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| {{otheruses}} | |||
| ] practice marksmanship at their new sniper range near ] on ], 2005.]] | |||
| ] (2004)]] | |||
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| A '''sniper''' is an ] ] who specializes in shooting from concealment and/or longer ranges than regular infantry, often with a specially designed or adapted ]. It requires skill in ], ] and ]. | |||
| The term ''sniper'' is attested from 1824 in the sense of “].” The verb ''to snipe'' originated in the 1770s among soldiers in ]-in the sense of: “to shoot from a hidden place,” in allusion to ] hunting, a game bird known for being extremely difficult to locate, approach, or shoot. Those who were skilled at the hunting of this bird were thus dubbed “snipers.” | |||
| During the American Civil War, the common term used in the United States for much the same function was '''“].”''' A Civil War army often protected itself when on the move by using such concealed marksmen, who were deployed individually on the extremes of the moving army. Generally, such skirmishers were selected on the basis of prior proven hunting and marksmanship skills. Often these were either young soldiers with promising maneuverability and fieldcraft, or older men with refined marksmanship and tactical skills.<ref></ref> The term sniper hence did not reach widespread use in the United States until somewhat later than the American Civil War. | |||
| In the last few decades, the term “sniper” has been used rather loosely, especially by ] in association with ] precision ], those responsible for ], any shooting from all but the shortest range in war, and any criminal equipped with a rifle in a civil context.<ref>http://news.google.com/news?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&tab=wn&q=civilian+sniper&btnG=Search+News</ref> In the ], and for much of the ], the term “sniper” was used to refer to what were generally ill-trained soldiers who terrorized ]s, mainly by firing at them from hi-rise windows and rooftops. During the ], the main street of the city became known as ''“]”''. | |||
| This has rather expanded the general understanding the term. It has also given “sniper” mixed connotations. Official sources often use other terms, especially for police snipers: “counter-sniper,” “precision marksman,” “tactical marksman,” “sharpshooter,” or “precision shooter.” Some of these alternatives have been in common use for a long time; others are closer to undisguised ]s. | |||
| ==Snipers in warfare== | |||
| ] ] (PRT) looks for enemy activity along the hilltops near ], Afghanistan, ] 2006.]] | |||
| Different countries have different ]s regarding snipers in ]s, settings, and ]. Generally, a sniper’s goal in ] is to reduce the enemy’s fighting ability by striking at a small number of high value targets, such as ]. | |||
| ] ] and derived military ]s include ] “snipers,” which may be called “sharpshooters” or “designated riflemen” in other doctrines (see below). They do so because this ability was lost to ordinary troops when ]s (which are optimized for close-in, rapid-fire combat) were adopted. See the “]” article for details. | |||
| Military snipers from the ], ], and other countries that adopt their military doctrine are typically deployed in two-man ]s consisting of a shooter and ]. The two have different functions and hence their assignment corresponds to their skills, but a common practice is for the shooter and spotter to take turns in order to avoid eye ]. | |||
| Typical sniper missions include ] and ], counter-sniper, killing enemy ]s, selecting targets of opportunity, and even ] tasks (destruction of ]), which tend to require use of rifles in the larger calibers such as the ]. Snipers have of late been increasingly demonstrated as useful by U.S. and UK forces in the recent ] in a ] role to cover the movement of infantry, especially in ] areas. | |||
| The current ] for longest range sniper kill is 2,430 ]s (7,972 ]), accomplished by a ] sniper, ], of the third battalion ] (3 PPCLI), during the ], using a .50 BMG (12.7 mm) McMillan ]. This meant that the round had a flight time of four seconds, and a drop of 78.4 meters (257 feet). The previous record was held by U.S. Marine ], achieved during the ], at a distance of 2,250 meters. Hathcock was also famous for his 93 confirmed kills during the Vietnam conflict. | |||
| By contrast, much of the ]/] urban sniping in support of ] is at much shorter ranges, although in one notable incident on ] ], corporals Matt and Sam Hughes, a two-man sniper team of the ], armed with ] sniper rifles each killed targets at a range of about 860 m with shots that, due to strong wind, had to be “fire exactly 17 meters to the left of the target for the bullet to bend in the wind.”<ref>Nick Parker, (a pooled Gulf War correspondent), '''' published in ] April 2003</ref> | |||
| == Police snipers == | |||
| ] Specialized Services Division Counter-Sniper Team doing aerial platform training.]] | |||
| ] forces typically deploy snipers in ] scenarios. They are trained to shoot only as a ], when there is a direct threat to life. Police snipers typically operate at much shorter ranges than military snipers, generally under 100 meters and sometimes even less than 50 meters. Police snipers do not generally attempt to shoot to ] when they shoot, they shoot to kill, though there have been some notable exceptions with varying success. | |||
| The need for specialized training for police snipers was made apparent in 1972 during the ]; the police deployed untrained personnel with sniper equipment {{fact}} during the standoff at the airport in the closing phase of the crisis, and consequently all of the ] hostages were killed. (The use of snipers of the German army was impossible due to the ]'s explicit prohibition of the use of the military in domestic matters. This situation was later addressed with the founding of the ] group.) | |||
| In one high-profile incident, a ] sniper in Columbus, Ohio prevented a suicide by shooting a revolver out of the potential victim's hand, leaving him unharmed. Despite this success, video footage later revealed that the target narrowly avoided severe injury from shrapnel.{{fact}} Marksmen shooting at loaded guns to test this technique under controlled conditions have shown very mixed results. The target gun can discharge in a random direction; and even a direct hit on the gun may fail to fully disable it. Also, firing a bullet in the direction of a target is considered to be deadly force in most jurisdictions, and the use of deadly force to subdue a potential suicide victim is illegal in some of these. | |||
| In ], police snipers like those of the ]’s ] (e.g. the ]) typically serve longer in the role, receiving more training and more operational experience than their military counterparts. | |||
| ==Training== | |||
| ]A3]] | |||
| Good ] is essential to provide a sniper with the skills needed to perform well. Military sniper training aims to teach a high degree of proficiency in ] and concealment, ] and ] as well as precision marksmanship under wide operational conditions. Trainees typically shoot thousands of rounds over a number of weeks, while learning these core skills. | |||
| Snipers are trained to squeeze the trigger straight back with the ball of their finger, to avoid jerking the gun sideways. The most accurate position is ], with a ] supporting the ], and the stock’s cheek-piece against the cheek. In the field, a ] can be used instead. Sometimes a ] is wrapped around the weak arm (or both) to reduce stock movement. Some doctrines train a sniper to breathe deeply before shooting, then hold their ] empty while they line up and take their shot. Some go further, teaching their snipers to shoot between heartbeats to minimize barrel motion. | |||
| Since the GWOT began in 2001, the U.S. military has maintained a high operational tempo making training more difficult. Private training organizations, such as the McMillan Sniper School, have been training hundreds of military personnel in both basic sniper skills and pre-deployment sniper training. Many units such as the 82nd ABN and 10th Mountain Divisions are seeking sniper and squad designated marksman training for scout companies to increase their unit ability and become a greater force multiplier. | |||
| As of 2006, U.S. military schools are overbooked and have waiting lists of up to twelve to eighteen months. Also, these military schools cannot accommodate more than one or two candidates from any particular units, making it extremely difficult for units to stay up to date and train at the same level. | |||
| McMillan Sniper School alone has trained thirty three government units from four nations. High profile units trained include; Navy SEAL Sniper School Instructor Staff, SEAL Teams 2, 3 4, 5; Marine Corps MARSOC/Det 1, 2nd Force Recon, 2nd & 4th Recon Battalion; Army 20th Special Forces Group (ABN), 2/75th Ranger Regiment, 82nd ABN, 101st ABN, 40th ID/1ST Cav Div; Air Force SOCOM. | |||
| ===Consistency=== | |||
| The key to sniping is '''consistency''', which applies to both the weapon and the shooter. While consistency does not necessarily ensure ] (which requires training), sniping cannot be accurately carried out without it. | |||
| Although there is always a degree of ] due to physics and the nature of bullets, a precision sniping rifle must limit this effect. When fired from a fixed position, all shots must be extremely close together, even at long range. Similarly, a sniper must have the ability to estimate ], ], ], and any other major ]s that can alter the shot. Mistakes in estimation compound over distance and can decrease lethality or even cause a shot to miss completely. | |||
| Snipers generally prefer to ] their weapons at a target range, although it can also be done in the field. This is where the sniper calibrates his rifle with his ] at a particular range (typically at the most common encounter distance) such that shots will reliably strike their target. A rifle must maintain its zero in the field, or else it must be re-zeroed before the next encounter. Once zeroed, the rifle can be adjusted for other distances or for wind using estimates, calculations, and scope features. | |||
| The military need for consistency is highest when a sniper is firing the first shot against an enemy unaware of the sniper’s presence. At this point, high-priority targets such as enemy snipers, ], and critical equipment are most prominent and can be more accurately targeted. A sniper must know how a hot or cold ], different surrounding ]s, and different ]s can affect the flight of the bullet. Once the first shot has been fired, any surviving enemy will attempt to take cover or locate the sniper, and attacking strategic targets becomes more difficult or impossible. | |||
| The need for police sniper consistency is high when in a ]. Firing a shot but failing to immediately incapacitate an armed threat is likely to result in the death of hostages, and cause the aggressor to cease ]s and ] to cover. In this situation, lives can depend on the result of a single shot, and it is this pressure that police snipers must overcome when firing. | |||
| A ] helps a sniper achieve the best accuracy, although these are typically only available in target shooting, police stand-offs, and base defense. In the field, a bipod is more common, although any soft surface such as a ] will steady a rifle and contribute to consistency. In particular, bipods help when firing from a prone position, and enable firing position to be sustained for an extended period of time. Many police and military sniper rifles come equipped with an adjustable bipod. | |||
| ===US Military=== | |||
| Snipers are ]s accepted for sniper training on the basis of their aptitude as perceived by their commanders. Military snipers may be trained as FACs (Forward Air Controllers) to direct military ]s, FOs (Forward Observers) in ] target indication, and as ] fire controllers (MFCs). | |||
| Effective sniping in a military context may necessitate assuming a stationary position for days at a time. Fatigue and muscle stiffness often result from the mandatory immobility. Also, urination and defecation into a bag or other container may become essential. These factors alone contradict much of the glamour portrayed in popular movies. | |||
| ==Targeting== | |||
| ], ] 2006.]] | |||
| The range to the target is measured or estimated as precisely as conditions permit and correct range estimation becomes absolutely critical at long ranges, because a bullet travels with a curved ] and the sniper must compensate for this by aiming higher at longer distances. If the exact distance is not known the sniper will compensate incorrectly and the bullet path will be too high or low. As an example, for a typical military sniping cartridge such as ] round this difference (or “drop”) between 700 m and 800 m is 8 in (200 mm). This means that if the sniper incorrectly estimated the distance as 700 m when the target was in fact 800 m away, the bullet will be 8 in (200 mm) lower than expected by the time it reaches the target. | |||
| ]s may be used, but are not preferred on the battlefield because a laser can be seen by both the sender and the receiver. One useful method is comparing the height of the target (or nearby objects) to their size on the mil dot scope, or taking a known distance and using some sort of measure (utility poles, fence posts) to determine the additional distance. The average human ] is 150 ]s (6 ]) in width, average human shoulders are 500 mm (20 inches) apart and the average distance from a person’s crotch to the top of their head is 1 ] (39 inches). | |||
| To determine the range to a target without a laser rangefinder, the sniper must use the ] dot ] on a scope to accurately find the range. Mil dots are used like a ] to measure the height of a target, and if the height is known, the range can be as well. The height of the target (in yards) ×1000, divided by the height of the target (in mils), gives the range in yards. This is only in general, however, as both scope magnification (7×, 40×) and mil dot spacing change. The USMC standard is that 1 mil (that is, 1 milliradian) equals 3.438 MOA (], or, equivalently, minute of angle), while the US Army standard is 3.6 MOA, chosen so as to give a diameter of 1 yard (36 inches) at 1,000 yards. Many commercial manufacturers use 3.5, splitting the difference, since it is easier with which to work. | |||
| <blockquote> ''Explanation: 1 MIL = 1 milli-radian. That is, 1 MIL = 1x10^-3 radian. But, 10^-3 rad x (360 deg/ (2 x Pi) radians) = 0.0573 degrees. Now, 1 MOA = 1/60 degree = 0.01667 degrees. Hence, there are 0.0573/0.01667 = 3.43775 MOA per MIL, where MIL is defined as a milli-radian. On the other hand, defining a mil-dot by the US Army way, to equate it to 1 yard at 1000 yards, means the Army's mil-dot is approximately 3.6 MOA.''</blockquote> | |||
| It is important to note that ] (''mil'') is only an approximation of a ] and different organizations use different approximations. Please see ]. | |||
| At longer ranges, bullet drop plays a significant role in targeting. The effect can be estimated from a chart which may be memorised or taped to the rifle, although some scopes come with ] (BDC) systems that only require the range be dialed in. These are tuned to both a specific class of rifle and specific ammunition. It must be noted that every bullet type and load will have different ]. .308 Federal 175 grain (11.3 g) BTHP match shoots at 2,600 ft/s (790 m/s). Zeroed at 100 yards, a 16.2 MOA adjustment would have to be made to hit a target at 600 yards. If the same bullet was shot with 168 grain (10.9 g), a 17.1 MOA adjustment would be necessary. | |||
| Shooting uphill or downhill can require more adjustment due to the effects of ]. Wind also plays a role, the effect increasing with wind speed or the distance of the shot. The slant of visible convections near the ground can be used to estimate crosswinds, and correct the point of aim. | |||
| All adjustments for range, wind, and elevation can be performed by “holding over” by eye, also known as ]. The most accurate way is called “dialing in” the scope. This adjusts the scope so that the crosshairs point at the target, while also accounting for the effect of the factors above. With precision mechanics, dialing in is more accurate, as the eye can more easily line up and hold the target. | |||
| For moving targets, the point of aim is in front of the target. This is known as “leading” the target, where the amount of lead depends on the speed and angle of the target’s movement. For this technique, holding over is the preferred method. Anticipating the behavior of the target is necessary to accurately place the shot. | |||
| == Sniper equipment == | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ] ]] | |||
| {{main|Sniper equipment}} | |||
| The major components of sniper's equipment are the ], ] and ]. | |||
| == Sniper tactics == | |||
| ===Shot placement=== | |||
| Shot placement varies considerably with the type of sniper being discussed. Military snipers, who generally do not engage targets at less than 300 m (330 yd), usually attempt body shots, aiming at the chest. These shots depend on tissue damage, organ trauma and ] to make the kill. Police snipers who generally engage at much shorter distances may attempt head shots to ensure the kill. In instant-death hostage situations, police snipers shoot for the ], a part of the brain that controls voluntary movement that lies at the base of the skull. Some ] and ] researchers have argued that severing the ] at an area near the second cervical ] is actually achieved, usually having the same effect of preventing voluntary motor activity, but the debate on the matter remains largely academic at present. | |||
| ===Positioning=== | |||
| To perform civil pacification, sniper-suppression, and intelligence, a sniper or pair of snipers will locate themselves in a high, concealed ]. They will use ] or a ] to identify targets, and a ] to provide intelligence. | |||
| Snipers use deception, in the form of camouflage, unusual angles of approach, and frequent, often slow movement to prevent accurate counter-attacks. Some snipers are able to shoot an observant target from less than 90 m (98 yd), while the target is searching for them, without being seen. | |||
| ===Targets=== | |||
| Snipers can target personnel or ], but most often they target the most important enemy personnel such as officers or specialists (e.g. communications operators) so as to cause the maximum disruption of enemy operations. Other personnel they might target include those who pose an immediate threat to the sniper like dog handlers who are often employed in a search for snipers. | |||
| A sniper identifies officers by their appearance and behavior such as wearing high-rank ]s, talking to ], sitting as a passenger in a car, having military servants, or talking and moving position more frequently. If possible, snipers shoot in descending order by ], or if rank is unavailable, they shoot to disrupt communications. | |||
| Since most kills in modern warfare are by ], reconnaissance is one of the most effective uses of snipers. They use their aerobic conditioning, infiltration skills and excellent long-distance observation equipment and tactics to approach and observe the enemy. In this role, their ] let them engage only high-value targets of opportunity. | |||
| With heavy ] rifles, snipers can shoot turbine disks of parked ]s, missile guidance packages, expensive optics, or the bearings, tubes or wave guides of ] sets. Such methods often employ ]. Similarly, snipers may shoot ] or ]s instead of using a door-opening charge. | |||
| ===Psychological warfare=== | |||
| To demoralize enemy troops, snipers can follow predictable patterns. During the ], the ] always killed the foremost man in a group of ]'s soldiers. Realizing this, none of them would walk first, as it was suicidal. This effectively decreased the army's willingness to search for rebel bases in the mountains. An alternative approach is to kill the second man in a row, leading to the psychological effect that nobody will want to follow the "leader" on first position. | |||
| The phrase "one shot, one kill" has gained notoriety in ] as a glorification of the "sniper mystique." The phrase embodies the sniper's tactics and philosophy of stealth and efficiency. The exact meaning can be explained thus: | |||
| *a single round should be fired, avoiding unnecessary and indiscreet firing | |||
| *every shot should be accurately placed, resulting in quick, suffering-free death for the enemy | |||
| Whether the phrase actually reflects reality is of course subject to debate, but it has been widely used in literature and movies. | |||
| == Counter-sniper tactics == | |||
| {{main|Counter-sniper tactics}} | |||
| The occurrence of sniper warfare has led to the evolution of many counter-sniper tactics in modern military strategies. These aim to reduce the damage caused by a sniper to an army, which can often be harmful to both fighting capabilities and morale. Ultimately, snipers are difficult to stop. However, there are methods available (used individually or in concert) which can be used to make life difficult for them or generally cause hindrance. | |||
| The risk of damage to a chain of command can be reduced by removing/concealing features which would otherwise indicate an officer’s rank. Armies nowadays tend to avoid saluting to officers and eliminate rank insignia on BDUs. Officers can seek maximum cover before revealing themselves as good candidates for sniping through actions like reading maps and using radios. | |||
| Friendly snipers are often used to hunt the enemy sniper. Besides direct observation, defending forces can use other techniques. These include calculating the trajectory of a bullet by triangulation. Traditionally, triangulation of a sniper's position was done manually, though radar-based technology has recently become available. Once located, the defenders can try to approach the sniper from cover and overwhelm him. The United States military is funding a project known as RedOwl, which uses laser and acoustic sensors to determine the exact direction from which a sniper round has been fired. The RedOwl system has been tested on the PackBot robot from iRobot. | |||
| The more shots a sniper fires, the more chances the defenders have to locate him, so they often try to draw useless shots, sometimes simply by offering a helmet slightly out of concealment. A tactic successfully employed in the Winter War by the Finns is known as "Kylmä-Kalle" (Cold Charlie). They used a shop mannequin or other very human-resembling doll which was dressed as a tempting target, like an officer. The doll was then presented as if it was a real man and sloppily covering himself. Usually, Soviet snipers were unable to resist the temptation of an apparently easy kill. Once the angle where the bullet came from was determined, a shot of a heavy-calibre gun such as a "Norsupyssy" ("Elephant rifle") anti-tank rifle was shot at the sniper's direction to eliminate him. | |||
| Other tactics include directing artillery or mortar fire onto suspected sniper positions, the use of smoke-screens, and emplacing tripwire-operated munitions, mines, or other booby-traps near suspected sniper positions. Even dummy trip-wires can be emplaced to inconvenience sniper movement. Where anti-personnel mines are unavailable, it is possible to improvise booby-traps by connecting trip-wires to fragmentation hand-grenades, smoke grenades or flares. Even though these may not kill the sniper, they will reveal his location. Booby-trap devices should be placed close to likely sniper hides or along the probable routes used into and out of the sniper's work area. Knowledge of sniper fieldcraft will assist in this task. | |||
| One very old counter-sniper tactic is to tie rags onto bushes or similar items in the danger area. The rags flutter in the breeze creating random movements in the corner of the sniper's eye, which they find distracting. The main virtue of this tactic is that it is easy to use, though it will definitely not stop a professional sniper from selecting targets. | |||
| Nonetheless, sniping and counter-sniping is a battle of will and wits. | |||
| == Snipers in irregular and asymmetric combat == | |||
| {{main|Asymmetric warfare}} | |||
| The use of sniping (in the sense of shooting at relatively long range from a concealed position) to ] came to public attention in a number of sensational U.S. cases, including the ] incident of 1966, the ], and the ] of late 2002. However, these incidents usually do not involve the range or skill of military snipers; in all three cases the perpetrators had US military training, but in other specialties. News reports will often (inaccurately) use the term sniper to describe anyone shooting with a rifle at another person. | |||
| Sniping has also been used in irregular and asymmetric warfare situations, for example in the ] ], where in the early seventies a number of soldiers were shot by concealed riflemen, some at considerable range. There were also a few instances in the early '90s of British soldiers being shot with .50 calibre Barrett rifles. In Northern Ireland, in addition to the uses listed above, a sniper was quite often a form of bait called a "come-on", whereby the sniper's position would be made obvious to a British patrol so as to draw them into an ambush in their attempt to close on the sniper. | |||
| The sniper is particularly suited to combat environments where one side is disadvantaged to the other. A careful sniping pattern can leverage a very few individuals and resources to thwart movement or other progress from a much better equipped or larger force. | |||
| Because of this perceived difference in force size, the sniping attacks may be viewed as the act of a few persons to ''terrorize'' (earning the moniker ''terrorists'') a much larger, ''regular'' force — regardless of the size of the force the snipers are attached to. | |||
| These perceptions stem from the precept that sniping, while effective in specific instances, is much more effective as a broadly deployed psychological attack (see elsewhere in article). | |||
| == "Sniper" versus "marksman" or "sharpshooter" == | |||
| Some doctrines distinguish a "sniper" from a "]" ("sharpshooter") or "]". While snipers are intensively trained to master ] and ], these skills are not necessarily required for sharpshooters. Snipers often perform valuable ] and have a psychological impact on the enemy. A sharpshooter's role is mainly to extend the reach of the ] to which he is attached. | |||
| A sniper also uses intensive training for mastering the art of stealth, concealment, and infiltration for forward placement and surveillance duties, making the role more strategic than a squad-level sharpshooter. Thus, sharpshooters are often attached at the squad level (in the case of squad ]), while snipers are often attached at higher levels such as ]. A notable exception to this are "elite" military units such as the ] and ] which utilize snipers at the company level. | |||
| The main difference in these two rather different roles are that a sharpshooter is often used in urban areas, where they may work with police or other such law enforcement agencies, while a sniper will work mostly in the field, often in jungle and other well-covered grounds. A sniper is also usually equipped with a highly accurate bolt-action sniper rifle and a pistol (silenced or otherwise) as their sidearm, while a sharpshooter may utilise semi-automatic rifles (not necessarily sniper rifles designed to cover great distances), bolt-action hunting rifles, or even accurate assault rifles (carbines are usually not chosen as they have less accuracy, greater recoil from less weight, and less velocity). As such, a sniper specialises in well-placed single shots, where stealth, timing, and a good choice of target will determine their effectiveness in their use; sharpshooters, on the other hand, are mostly used in hostage and other such police related situations. Sharpshooters work at closer distances, often with the need to place their shots in a far shorter length of time, and often several in quick succession. In addition, because sharpshooters have neither the same degree of surprise or stealth at hand, they are often forced to shoot rapidly moving targets (albeit from shorter distances). With the proliferation of larger caliber weapons, especially .50 sniper rifles, the sniper support may carry an anti-material rifle in addition to his assault rifle, although the weight can be prohibitive. | |||
| Most importantly, sharpshooters aren't taught the same level of camouflage and stealth skills which come with the role of a sniper, as these skills are less necessary in both their application and working ]s. The distinction is often blurred by sharpshooters such as ] marksmen, who often act as the eyes and ears of a situation's response team before entry, or squad ], who use their rifle's enhanced optics from covered and concealed positions to provide effective and accurate aimed fire. | |||
| == Selected snipers in history == | |||
| ] with an ]. She was a ] sniper who fought for the ] during ].]] | |||
| ] of ]. Canadian snipers in the ] were also trained scouts. Specialized equipment includes No. 4 Mk I(T) rifle and scope combination and a camouflaged ]. PAC Photo, by Ken Bell (September 1944).]] | |||
| ] | |||
| Even before ]s were available, soldiers such as ] and ] were specially trained as elite marksmen. | |||
| ===Pre 20th century=== | |||
| *] or ] (] ]) – supposedly trained to cover ]ing armies, targeting officers from concealed positions. One of Japan's most famous warlords, ], was reportedly fatally wounded by a sniper's bullet. | |||
| *] – killed British General ] during the pivotal ], faltering the British advance and causing them to lose the battle. | |||
| *] – British employed some rifle companies dressed (unsportingly) in green to avoid detection and shoot enemy officers. On ships, sharpshooters were sometimes deployed in fighting tops allowing them to shoot enemy officers, easily distinguished by their ] uniforms. Admiral ] died from the wound inflicted by a French sniper during the ] in ]. | |||
| *British ] (]) – shot French General ] at a range of between 200 and 600 metres using a ].<ref>Stuart Hadaway ''''</ref> | |||
| *Colonel ] (]) – commanded 1st and 2nd US Sharpshooters and were trained and equipped Union marksmen with the .52 caliber ]. It has been claimed that Berdan's units killed more enemies than any other in the ]. | |||
| *Sgt. Grace (], ]) – sniped Major General ] at the then incredible distance of 730 m (800 yd), with a British ] target rifle causing administrative delays in the Union's attack, leading to Confederate victory. Sedgwick ignored advice to take cover, his last words according to ] being, "They couldn't hit an elephant at this dist-" upon which he was shot. In reality, he was shot a few minutes later. | |||
| ===20th century=== | |||
| *] (] / ]) – regarded by many as the most effective sniper in the history of warfare, being credited with up to 542 ] soldiers using a ] Model 28 and iron sights. | |||
| *] (1047th rifle regiment) (], Second World War) – credited with sniping 242 German officers and soldiers; subject of the film '']'' and the book ''War of the Rats'', both fictionalized accounts. | |||
| *Mihail Ilyich Surkov (4th rifle division) (Second World War) – credited with sniping 702 German officers and soldiers. | |||
| * ] (Second World War) was credited with 257 kills on the Eastern Front. | |||
| *] (54th rifle regiment) (Second World War) – a female sniper with 309 confirmed kills. | |||
| *] (]) – achieved 93 confirmed kills. He held the record of longest confirmed kill at a distance of 2,250 meters for 35 years until 2002. | |||
| *] and ] (], 1993) - Delta Force snipers who defended the downed ] "Super Six-Four" ] helicopter during Operation Gothic Serpent, killing and holding off an overwhelming number of Somali militiamen. SFC Shughart was armed with his highly-modified ]. While MSG Gordon was armed with sniper-modified ],equiped with a sound suppressor and scope. Shughart and Gordon were eventually killed in action, however, due to their valiant actions saved the life of ], the surviving pilot of the Blackhawk. Shughart and Gordon became two of the first American soldiers to posthumously receive the Medal of Honor since the ], and their exploits were depicted in the film '']''. | |||
| ===21st century=== | |||
| * ] Canadian Soldier ] ] (], ]) - holds record for the longest-ever recorded and confirmed sniper kill at 2,430 metres (1.5 miles) using a ] (12.7 mm) ] rifle.<ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Friscolanti|title=We were abandoned|work=]|publisher=Rogers Publishing|pages=18-25|date=]}}</ref> | |||
| * ] - an alleged sniper involved in the ] featured in several ] videos, in which he is credited to have shot 37 American soldiers. To this day, Juba's existence and true identity remains a mystery. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
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| {{Commons|Sniper}} | |||
| {{wiktionary|sniper}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
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| ==References== | |||
| * " ''Snipers, tireurs d'élite et armes de précision du monde'' " Edition Mission Spéciale Production. 2006 * | |||
| * {{cite book | author=Plaster, Maj. John | title=]: An Advanced Training Manual for Military & Police Snipers | publisher=Paladin | year=1993 | id=ISBN 0-87364-704-1}} | |||
| * {{cite web | title=Sniper Tactics: Going for the Gun | url=http://www.policeone.com/suicide-by-cop/articles/98620/ | accessdate=January 26 | accessyear=2006 }} | |||
| * {{cite book | author=] | title=Without Warning: Canadian Sniper Equipment | publisher=] | year=2005 | id=ISBN }} | |||
| * {{cite book | author=Shore, C. | title=With British Snipers to the Reich | publisher=Lancaster Militaria | year=1988 | id=ISBN 0-935856-02-1}} | |||
| * {{cite book | author=Brooksmith, Peter | title=Sniper: Training, Techniques and Weapons | publisher=St. Martin's Press | year=2000 | id=ISBN 0-312-26098-9}} | |||
| * {{cite book | author=Pegler, Martin | title=Out of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper | publisher=Osprey | year=2004 | id=ISBN 1-84176-854-5}} | |||
| ==Footnotes== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ==Further reading == | |||
| <!--gj.com/defence/land_forces/news/jdw/jdw060920_1_n.shtml UK shortlists sniper rifle candidates] Jane's Defence Weekly, September 2006--> | |||
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Revision as of 10:10, 22 January 2007
THIS PAGE HAS BEEN TAKEN OVER BY THE C , A Black Boat Sniperz U MESS WIT Costaki BAM UR DEAD MESS WITH BOOM BAM UR HANGING OFF A CLIFF HAHAHA DUM ASS WIKIPEDIA IMA TAKE OVA IT LOL