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| '']'' comprises all events which took place before the creation of written records. The '''timeline of prehistory''' lists events from the evolution of the ] and the ] to the ] and ], up to the ] in approximately 4000 BC. Note that many of these dates are speculative or very rough estimates (]s). For greater geologic detail, see the articles on the various ]s. | |||
| {{R with history}} | |||
| ==Human prehistory== | |||
| {{Main|Stone Age}} | |||
| Timeline from the beginnings of human evolution to the ]. All dates are approximate and conjectural, obtained through research in the fields of ], ], ], ], or ]. They are all subject to revision due to new discoveries or improved calculations. | |||
| This timeline encompasses the entirety of the ]. | |||
| ===Neo- and Mesolithic=== | |||
| {{main|Neolithic|Mesolithic}} | |||
| *7,000 years ago: late Neolithic civilizations, invention of the ] and spread of ]. | |||
| *9,000 years ago: ] culture began in ] | |||
| *9,500 years ago: ] urban settlement founded in ] | |||
| *9,000-10,000 years ago: In northern ], now northern ], cultivation of ] and ] begins. At first they are used for ], ], and ], eventually for ].<ref>Kiple, Kenneth F. and Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè, eds., The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 83</ref> In early agriculture at this time, the Planting stick is used, but it is replaced by a primitive ] in subsequent centuries.<ref>"No-Till: The Quiet Revolution," by David Huggins and John Reganold, ''Scientific American'', July 2008, pages 70-77.</ref> Around this time, a round stone tower, now preserved to about 8.5 meters high and 8.5 meters in diameter is built in ].<ref>Fagan, Brian M, ed. ''The Oxford Companion to Archaeology'', Oxford University Press, Oxford 1996 ISBN 978-0-521-40216-3 p 363</ref> | |||
| * 11,000 years ago: Emergence of ], which is now one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. | |||
| * 12,000 years ago: ] leaves ] and southern ]; start of the current ] epoch and ] and end of the last Ice Age. ] is the earliest given date for the beginning of the ancient era | |||
| ===Upper Paleolithic=== | |||
| {{main|Upper Paleolithic}} | |||
| * c. 14,800 years ago: The Humid Period begins in North Africa. The region that would later become the ] is wet and fertile, and the ]s are full.<ref>"Shift from Savannah to Sahara was Gradual," by Kenneth Chang, '']'', May 9, 2008.</ref> | |||
| * c. 16,000 years ago: ] sculpted in clay deep inside the cave now known as Le Tuc d'Audoubert in the French Pyrenees near what is now the border of ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Stuart|first=Gene S.|title=Mysteries of the Ancient World|year=1979|publisher=National Geographic Society|pages=8-10|chapter=Ice Age Hunters: Artists in Hidden Cages}}</ref> | |||
| * c. 20,000 years ago: ] culture in France.<ref>''Encyclopedia Americana'', 2003 edition, volume 6, page 334.</ref> | |||
| * 21,000 years ago: ] | |||
| * 22,000 years ago: the oldest known ] (the ]) | |||
| * 25,000 years ago: first ]. A hamlet consisting of huts built of rocks and of ] bones is founded in what is now ] in ] in the ]. This is the oldest human permanent settlement that has yet been found by archaeologists.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stuart|first=Gene S.|title=Mysteries of the Ancient World|year=1979|publisher=National Geographic Society|page=19 |chapter=Ice Age Hunters: Artists in Hidden Cages}}</ref> | |||
| * c. 26,000 years ago: Women around the world use fibers to make baby-carriers, clothes, bags, baskets, and nets. | |||
| * c. 28,000-20,000 years ago: ] period in Europe. Harpoons, needles, and saws invented. | |||
| * c. 28,500 years ago: New Guinea is populated by colonists from ] or ].<ref>James Trager, ''The People's Chronology'', 1994, ISBN 0-8050-3134-0</ref> | |||
| * 29,000 years ago: extinction of '']''. | |||
| * 30,000 years ago: approximate age of ] and ]. A herd of ] is slaughtered and butchered by humans in the Vezere Valley in what is today ].<ref>Gene S. Stuart, "Ice Age Hunters: Artists in Hidden Cages." In ''Mysteries of the Ancient World'', a publication of the National Geographic Society, 1979. Pages 11-18.</ref> | |||
| * 31,000 years ago: oldest known ] | |||
| * c. 32,000 years ago: ] culture begins in Europe. | |||
| * 35 000 years ago: oldest known ] (]), age of the ] culture | |||
| ===Middle Paleolithic=== | |||
| {{main|Middle Paleolithic}} | |||
| * 40,000 years ago: ] colonisation of ] (]) | |||
| * 50,000 years ago: Modern humans spread from ] to the ]; age of ]<ref name="traces">This is indicated by the M130 marker in the ]. "Traces of a Distant Past," by Gary Stix, ''Scientific American'', July 2008, pages 56-63.</ref> In the next millennia, these human group's descendants move on to southern ], the Malay islands, ], ], ], ], ], and the northwestern coast of ].<ref name="traces"/> | |||
| * 60,000 years ago: ] migration of modern humans; approximate age of ], ] and ] | |||
| *c. 75,000 years ago: ] supereruption.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Mount Toba Eruption - Ancient Humans Unscathed, Study Claims | date= | publisher= | url =http://anthropology.net/2007/07/06/mount-toba-eruption-ancient-humans-unscathed-study-claims/ | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-04-20 | language = }}</ref> | |||
| * 80,000 years ago: approximate age of ] | |||
| * 90,000 years ago: time of ] | |||
| * 100,000 years ago: earliest estimate for the domestication of ]s | |||
| * 125,000 years ago: peak of the ] interglacial | |||
| * 150,000 years ago: time of ] | |||
| * 160,000 years ago: split between '']'' and '']'' | |||
| * 200,000 years ago: appearance of '']'' in ] | |||
| * 250,000 years ago: appearance of '']'' | |||
| ===Lower Paleolithic=== | |||
| {{main|Lower Paleolithic}} | |||
| * 300,000 years ago: '']'' separated from '']'' (]); approximate age of ]'' | |||
| * 500,000 years ago: ] by '']'' | |||
| * 700,000 years ago: last reversal of the ] | |||
| * 790,000 years ago: earliest demonstrable evidence of the controlled use of ] by '']'' | |||
| * 1.5 million years ago: earliest possible evidence of the controlled use of ] by '']'' | |||
| * 2.5 million years ago: start of the ] epoch and the current ] period; emergence of the ]. Beginning of the ]. | |||
| ==Complex life== | |||
| {{Main|Geologic time scale}} | |||
| {{see also|Timeline of human evolution}} | |||
| Time from the dawn of complex life to the beginnings of the stone age. | |||
| ===Cenozoic=== | |||
| {{Main|Cenozoic}} | |||
| * 2.6 million years ago: current ] begins | |||
| * 3 million years ago: ] joins North and South America. | |||
| * 4.5 million years ago: appearance of the genus '']'' | |||
| * 5 million years ago: ] epoch begins | |||
| * 5.5 million years ago: appearance of the genus '']'' | |||
| * 5.4-6.3 million years ago: estimated age of the '']/]'' (human vs. chimpanzee) split, age of the ] tribe | |||
| * 18-12 million years ago: estimated age of the '']''/'']'' (great apes vs. gibbons) split. | |||
| * 20 million years ago: first forms of ] appear | |||
| * 24 million years ago: ] epoch begins | |||
| * 26 million years ago: emergence of the first true ] | |||
| * 34 million years ago: ]s begin to evolve | |||
| * 36 million years ago: end of ], start of ] epoch | |||
| * 40 million years ago: age of the ] parvorder; first ] evolve | |||
| * 49 million years ago: ]s return to the water | |||
| * 50 million years ago: Africa collides with ], closing the ]. Divergence of ] and ] ancestors. | |||
| * 55 million years ago: the island of the ] collides with Asia, thrusting up the ] and the ]. First known ]s. | |||
| * 60 million years ago: evolution of the first ] and ]. | |||
| * 65 million years ago: ] at the end of the ] period marks the end of the ] era and the age of the ]; start of the ] period and the current ] era. | |||
| ===Mesozoic=== | |||
| {{Main|Mesozoic}} | |||
| * 80 million years ago: Australia splits from ]. | |||
| * 90 million years ago: the ] splits from ], becoming an island ]. | |||
| * 130 million years ago: ] and ] begin to split apart as the ] forms. | |||
| * 135 million years ago: end of ] and beginning of ] Period. First ]. | |||
| * 180 million years ago: ] splits into two major continents: ] in the north and ] in the south. | |||
| * 195 million years ago: end of Triassic and beginning of Jurassic Period; first ]s. | |||
| * 215 million years ago: first ] | |||
| * 220 million years ago: first ] | |||
| ===Paleozoic=== | |||
| {{Main|Paleozoic}} | |||
| * 280 million years ago: end of ] and beginning of Permian Period. By this time, all contients have fused into the ] of ]. | |||
| * 315 million years ago: the evolution of the first ]. | |||
| * 340 million years ago: beginning of the ] and the end of ] | |||
| * 400 million years ago: beginning of the ] and the end of the ] period. First ]s. | |||
| * 420 million years ago: first creature took a ] | |||
| * 435 million years ago: beginning of the ] and the end of the ] period | |||
| * 450 million years ago: ] colonize the land. | |||
| * 500 million years ago: beginning of the ] and the end of the ] period | |||
| * 540 million years ago: beginning of the ] period, the ] and the ] (current) Eon. End of the Ediacaran Period, the ] Eon and the ] Supereon. Time since the ] the emergence of most forms of complex life, including ]s, ]s, ]s and ]. ] breaks up into several smaller continents: ], ] and ]. | |||
| ===Neoproterozoic=== | |||
| {{Main|Neoproterozoic}} | |||
| * 575 million years ago: ] | |||
| * 580 million years ago: end of a possible ] ice age | |||
| * 600 million years ago: Early supercontinent, ] forms in the southern hemisphere. First complex multicelled lifeforms. | |||
| * 635 million years ago: beginning of the ] Period. | |||
| * 750 million years ago: beginning of a possible ] ice age | |||
| ==Formation== | |||
| {{main|Formation and evolution of the Solar System|Timeline of the Precambrian|Timeline of the Big Bang}} | |||
| Time from the formation of universe to the beginnings of complex life | |||
| * 1.8 to 2.1 billion years ago: earliest ]s | |||
| * 2.3 billion years ago: first known ] | |||
| * 2.5 billion years ago: End of the ] Eon; beginning of the ] Eon | |||
| * 3.7 to 3.9 billion years: age of the ], the ] epoch | |||
| * 3.9 to 4.1 billion years ago: ] (]). End of the ] Eon and beginning of the ] Eon. | |||
| * 4.5 billion years: ] (see: ]) | |||
| * 4.6 billion years ago: the ] begins to form | |||
| * 13.2 billion years: age of the oldest known star, ] | |||
| * 13.7 ± 0.2 billion years (4e17 seconds): estimated age of the ] according to the ] theory | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|1}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Prehistory}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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