I	641–673
Indra Bhattaraka	673
Vishnu Vardhana II	673–682
Mangi Yuvaraja	682–706
Jayasimha II	706–718
Kokkili	719
Vishnuvardhana III	719–755
Vijayaditya I (Eastern Chalukya)	755–772
Vishnuvardhana IV	772–808
Vijayaditya II	808–847
Kali Vishnuvardhana V	847–849
Vijayaditya III	849–892
Chalukya Bhima I	892–921
Vijayaditya IV	921
Amma I	921–927
Beta Vijayaditya V	927
Tala I	927
Vikramaditya II	927–928
Bhima II	928
Yuddhamalla II	928–935
Chalukya Bhima II	935–947
Amma II	947–970
Tala I	970
Danarnava	970–973
Jata Choda Bhima	973–999
Shaktivarman I	1000–1011
Vimaladitya	1011–1018
Rajaraja Narendra	1019–1061
Vijayaditya VII	1061-1075

Kalyani / Western Chalukyas

Tailapa II	957–997
Satyashraya	997–1008
Vikramaditya V	1008–1015
Jayasimha II	1015–1042
Someshvara I	1042–1068
Someshvara II	1068–1076
Vikramaditya VI	1076–1126
Someshvara III	1126–1138
Jagadhekamalla II	1138–1151
Tailapa III	1151–1164
Jagadhekamalla III	1163–1183
Someshvara IV	1184–1200

The Chalukyas ruled over the central Indian plateau of Deccan for over 600 years. During this period, they ruled as three closely related, but individual dynasties. These are the Chalukyas of Badami, who ruled between the 6th and the 8th century, and the two sibling dynasties of Chalukyas of Kalyani or the Western Chalukyas and the Chalukyas of Vengi or the Eastern Chalukyas.

Chalukyas of Badami

In the 6th century, with the decline of the Gupta dynasty and their immediate successors in northern India, major changes began to happen in the area south of the Vindyas— the Deccan and Tamilaham. The age of small kingdoms had given way to large empires in this region. The Chalukya dynasty was established by Pulakesi I in 550. Pulakesi I took Vatapi (Badami in Bagalkot district, Karnataka) under his control and made it his capital. Pulakesi I and his descendants are referred to as Chalukyas of Badami. They ruled over an empire that comprised the entire state of Karnataka and most of Andhra Pradesh in the Deccan. Pulakesi II whose precoronation name was Ereya was perhaps the greatest emperor of the Badami Chalukyas. Also known as Immadi Pulakesi, he is considered one of the great kings in Indian history. His queen was Kadamba Devi, a princess from the dynasty of Alupas. They maintained close family and marital relationship with the Alupas of South Canara and the Gangas of Talakad. Pulakesi II extended the Chalukya Empire up to the northern extents of the Pallava kingdom and halted the southward march of Harsha by defeating him on the banks of the river Narmada. He then defeated the Vishnukundins in the southeastern Deccan. Pallava Narasimhavarman however reversed this victory by attacking and occupying the Chalukya capital Vatapi (Badami) temporarily.

The Badami Chalukya dynasty went in to a brief decline following the death of Pulakesi II due to internal feuds. It recovered during the reign of Vikramaditya I, who succeeded in pushing the Pallavas out of Badami and restoring order to the empire. The empire reached a peak during the rule of the illustrious Vikramaditya II who defeated the Pallava Nandivarman II and captured Kanchipuram. The last Badami Chalukya king Kirtivarman I was overthrown by the Rashtrakuta Dantidurga in 753. At their peak they ruled a vast empire stretching from the Kaveri to the Narmada.

Chalukyas of Kalyani

Main article: Western Chalukyas

The Chalukyas revived their fortunes in 973 after over 200 years of dormancy when much of the Deccan was under the Rashtrakutas. While the popular theory is that the Kalyani Chalukyas belonged to the Badami Chalukya line, objections have been raised by some historians indicating they may have been unrelated to the Early Chalukya family. However, it has also been noticed that the Badami Chalukyas had titles like Satyashraya, which is also the name of a Kalyani Chalukya prince and that they used titles ending with Yuddamalla, Rajamalla which was seen commonly in other Chalukya families of the area. Irrespective of their exact origin, the reign of the Kalyani Chalukyas was a golden age in Kannada literature. Tailapa II, a Rashtrakuta feudatory ruling from Tardavadi-1000 (Bijapur district) overthrew Karka II and re-established the Chalukyan kingdom and recovered most of the Chalukya empire. This dynasty came to be known as the Western Chalukya dynasty or Later Chalukya dynasty.

The Western Chalukyas ruled for another 200 years and were in constant conflict with the Cholas and their cousins the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. Vikramaditya VI is widely considered the greatest ruler of the dynasty. His fifty year reign is called Chalukya Vikrama Era. The Western Chalukyas went into their final dissolution c.1180 with the rise of the Hoysalas, Kakatiya and Seuna.

Eastern Chalukyas

Main article: Eastern Chalukyas

Pulakesi II (608 – 644) conquered the eastern Deccan, corresponding to the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh in 616, defeating the remnants of the Vishnukundina kingdom. He appointed his brother Kubja Vishnuvardhana as Viceroy. On the death of Pulakesi II, the Vengi Viceroyalty developed into an independent kingdom. Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi outlived the main Vatapi dynasty by many generations. The Eastern Chalukyas were originally of Kannada descent. However after a period of time local factors took over and they gave importance to Telugu language. Telugu literature owes its growth to the Eastern Chalukyas.

Art and Architecture

File:Pattadakal templepair.jpg

Mallikarjuna and Kashi Vishwanatha Temples, Pattadakal, built 745

The period of Badami Chalukya dynasty saw art flourish in South India. It brought about some important developments in the realm of culture, particularly in the evolution and proliferation of a new style of architecture known as Vesara, a combination of the South Indian and the North Indian building styles. Sage Bharata's dance Natyasastra was in an advanced state of development. One of the richest traditions in Indian architecture took shape in the Deccan during this time and is called as Karnata Dravida style as opposed to traditional Dravida style. The Vesara style influenced the Eastern Chalukyas. This is evidenced by the presence of similar style temples in Alampur in Kurnool district of present day Andhra Pradesh. The Kalyani Chalukyas further refined the Vesara style with an inclination towards Dravidian concepts, especially in the sculptures. They built fine monuments in the Tungabhadra - Krishna river doab in present day Karnataka.

Badami Chalukyas

The most enduring legacy of the Chalukya dynasty is the architecture and art that they left behind. More than one hundred and fifty monuments attributed to the Badami Chalukya, and built between 450 and 700, remain in the Malaprabha basin in Karnataka.

The rock-cut temples of Pattadakal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Badami and Aihole are their most celebrated monuments. Two of the famous paintings at Ajanta cave no. 1, "The Temptation of the Buddha" and "The Persian Embassy" are attributed to them. This is the beginning of Chalukya style of architecture and a consolidation of South Indian style.

In Aihole, the Durga temple (6th century), Ladh Khan temple (450), Meguti temple (634), Hucchimalli and Huccappayya temples (5th century), Badami Cave temples (600) are examples of early Chalukyan art. The majestic temples at Pattadakal were commissioned by Vikramaditya II (740). Here the Virupakshaand Mallikarjuna (740), Sangameswara (725) and a Jain temple are in the Dravidian style while Jambulinga, Kasivisweswara and Galaganatha (740) are in the Northern nagara style. The Papanatha (680) temple shows an attempt to combine the Northern and Southern styles.

According to some art critics, the Badami Chalukya style is a "prayaga" or confluence of formal trends of architecture, the dravida and nagara. The temples were a result of religious enthusiasm and intensity of purpose.

See also: Badami Chalukya Architecture, Pattadakal, Badami, and Aihole

Literature

File:Badami Narasimha cave3.jpg

Hindu Cave No.3, Badami, 578

The rule of the Chalukyas is a major event in the history of Kannada and Telugu languages. During this time, writing epic narratives and poetry in Sanskrit was very popular. However during the 9th - 10th century, Kannada language had already seen some of its greatest writers. The three gems of Kannada literature, Adikavi Pampa, Sri Ponna and Ranna belonged to this period. In the 11th century, Telugu literature was born under the patronage of the Eastern Chalukyas with Nannaya Bhatta as its first writer. Famous writers in Sanskrit from this period were Vijnaneshwara who achieved fame by writing Mitakshara a book on Hindu law. Somesvara III was a great scholar and king compiled an encyclopedia of all arts and sciences called Manasollasa.

From the period of the Badami Chalukya however no major Kannada literary work has been recovered, though many works have been referenced in later centuries. The extant Kappe Arabhatta record of 700 in tripadi (three line) metre is considered the earliest work in Kannada poetics. The literary work Karnateshwara Katha, which was quoted later by Jayakirti, belonged to the period of Pulakesi II with the great king himself as the hero. Other Kannada writers of this time were Syamakundacharya of 650 who wrote Prabhrita, the celebrated Srivaradhadeva also called Tumubuluracharya of 650 (who wrote Chudamani, a commentary on Tattvartha-mahashastra in 96,000 verses), King Durvinita, and others. The Aihole inscription (634) of Pulakesi II written by court poet Ravi Kirti in old Kannada script and Sanskrit language is considered as an excellent piece of poetry. In Sanskrit, a few verses of a poetess called Vijayanaka has been preserved.

Badami Chalukya Government

Army

The army consisted of infantry, cavalry, elephant corps and a powerful navy. The Chinese traveller Hiuen-Tsiang mentions the Chalukya army had hundreds of elephants which were intoxicated with liquor prior to battle. It was with their navy that they conquered Revatidvipa (Goa) and Puri on east coast of India. Rashtrakuta inscriptions use the term Karnatabala referring to their powerful armies. Taxes were levied and called Herjunka, Kirukula, Bilkode and Pannaya.

Land governance

The empire was divided into Maharashtrakas (provinces), then into smaller Rashtrakas (Mandala), Vishaya (district), Bhoga (group of 10 villages) which is similar to the Dasagrama unit used by the Kadambas. At the lower levels of administration, the Kadamba style fully prevailed. The Sanjan plates of Vikramaditya I even mentions a land unit called Dasagrama. There were many autonomous regions ruled by feudatories like Alupas, Gangas, Banas, Sendrakas etc. Local assemblies looked after local issues. Groups of mahajanas (learned brahmins), looked after agraharas (like Ghatika or place of higher learning) like the ones at Badami (2000 mahajans) and Aihole (500 mahajanas).

Coinage

The Badami Chalukyas minted coins that were of a different standard compared to the northern kingdoms. The coins had Nagari and Kannada legends. They minted coins with symbols of temples, lion or boar facing right and the lotus. The coins weighed 4 grams and were called honnu in old Kannada and had fractions such as fana and the quarter fana, whose modern day equivalent being hana (literally means, money). A gold coin called Gadyana is mentioned in some record in Pattadakal which later came to be known a varaha which was also on their emblem.

Religion

The rule of the Badami Chalukya was a period of religious harmony. They were themselves initially followers of Vedic Hindusim, as seen in the various temples dedicated to many popular Hindu deities with Aihole as the experimental laboratory. Pattadakal is the location of their grandest architecture. The worship of Lajja Gauri, the fertility goddess was equally popular. Later from the time of Vikramaditya I took an inclination towards Shaivism and sects like Pashupata, Kapalikas and Kalamukhas existed. However they actively encouraged Jainsm and attested to by one of the Badami cave temples and other Jain temples in the Aihole complex. Ravikirti, the court poet of Pulakesi II was a Jain. Buddhism was on a decline having made its ingress into Southeast Asia, as confirmed by Hiuen-Tsiang. Badami, Aihole and Kurtukoti, Puligere (Laksmeshwara in Gadag district) were primary places of learning.

Society

The Hindu caste system was present and prostitution was recognised by the government. Some kings had concubines (Ganikas) who were given much respect, sati was perhaps absent as widows like Vinayavathi and Vijayanka are mentioned in records. Devadasis' were present in temples. Sage Bharata's Natyashastra the precursor to Bharatanatyam, the dance of South India was popular as seen in many sculptures and mentioned in inscriptions. Women enjoyed political power in administration. Queens Vijayanka, a noted Sanskrit poetess, Kumkumadevi, the younger sister of Vijayaditya and Lokamahadevi, queen of Vikramaditya II who fought wars stand as examples.

In popular culture

The Chalukya era may be seen as the beginning in the fusion of cultures of northern and southern India making way for the transmission of ideas between the two regions. This is clear from an architectural point of view in that the Chalukyas spawned the Vesara style of architecture which includes elements of the northern nagara and southern dravida styles. The expanding Sanskritic culture mingled in a region where local Dravidian vernaculars were already popular. Dravidian languages maintain these influences even today. This influence also helped enrich literature in these languages. The Hindu legal system owes much to the Sanskrit work Mitakshara by Vijnaneshwara in the court of Chalukya Vikramaditya VI. Perhaps the greatest work in legal literature, Mitakshara is a commentary on Yajnavalkya and is a treatise on law based on earlier writings and has found acceptance in most parts of India. An Englishman Colebrooke later translated into English the section on inheritance giving it currency in the British Indian court system. It was during the Chalukya rule that the Bhakti movement gained momentum in south India in the form of Ramanujacharya and Basavanna later spreading to north India.

A yearly celebration called Chalukya utsava, a three-day festival of music and dance organised by the Government of Karnataka is held every year at Pattadakal, Badami and Aihole. The event is a celebration of the glorious achievements of the Chalukyas in the realms of arts, crafts, music and dance. The program which starts at Pattadakal and ends in Aihole is inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Karnataka. Singers, dancers, poets and other artists from all over the country take part in this event. In the February 26, 2006 celebration, 400 art troupes from different parts of the country had taken part. Colorful cut outs of the Varaha the Chalukya emblem, Satyasraya Pulakesi (Pulakesi II), famous sculptural masterpieces like Durga, Mahishasura-mardhini (Durga killing demon Mahishasura) were seen everywhere. The program at Pattadakal is named Anivaritacharigund vedike after the famous architect of the Virupaksha temple, Gundan Anivaritachari. At Badami it is called Chalukya Vijayambika Vedike and at Aihole, Ravikirti Vedike after the famous poet and minister in the court of Pulakesi II. RaviKirti is the author of the Aihole inscription of 634 which is considered as a masterpiece in medieval Sanskrit poetry written in Kannada script. Souvenirs with Sri Vallabha and Satyasraya written on, were available (these were the titles taken commonly by the kings of the Badami dynasty) and CD's and DVD's detailing the history, culture etc. of the region were sold. Immadi Pulakeshi, a Kannada movie of the 1960's starring Dr. Rajkumar celebrates the life and times of the great king.

Notes

Well known historians like Dr. S. C. Sircar, Prof. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, ASI epigraphist N. Laxminarayana Rao and Professor S. C. Nandinath have asserted that the Chalukyas were Kannadigas (Kannada speakers) and very much the natives of Karnataka, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p57
The Chalukyas hailed from present day Karnataka, John Keay, History of India, 2000, Grove publications, p168
The Chalukya base was Badami and Aihole from where they overthrew their overlords, the Kadambas, Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD, 2003, Penguin, p328
Dr. Lewis's theory has not found acceptance because the Pallavas were in constant conflict with the Kadambas, prior to the rise of Chalukyas, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p57
Pulakesi I of Badami who was a feudatory of the Kadamba king Krishna Varman II overpowered his overlord in 540 and took control of the Kadamba kingdom, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p35
from the Badami Cliff inscription of Pulakesi I and from the Hyderabad record of Pulakesi II which states their family ancestry, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p56-58
Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p154
Prof. N.L. Rao has pointed out from inscriptions that princess and kings of the dynasty had names like Kattiyarasa (Kirtivarman I), Bittarasa (Kubja Vishnuvardhana) and Mangalarasa (Mangalesa), Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), pp 57-60
Historians, Shafaat Ahmad Khan and S. Krishnasvami Aiyangar have mentioned in their book that Arasa is Kannada word, equivalent to Sanskrit word Raja. Journal of Indian History p102, Published by Department of Modern Indian History, University of Allahabad.
Dr. Hoernle suggests a non-Sanskrit origin of the name while Dr. S.C. Nandinath has argued that the Chalukyas were of agricultural background from Karnataka region who later took up a martial career, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p57
Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p6, p10, p57, p59, p67
K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, p76, p159, p161-162
Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p59
K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, p34, p46, p50
Azmathulla Shariff. "Badami Chalukyans' magical transformation". Deccan Herald, Spectrum, July 26, 2005. Retrieved 2006-11-10. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
Carol Radcliffe Bolon. "The Mahakuta Pillar and Its Temples". Artibus Asiae publishers, Vol. 41, No. 2/3 (1979), pp. 253-268. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
According to Dr. Romila Thapar, 2003, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD) p326
Coins with Kannada legends have been discovered from the rule of the Chalukyas, according to Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), pp 12, 57.
A total of 140 important inscriptions in Kannada and Sanskrit have been studied and published by K.V. Ramesh, Director (Epigraphy), ASI, in Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, pp177-184
Archaeological survey of India. "Indian inscriptions". South Indian inscriptions, Vol 20, 18, 17, 15, 11 and 9, Saturday, November 18, 2006. What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd. Retrieved 2006-10-10.
Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002)
Arthikaje, Mangalore. "History of Karnataka - Chalukyas of Badami". © 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com,Inc. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
from the notes of Arab traveller Tabari, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p60
Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p56
According to the Nilagunda Record of Vikramaditya VI which is repeated by poet Bilhana, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), pp 56
The Eastern Chalukyas concocted a mythical genealogy seeking to carry the antiquity of this royal dynasty not merely to the period of the epics and Vedas but to the moment of their very creation in the heavens by denoting Narayana (Lord Vishnu) as the first of the fifty nine kings, K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, p16
the Eastern Chalukyan dynasty came into existence when Pulakesi II established the Viceroyalty of Vengi under his brother Vishnuvardhana in 624 CE,Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p60
Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p136
Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003, Penguin p326
According to scholars, the popular theories regarding the name is Puli-"tiger" in Kannada and Kesin-"haried" in Sanskrit, another theory is Pole-lustrous in Kannada from his earliest Badami cliff inscription that literally spells Polekesi. Yet another explanation is Pole- from Tamil word Punai (to tie a knot)-K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, pp31-32
The name probably meant "the great lion", Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p 134
K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, p76
Dr. S.U. Kamath calls him one of the great kings of India. He successfully defied the expansion of king Harshavardhana of Northern India into the deccan. The Aihole inscription by Ravi Kirti describes how king Harsha lost his Harsha or cheerful disposition after his defeat. The Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsiang also confirms Pulakesi's victory over Uttarapathesvara in his travelogue. Pulakesi II took the title Dakshinapatha Prithviswamy, or lord of the south, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), pp 58-60
K.V. Ramesh calls the rule of Pulakesi II as one one of the most eventfull careers in Indian History - K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, p76
Immadi in old Kannada means 'the second', B. N. Sri Sathyan, Mysore State Gazetteer, p62
Poet Bilhana's Sanskrit work Vikramadeva Charitam and Ranna's Kannada work Gadayuddha and inscriptions from Nilagunda, Yevvur, Kauthem and Miraj claim Tailapa II was son of Vikramaditya IV, seventh in descent from Bhima, brother of Vikramaditya II, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p100
Dr. Fleet, Dr. Bhandarkar and Dr. Altekar claim that unlike the Badami Chalukyas, the Kalyani Chalukyas did not mention to being Harithiputhras of Manavysya gotra. The use of titles like Tribhuvannamalla marked them of as a distinct line, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p100
According to historian, Dr. B.R. Gopal, kings of the Chalukya line of Vemulavada, who were certainly from the Badami Chalukya family used this title often, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p100
The reign of Kalyani Chalukya produced prolific literature in Kannada and Sanskrit, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), pp114-115
Later legends and tradition hailed Tailapa as an incarnation of the God Krishna who fought 108 battles against the race of Ratta (Rashtrakuta) and captured 88 fortresses from them, Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p162
Dr. Romila Thapar mentions his era (samvat) along with the Satavahana Vikrama era of 58 BC, Shaka era of 78, and Harshavardhana era of 606. She mentions Kashmiri poet Bilhana who wrote in his Vikramanakadeva Charita that lord Shiva himself advised Chalukya Vikramaditya VI to replace his elder brother from the throne. Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD, 2003, Penguin, pp 468-469
Sanskrit scholar of that time Vijnyaneshavara wrote of him as a king like none other says Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p106
The work Vikramankadevacharita by Bilhana elucidates the achievements of the great king in 18 cantos, Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p315
Pulakesi II made Vishnuvardhana the Yuvaraja or crown prince who later went on to become the founder of the Eastern Chalukya empire, Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), pp 134-135, p312
The Eastern Chalukya inscriptions show a gradual shift towards Telugu with the appearance of Telugu stanzas from the time of king Gunaga Vijayaditya (Vijayaditya III) in the middle of 9th century, Dr. K.S.S. Seshan, University of Hyderabad. "APOnline-History of Andhra Pradesh-ancient period-Eastern Chalukyas". Revenue Department (Gazetteers), Government of Andhra Pradesh. Tata Consultancy Services. Retrieved 2006-11-12., A Concise History of Karnataka , Dr. S.U. Kamath.
The first work of Telugu literature is a translation of Mahabharata by Nannaya during the rule of eastern Chalukya king Rajaraja Narendra(1019 - 1061), Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p367
as evidenced by the presence of dancing girls and various musical instruments like veena, flute, conch and drums in Badami Chalukya sculptures, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p67
Adam Hardy. "Indian Temple Architecture : Form and Transformation--The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries,1995". Vedams Books from India, Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd. Retrieved 2006-11-13.
Takeo Kamiya. "Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 20 September 1996". Gerard da Cunha-Architecture Autonomous, Bardez, Goa, India. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
Over 125 temples exist in Aihole alone, Michael D. Gunther, 2002. "Monuments of India". Retrieved 2006-11-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Arthikaje, Mangalore. "History of Karnataka - Chalukyas of Badami". © 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com,Inc. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
The Badami Chalukya introduced in the western Deccan a glorious chapter alike in heroism in battle and cultural magnificence in peace said art critic K.V. Sounderrajan. They have influenced the architecture in Vengi and Gujarat- Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p68
According to art critics K. V. Soundara Rajan and Percy Brown, Arthikaje, Mangalore. "History of Karnataka - Chalukyas of Badami". © 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com,Inc. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
These three Jain poets are considered the gems of Kannada literature, Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p356
The work is one on various topics including traditional medicine, music, precious stones, dance etc., Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p106
According to Dr. Chidananda Murthy - Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p67
In the opinion of Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p355
R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, p4
Dr. Jyotsna Kamat. "History of Kannada Literature". Kamat's Potpourri, November 04,2006. Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 2006-11-12..
In this composition, the poet deems himself an equal to Sanskrit scholars of lore like Bharavi and Kalidasa. An earlier inscription in Mahakuta, in prose style is comparable to works of Bana, Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p312
Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p59
Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p64
From Rashtrakuta inscriptions, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), pp 57,65
Arthikaje, Mangalore. "History of Karnataka - Chalukyas of Badami". © 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com,Inc. Retrieved 2006-11-10..
In fact the break up of land into mandalas, vishaya also existed in the Kadamba administrative machinery, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), pp 36, 65
However, the Early Chalukya issued gold coins that weighed 120 grams, in imitation of the Gupta dynasty says noted historian and numismatist Dr. A.V. Narasimha Murthy, - Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p65
Sculptures testify to the popularity of deities like Vishnu, Shiva, Kartikeya, Ganapathi, Shakti, Surya and Sapta Matrikas (seven mothers), Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p66
Vinopoti, a concubine of king Vijayaditya is mentioned with due respect in an inscription, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p67
One record mentions an artist called Achala as being well versed in Natya Shastra, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p67
Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD, 2003, Penguin, p326
Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p309
Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955), A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, (Reprinted 2002), p324
Staff correspondent. "Chalukya Utsava: Depiction of grandeur and glory". NewIndia Press, Sunday February 26, 2006. NewIndia Press. Retrieved 2006-11-12. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help).

References

Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002) ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001). A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002), OCLC: 7796041
Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi, ISBN 0-14-302989-4.
K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi ISBN 3987-10333.
R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras,1988, ISBN 81-206-0303-6.
John Keay, History of India, 2000, Grove publications, New York, ISBN 0-8021-3797-0, BINC: 6494766
"Chalukyan Art by Dr. Jyotsna Kamat, Kamat's Potpourri, November 04,2006". Retrieved 2006-11-10.
"Emperor among Temples". Retrieved 2006-11-10.
"The Mahakuta Pillar and Its Temples, Carol Radcliffe Bolon, Artibus Asiae publishers, Vol. 41, No. 2/3 (1979), pp. 253-268". Retrieved 2006-11-10.

"Aihole Temples, Photographs by Michael D. Gunther, 2002". Retrieved 2006-11-10.
"Badami Cave Temples, Photographs by Michael D. Gunther, 2002". Retrieved 2006-11-10.
"Pattadakal Temples, Photographs by Michael D. Gunther, 2002". Retrieved 2006-11-10.
"Indian inscriptions-South Indian inscriptions, Vol 20, 18, 17, 15, 11 and 9, Archaeological survey of India, What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd". Retrieved 2006-11-10.
"APOnline - History of Andhra Pradesh-ancient period-Eastern Chalukyas by Tata Consultancy Services". Retrieved 2006-11-12.
"Architecture of Indian Subcontinent, Takeyo Kamiya, 20 September 1996, Published by Gerard da Cunha-Architecture Autonomous, Bardez, Goa, India". Retrieved 2006-11-12.
"History of the Kannada Literature, Dr. Jyotsna Kamat, on Kamat's Potpourri, Timeless Theater-Karnataka-History of Kannada, November 04,2006". Retrieved 2006-11-12.
"Indian Temple Architecture : Form and Transformation--The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries/Adam Hardy,1995, Vedams Books from India, Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd". Retrieved 2006-11-12.
"Badami Chalukyans' magical transformation, an article by Azmathulla Shariff in Deccan Herald, Spectrum, July 26, 2005". Retrieved 2006-11-12.

External links

"Mysore-List of rulers of Karnataka". Retrieved 2006-11-10.
"The Chalukyan magnificence". Retrieved 2006-11-10.
"Coins of Chalukyas". Retrieved 2006-11-10.
"Coins of Alupas". Retrieved 2006-11-10.

Middle kingdoms of India

Timeline and cultural period	Northwestern India (Punjab-Sapta Sindhu)	Indo-Gangetic Plain			Central India	Southern India
Timeline and cultural period	Northwestern India (Punjab-Sapta Sindhu)	Upper Gangetic Plain (Ganga-Yamuna doab)	Middle Gangetic Plain	Lower Gangetic Plain	Central India	Southern India
IRON AGE
Culture	Late Vedic Period	Late Vedic Period (Srauta culture) Painted Grey Ware culture	Late Vedic Period (Shramanic culture) Northern Black Polished Ware		Pre-history
6th century BCE	Gandhara	Kuru-Panchala	Magadha		Adivasi (tribes)	Assaka
Culture	Persian-Greek influences	"Second Urbanisation" Rise of Shramana movements Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga			Pre-history
5th century BCE	(Persian conquests)		Shaishunaga dynasty		Adivasi (tribes)	Assaka
4th century BCE	(Greek conquests)	Nanda empire			Adivasi (tribes)
HISTORICAL AGE
Culture	Spread of Buddhism				Pre-history
3rd century BCE	Maurya Empire					Satavahana dynasty Sangam period (300 BCE – 200 CE) Early Cholas Early Pandyan kingdom Cheras
Culture	Preclassical Hinduism - "Hindu Synthesis" (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE) Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism
2nd century BCE	Indo-Greek Kingdom		Shunga Empire Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty			Satavahana dynasty Sangam period (300 BCE – 200 CE) Early Cholas Early Pandyan kingdom Cheras
1st century BCE	Indo-Greek Kingdom		Shunga Empire Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty
1st century CE	Indo-Scythians Indo-Parthians		Kuninda Kingdom
2nd century	Kushan Empire
3rd century	Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom	Kushan Empire	Western Satraps	Kamarupa kingdom	Adivasi (tribes)
Culture	"Golden Age of Hinduism"(ca. CE 320-650) Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
4th century	Kidarites	Gupta Empire Varman dynasty				Andhra Ikshvakus Kalabhra dynasty Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty
5th century	Hephthalite Empire	Alchon Huns				Vishnukundina Kalabhra dynasty
6th century	Nezak Huns Kabul Shahi		Maitraka		Adivasi (tribes)	Vishnukundina Badami Chalukyas Kalabhra dynasty
Culture	Late-Classical Hinduism (ca. CE 650-1100) Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India
7th century	Indo-Sassanids		Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha	Mlechchha dynasty	Adivasi (tribes)	Badami Chalukyas Eastern Chalukyas Pandyan kingdom (revival) Pallava
8th century	Kabul Shahi		Pala Empire			Eastern Chalukyas Pandyan kingdom Kalachuri
9th century	Kabul Shahi		Gurjara-Pratihara			Rashtrakuta dynasty Eastern Chalukyas Pandyan kingdom Medieval Cholas Chera Perumals of Makkotai
10th century	Ghaznavids			Pala dynasty Kamboja-Pala dynasty		Kalyani Chalukyas Eastern Chalukyas Medieval Cholas Chera Perumals of Makkotai Rashtrakuta
References and sources for table References Samuel Samuel Michaels (2004) p.39 Hiltebeitel (2002) Michaels (2004) p.39 Hiltebeitel (2002) Michaels (2004) p.40 Michaels (2004) p.41 Sources Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002), Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture", Routledge Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press

Categories: