Persecution of Ottoman Muslims and Turks 1821-1922: Difference between revisions

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	{{Genocide of Ottoman Turks and Muslims}}

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	As the Ottoman Turkish Empire entered a permanent phase of decline in the late 17th century it was engaged in a protracted state of conflict loosing territories both in Europe and the Caucasus. The victors were the Christian States the old ] and ] Empires and the new nation states of Greece, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.<ref>Mann, Michael “The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing” Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.112-113</ref>

	Justin McCarty estimates that between 1821 and 1922 around five and a half million Muslims were driven out of Europe and five million more were killed or died of disease and starvation while fleeing.<ref>McCarthy, Justin “Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922” Princeton: Darwin Press 1995, pp.335-340</ref> Cleansing occurred as a result of the Serbian and Greek independence in the 1820s and 1830s, the ] 1877-1878, and culminating in the ] 1912-1913. Mann describes these acts as ''“murderous ethnic cleansing on stupendous scale not previously seen in Europe”'' referring to the 1914 ] report.<ref>Mann, Michael “The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing” Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.113</ref><ref>Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (Washington, DC: The Endowment, 1914)</ref>

	==Atrocities==
	*Some 30,000 Turks were killed in ] by Greek rebels in the summer of 1821, including the entire Jewish population of the city.<ref>McCarthy, Justin (1996). Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922. Darwin Press, Incorporated</ref><ref>Cité par Hercules Millas, « History Textbooks in Greece and Turkey », History Workshop, n°31, 1991. </ref><ref>W. Alison Phillips, The War of Greek Independence, 1821 to 1833, p. 61.</ref>
	*During the ] it is estimated that up to 300,000 Turks were killed or perished and 1 - 1,5 million became refugees.<ref>Hupchick 2002, pp.265</ref><ref>Karpat, Kemal H. "Studies on Ottoman social and political history: selected articles and essays" 2004 pp.764</ref><ref>Midlarsky,Manus I. "The killing trap: genocide in the twentieth century" Cambridge University Press 2005 pp.157 </ref>
	*Massacres against Turks and Muslims during the Balkan Wars in the hands of ], ] and ] are described in detail in the 1912 Carnegie Endowment report.<ref>Carnegie Report, Macedonian Muslims during the Balkan Wars,1912</ref>

	==See also==
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	==Further reading==
	;Books
	*{{cite book \|last=McCarthy \|first=Justin \|title=Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922 \|authorlink=Justin McCarthy \|year=1995 \|publisher=] \|isbn=0-87850-094-4\|pages=359}}

	==References==
	{{Reflist}}

	{{Turkish topics}}

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Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction