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| The term '''Negrito''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ɪ|ˈ|ɡ|r|iː|t|oʊ}}) refers to several diverse ethnic groups who inhabit isolated parts of ] and the ]. Populations often described as Negrito include: the ] (including the ], the ] and ] and the ]) of the Andaman Islands, the ] peoples (among them, the ]) of ], the ] of ], as well as the ] of ], ], and ] of ], ] of ] and ] of ] and about 30 other officially recognized ]. | The term '''Negrito''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ɪ|ˈ|ɡ|r|iː|t|oʊ}}) refers to several diverse ethnic groups who inhabit isolated parts of ] and the ]. Populations often described as Negrito include: the ] (including the ], the ] and ] and the ]) of the Andaman Islands, the ] peoples (among them, the ]) of ], the ] of ], as well as the ] of ], ], and ] of ], ] of ] and ] of ] and about 30 other officially recognized ]. | ||
| Based on perceived physical similarities, Negritos were once considered a single population of closely related people. However genetic studies |
Based on perceived physical similarities, Negritos were once considered as a single population of closely related people. However genetic studies revealed that they are positioned along a cline between East Asian-related groups and Australasian groups, suggesting that they consist of several separate groups, as well as displaying genetic heterogeneity. They were largely replaced or absorbed into the ] or form minority groups in geographically isolated regions.<ref>S. Noerwidi, "Using Dental Metrical Analysis to Determine the Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene Population History of Java", in: Philip J. Piper, Hirofumi Matsumura, David Bulbeck (eds.), New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory (2017), .</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chaubey|first1=Gyaneshwer|last2=Endicott|first2=Phillip|date=2013-11-27|title=The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context: Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/7|journal=Human Biology|volume=85|issue=1|pages=153–72|issn=0018-7143|doi=10.3378/027.085.0307|pmid=24297224|s2cid=7774927}}</ref><ref name="Basu 1594–1599">{{Cite journal|last1=Basu|first1=Analabha|last2=Sarkar-Roy|first2=Neeta|last3=Majumder|first3=Partha P.|date=2016-02-09|title=Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=113|issue=6|pages=1594–1599|doi=10.1073/pnas.1513197113|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4760789|pmid=26811443|bibcode=2016PNAS..113.1594B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Larena">{{Cite journal|last1=Larena|first1=Maximilian|last2=Sanchez-Quinto|first2=Federico|last3=Sjödin|first3=Per|last4=McKenna|first4=James|last5=Ebeo|first5=Carlo|last6=Reyes|first6=Rebecca|last7=Casel|first7=Ophelia|last8=Huang|first8=Jin-Yuan|last9=Hagada|first9=Kim Pullupul|last10=Guilay|first10=Dennis|last11=Reyes|first11=Jennelyn|date=2021-03-30|title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=118|issue=13|pages=e2026132118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118|issn=0027-8424|pmc=8020671|pmid=33753512}}</ref><ref name="Carlhoff 543–547">{{Cite journal|last1=Carlhoff|first1=Selina|last2=Duli|first2=Akin|last3=Nägele|first3=Kathrin|last4=Nur|first4=Muhammad|last5=Skov|first5=Laurits|last6=Sumantri|first6=Iwan|last7=Oktaviana|first7=Adhi Agus|last8=Hakim|first8=Budianto|last9=Burhan|first9=Basran|last10=Syahdar|first10=Fardi Ali|last11=McGahan|first11=David P.|date=August 2021|title=Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03823-6|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=596|issue=7873|pages=543–547|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6|pmid=34433944|issn=1476-4687|hdl=10072/407535|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tagore|first1=Debashree|last2=Aghakhanian|first2=Farhang|last3=Naidu|first3=Rakesh|last4=Phipps|first4=Maude E.|last5=Basu|first5=Analabha|date=2021-03-29|title=Insights into the demographic history of Asia from common ancestry and admixture in the genomic landscape of present-day Austroasiatic speakers|journal=BMC Biology|volume=19|issue=1|page=61|doi=10.1186/s12915-021-00981-x|issn=1741-7007|pmc=8008685|pmid=33781248}}</ref><ref name="Afri, Vallini 2021">Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Afri, Vallini et al. 2021 (October 15, 2021) Quote: "''Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 kya (the date of the deepest population splits estimated by 1) it is reasonable to describe Oceanians as an almost even mixture between East Asians and a basal lineage, closer to Africans, which occurred sometimes between 45 and 37kya.''"</ref> | ||
| Historically they engaged in trade with the local population but were also often subjected to slave raids while also paying tributes to the local Southeast Asian rulers and kingdoms since 724 AD.<ref></ref> | Historically they engaged in trade with the local population but were also often subjected to slave raids while also paying tributes to the local Southeast Asian rulers and kingdoms since 724 AD.<ref></ref> | ||
| Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
| ==Origins== | ==Origins== | ||
| === Origin and genetic relations === | === Origin and genetic relations === | ||
| ] mother with her baby (], ], 1905)]]] | |||
| Negrito peoples descend from a Basal-East Asian source population, which expanded from Mainland Southeast Asia into Insular Southeast Asia between 50,000BC to 25,000BC, and also gave rise to ] and ] as well as ancestral ]. Despite being isolated, the different peoples do share ] with their neighboring populations.<ref name="Thangaraj2002">{{citation|first=Kumarasamy|last=Thangaraj|title=Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2|pmid=12546781|journal=Current Biology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=86–93|date=21 January 2003|s2cid=12155496|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Stock-2013">{{cite journal|last=Stock|first=JT|year=2013|title=The skeletal phenotype of "negritos" from the Andaman Islands and Philippines relative to global variation among hunter-gatherers|url=http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2052&context=humbiol|journal=]|volume=85|issue=1–3|pages=67–94|doi=10.3378/027.085.0304|pmid=24297221|s2cid=32964023}}</ref><ref name="Larena"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Tianyi|last2=Wang|first2=Wei|last3=Xie|first3=Guangmao|last4=Li|first4=Zhen|last5=Fan|first5=Xuechun|last6=Yang|first6=Qingping|last7=Wu|first7=Xichao|last8=Cao|first8=Peng|last9=Liu|first9=Yichen|last10=Yang|first10=Ruowei|last11=Liu|first11=Feng|date=2021-07-08|title=Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867421006358|journal=Cell|language=en|volume=184|issue=14|pages=3829–3841.e21|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.018|issn=0092-8674}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ] mother with her baby (], ], 1905)]] | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| A recent genetic study found that unlike other early groups in ], Andamanese Negritos lack ] in their DNA. Denisovan ancestry is found among indigenous Melanesian and Aboriginal Australian populations at between 4–6%.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Reich|display-authors=etal|year=2011|title=Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=89|issue=4|pages=516–528|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005|pmc=3188841|pmid=21944045}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2013-12-09|title=Oldest human DNA found in Spain – Elizabeth Landau's interview of Svante Paabo|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/09/health/oldest-human-dna/|publisher=CNN|quote=About 3% to 5% of the DNA of people from Melanesia (islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean), Australia and New Guinea as well as aboriginal people from the Philippines comes from the Denisovans.}}</ref> | |||
| Some studies have suggested that each group should be considered separately, as the genetic evidence refutes the notion of a specific shared ancestry between the "Negrito" groups of the Andaman Islands, the Malay Peninsula, and the Philippines |
Some studies have suggested that each group should be considered separately, as the genetic evidence refutes the notion of a specific shared ancestry between the "Negrito" groups of the Andaman Islands, the Malay Peninsula, and the Philippines.<ref>{{citation|author1=Catherine Hill|title=Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/msl124v1.pdf|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=23|issue=12|pages=2480–91|year=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409132033/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/msl124v1.pdf|doi=10.1093/molbev/msl124|pmid=16982817|archive-date=9 April 2008|author2=Pedro Soares|author3=Maru Mormina|author4=Vincent Macaulay|author5=William Meehan|author6=James Blackburn|author7=Douglas Clarke|author8=Joseph Maripa Raja|author9=Patimah Ismail|author11=Stephen Oppenheimer|url-status=dead|author12=Martin Richards|author10=David Bulbeck|doi-access=free}}</ref> Indeed, this sentiment is echoed in a more recent work from 2013 which concludes that "at the current level of genetic resolution ... there is no evidence of a single ancestral population for the different groups traditionally defined as 'Negritos'.<ref name="Chaubey_and_Endicott">{{Cite journal|last1=Chaubey|first1=Gyaneshwer|last2=Endicott|first2=Phillip|date=2013-02-01|title=The Andaman Islanders in a regional genetic context: reexamining the evidence for an early peopling of the archipelago from South Asia|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2055&context=humbiol|journal=Human Biology|volume=85|issue=1–3|pages=153–172|doi=10.3378/027.085.0307|issn=1534-6617|pmid=24297224|s2cid=7774927}}</ref> | ||
| Recent studies, found that the various groups classified as Negritos, exist on a cline between East Asians and Papuans. The ] were found to be largely of "Basal-East Asian ancestry" and close to contemporary East Asians, including ancient East Asian samples, such as the Tianyuan man of northern China, but distinct from Australasians.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carlhoff|first=Selina|last2=Duli|first2=Akin|last3=Nägele|first3=Kathrin|last4=Nur|first4=Muhammad|last5=Skov|first5=Laurits|last6=Sumantri|first6=Iwan|last7=Oktaviana|first7=Adhi Agus|last8=Hakim|first8=Budianto|last9=Burhan|first9=Basran|last10=Syahdar|first10=Fardi Ali|last11=McGahan|first11=David P.|date=2021|title=Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8387238/|journal=Nature|volume=596|issue=7873|pages=543–547|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6|issn=0028-0836|pmc=8387238|pmid=34433944|quote=The qpGraph analysis confirmed this branching pattern, with the Leang Panninge individual branching off from the Near Oceanian clade after the Denisovan gene flow, although with the most supported topology indicating around 50% of a basal East Asian component contributing to the Leang Panninge genome (Fig. 3c, Supplementary Figs. 7–11).}}</ref><ref name="Afri, Vallini 2021" /><ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Larena M, Sanchez-Quinto F, Sjödin P, McKenna J, Ebeo C, Reyes R, Casel O, Huang JY, Hagada KP, Guilay D, Reyes J, Allian FP, Mori V, Azarcon LS, Manera A, Terando C, Jamero L, Sireg G, Manginsay-Tremedal R, Labos MS, Vilar RD, Latiph A, Saway RL, Marte E, Magbanua P, Morales A, Java I, Reveche R, Barrios B, Burton E, Salon JC, Kels MJ, Albano A, Cruz-Angeles RB, Molanida E, Granehäll L, Vicente M, Edlund H, Loo JH, Trejaut J, Ho SY, Reid L, Malmström H, Schlebusch C, Lambeck K, Endicott P, Jakobsson M|date=March 2021|title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=118|issue=13|pages=e2026132118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118|pmc=8020671|pmid=33753512}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Genomic insights into the origin of pre-historic populations in East Asia|url=https://www.mpg.de/16470802/0222-evan-genomic-insights-into-the-origin-of-pre-historic-populations-in-east-asia-150495-x|access-date=2021-11-19|website=www.mpg.de|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Larena M, McKenna J, Sanchez-Quinto F, Bernhardsson C, Ebeo C, Reyes R, Casel O, Huang JY, Hagada KP, Guilay D, Reyes J, Allian FP, Mori V, Azarcon LS, Manera A, Terando C, Jamero L, Sireg G, Manginsay-Tremedal R, Labos MS, Vilar RD, Latiph A, Saway RL, Marte E, Magbanua P, Morales A, Java I, Reveche R, Barrios B, Burton E, Salon JC, Kels MJ, Albano A, Cruz-Angeles RB, Molanida E, Granehäll L, Vicente M, Edlund H, Loo JH, Trejaut J, Ho SY, Reid L, Lambeck K, Malmström H, Schlebusch C, Endicott P, Jakobsson M|date=October 2021|title=Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world|journal=Current Biology|volume=31|issue=19|pages=4219–4230.e10|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022|pmc=8596304|pmid=34388371}}</ref><ref>Chaubey G (2015). "East Asian Ancestry in India" (PDF). ''Indian Journal of Physical Anthropology and Human Genetics''. '''34''' (2): 193–199.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larena|first=Maximilian|last2=McKenna|first2=James|last3=Sanchez-Quinto|first3=Federico|last4=Bernhardsson|first4=Carolina|last5=Ebeo|first5=Carlo|last6=Reyes|first6=Rebecca|last7=Casel|first7=Ophelia|last8=Huang|first8=Jin-Yuan|last9=Hagada|first9=Kim Pullupul|last10=Guilay|first10=Dennis|last11=Reyes|first11=Jennelyn|date=2021-10-11|title=Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221009775|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=31|issue=19|pages=4219–4230.e10|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022|issn=0960-9822}}</ref> | |||
| === Haplogroups === | === Haplogroups === | ||
| ==== Y-DNA Haplogroups ==== | ==== Y-DNA Haplogroups ==== | ||
| ], ]]] | ], ]]] | ||
| The main paternal haplogroup of the Negritos are ] and ], |
The main paternal haplogroup of the Negritos are ] and ]. P is present in the form of its rare primary clades P2* and P1*. Most Aeta males (60%) carry P2.<ref name="isogg2016"> (20 June 2016).</ref> Some Negrito populations also belong to sub-lineages of ] and ].<ref>Craniodental Affinities of Southeast Asia's "Negritos" and the Concordance with Their Genetic Affinities by David Bulbeck 2013</ref> | ||
| ==== mtDNA Haplogroups ==== | ==== mtDNA Haplogroups ==== | ||
| The ] and all the Adamanan Islanders belong strictly to the ] |
The ] and all the Adamanan Islanders belong strictly to the ]. Haplogroup M is also the predominant marker of other Negrito tribes from Thailand and Malaysia, as well other Asian populations,<ref name="thangaraj2002">{{Citation | title=Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population | author=Kumarasamy Thangaraj, ], Alla G. Reddy, V. Raghavendra Rao, Subhash C. Sehgal, Peter A. Underhill, Melanie Pierson, Ian G. Frame, and Erika Hagelberg | year=2002 | access-date=2008-11-16 | url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/CB_2002_p1-18.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029071336/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/CB_2002_p1-18.pdf | archive-date=29 October 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref> and but also significant in some African population of Somalis, Oromo, Tuaregs which received Eurasian geneflow.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Non|first1=Amy|title=ANALYSES OF GENETIC DATA WITHIN AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FRAMEWORK TO INVESTIGATE RECENT HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND COMPLEX DISEASE|url=http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041981/non_a.pdf|publisher=University of Florida|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Holden|title=MtDNA variation in North, East, and Central African populations gives clues to a possible back-migration from the Middle East|url=http://konig.la.utk.edu/AJPA_Suppl_40_web.htm|publisher=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|access-date=13 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212239/http://konig.la.utk.edu/AJPA_Suppl_40_web.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Pereira2010">{{cite journal|author1=Luísa Pereira |author2=Viktor Černý |author3=María Cerezo |author4=Nuno M Silva |author5=Martin Hájek |author6=Alžběta Vašíková |author7=Martina Kujanová |author8=Radim Brdička |author9=Antonio Salas |title=Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|date=17 March 2010|volume=18|issue=8 |pages=915–923|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.21|pmid=20234393 |pmc=2987384}}</ref><ref name="Reich">{{cite journal|last=Reich|first=David|author2=Kumarasamy Thangaraj |author3=Nick Patterson |author4=Alkes L. Price |author5=Lalji Singh |title=Reconstructing Indian Population History|journal=Nature|volume=461|issue=7263|pages=489–494|doi=10.1038/nature08365|date=24 September 2009|pmid=19779445|pmc=2842210|bibcode=2009Natur.461..489R}}</ref> Bulbeck (2013) shows the Andamanese maternal mtDNA is entirely ].<ref name="Bulbeck">{{cite journal|last=Bulbeck|first=David|date=November 2013|title=Craniodental Affinities of Southeast Asia's "Negritos" and the Concordance with Their Genetic Affinities|url=http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2053&context=humbiol|journal=Human Biology|volume=85|issue=1|pages=95–134|doi=10.3378/027.085.0305|pmid=24297222|s2cid=19981437}}</ref><ref name="Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup K is a">{{cite journal|last1=Ghezzi|display-authors=etal|year=2005|title=Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup K is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease in Italians|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=13|issue=6|pages=748–752|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201425|pmid=15827561|doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
| ===Physical anthropology=== | ===Physical anthropology=== | ||
| ] woman of ], Philippines in 2006]] | ] woman of ], Philippines in 2006]] | ||
| Based on superficial similarities of a number of physical features – such as short stature, dark skin, scant body hair, and occasional ] (large, curvaceous buttocks and thighs) – |
Based on superficial similarities of a number of physical features – such as short stature, dark skin, scant body hair, and occasional ] (large, curvaceous buttocks and thighs) – there were early suggestions that the Negrito and the ] of Central Africa share a common origin. This suggestion was however later rejected by craniometric and genetic data.<ref name="Thangaraj2002">{{citation|first=Kumarasamy|last=Thangaraj|title=Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2|pmid=12546781|journal=Current Biology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=86–93|date=21 January 2003|s2cid=12155496|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
| Multiple studies also show that Negritos share a closer cranial affinity with ] and ], but compared to them, |
Multiple studies also show that Negritos share a relatively closer cranial affinity with ] and ], but compared to them, also show strong affinity towards East Asians.<ref name="WH_Getting_Here">William Howells (1993). . Compass Press.</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Races of Homo sapiens: if not in the southwest Pacific, then nowhere|author1=David Bulbeck |author2=Pathmanathan Raghavan |author3=Daniel Rayner |journal=World Archaeology|volume=38|issue=1|pages=109–132|issn=0043-8243|doi=10.1080/00438240600564987|year=2006|jstor=40023598|citeseerx = 10.1.1.534.3176|s2cid=84991420 }}</ref> | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 11:35, 23 December 2021
Set of ethnic groups in Austronesia This article is about the ethnic groups. For the shrub, see Citharexylum berlandieri. For the municipality, see El Negrito. For the bird genus, see Lessonia (bird). Not to be confused with Pygmy peoples.Ethnic group
 A Negrito with spear | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Isolated geographic regions in India and Maritime Southeast Asia | |
| Languages | |
| Andamanese languages, Aslian languages, Philippine Negrito languages | |
| Religion | |
| Animism, folk religion |
 | This article may require cleanup to meet Misplaced Pages's quality standards. The specific problem is: Reference style, grammar, etc. Please help improve this article if you can. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
The term Negrito (/nɪˈɡriːtoʊ/) refers to several diverse ethnic groups who inhabit isolated parts of Southeast Asia and the Andaman Islands. Populations often described as Negrito include: the Andamanese peoples (including the Great Andamanese, the Onge and Jarawa and the Sentinelese) of the Andaman Islands, the Semang peoples (among them, the Batek people) of Peninsular Malaysia, the Maniq people of Southern Thailand, as well as the Aeta of Luzon Island, Ati, and Tumandok of Panay Island, Agta of Sierra Madre and Mamanwa of Mindanao Island and about 30 other officially recognized ethnic groups in the Philippines.
Based on perceived physical similarities, Negritos were once considered as a single population of closely related people. However genetic studies revealed that they are positioned along a cline between East Asian-related groups and Australasian groups, suggesting that they consist of several separate groups, as well as displaying genetic heterogeneity. They were largely replaced or absorbed into the Austronesian peoples or form minority groups in geographically isolated regions.
Historically they engaged in trade with the local population but were also often subjected to slave raids while also paying tributes to the local Southeast Asian rulers and kingdoms since 724 AD.
Etymology
The word Negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro, used to mean "little black person." This usage was coined by 16th-century Spanish missionaries operating in the Philippines, and was borrowed by other European travellers and colonialists across Austronesia to label various peoples perceived as sharing relatively small physical stature and dark skin. Contemporary usage of an alternative Spanish epithet, Negrillos, also tended to bundle these peoples with the pygmy peoples of Central Africa, based on perceived similarities in stature and complexion. (Historically, the label Negrito has also been used to refer to African pygmies.) The appropriateness of using the label "Negrito" to bundle peoples of different ethnicities based on similarities in stature and complexion has been challenged.
Many online dictionaries give the plural in English as either "Negritos" or "Negritoes," without preference. The plural in Spanish is "Negritos."
Culture
Most Negrito groups lived as hunter-gatherers, while some also used agriculture. Today most Negrito groups live assimilated to the majority population of their homeland. Discrimination and poverty are often problems.
Origins
Origin and genetic relations
Some studies have suggested that each group should be considered separately, as the genetic evidence refutes the notion of a specific shared ancestry between the "Negrito" groups of the Andaman Islands, the Malay Peninsula, and the Philippines. Indeed, this sentiment is echoed in a more recent work from 2013 which concludes that "at the current level of genetic resolution ... there is no evidence of a single ancestral population for the different groups traditionally defined as 'Negritos'.
Recent studies, found that the various groups classified as Negritos, exist on a cline between East Asians and Papuans. The Andamanese people were found to be largely of "Basal-East Asian ancestry" and close to contemporary East Asians, including ancient East Asian samples, such as the Tianyuan man of northern China, but distinct from Australasians.
Haplogroups
Y-DNA Haplogroups
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The main paternal haplogroup of the Negritos are P and MS (M*/S*). P is present in the form of its rare primary clades P2* and P1*. Most Aeta males (60%) carry P2. Some Negrito populations also belong to sub-lineages of O-M175 and D-M174.
mtDNA Haplogroups
The Onge and all the Adamanan Islanders belong strictly to the mitochondrial Haplogroup M. Haplogroup M is also the predominant marker of other Negrito tribes from Thailand and Malaysia, as well other Asian populations, and but also significant in some African population of Somalis, Oromo, Tuaregs which received Eurasian geneflow. Bulbeck (2013) shows the Andamanese maternal mtDNA is entirely mitochondrial Haplogroup M.
Physical anthropology
Based on superficial similarities of a number of physical features – such as short stature, dark skin, scant body hair, and occasional steatopygia (large, curvaceous buttocks and thighs) – there were early suggestions that the Negrito and the Pygmies of Central Africa share a common origin. This suggestion was however later rejected by craniometric and genetic data.
Multiple studies also show that Negritos share a relatively closer cranial affinity with Aboriginal Australians and Papuans, but compared to them, also show strong affinity towards East Asians.
See also
Notes
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Negritos". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
References
- S. Noerwidi, "Using Dental Metrical Analysis to Determine the Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene Population History of Java", in: Philip J. Piper, Hirofumi Matsumura, David Bulbeck (eds.), New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory (2017), p. 92.
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Afri, Vallini et al. 2021 (October 15, 2021) Quote: "Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 kya (the date of the deepest population splits estimated by 1) it is reasonable to describe Oceanians as an almost even mixture between East Asians and a basal lineage, closer to Africans, which occurred sometimes between 45 and 37kya."
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The qpGraph analysis confirmed this branching pattern, with the Leang Panninge individual branching off from the Near Oceanian clade after the Denisovan gene flow, although with the most supported topology indicating around 50% of a basal East Asian component contributing to the Leang Panninge genome (Fig. 3c, Supplementary Figs. 7–11).
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Further reading
- Evans, Ivor Hugh Norman. The Negritos of Malaya. Cambridge : University Press, 1937.
- Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2013. 'Why have the Peninsular "Negritos" remained distinct?’ Human Biology 85: 445–484.
- Garvan, John M., and Hermann Hochegger. The Negritos of the Philippines. Wiener Beitrage zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik, Bd. 14. Horn: F. Berger, 1964.
- Hurst Gallery. Art of the Negritos. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Hurst Gallery, 1987.
- Khadizan bin Abdullah, and Abdul Razak Yaacob. Pasir Lenggi, a Bateq Negrito Resettlement Area in Ulu Kelantan. Pulau Pinang: Social Anthropology Section, School of Comparative Social Sciences, Universití Sains Malaysia, 1974.
- Mirante, Edith (2014). The Wind in the Bamboo: Journeys in Search of Asia's 'Negrito' Indigenous Peoples. Bangkok, Orchid Press.
- Schebesta, P., & Schütze, F. (1970). The Negritos of Asia. Human relations area files, 1–2. New Haven, Conn: Human Relations Area Files.
- Armando Marques Guedes (1996). Egalitarian Rituals. Rites of the Atta hunter-gatherers of Kalinga-Apayao, Philippines, Social and Human Sciences Faculty, Universidade Nova de Lisboa.
- Zell, Reg. About the Negritos: A Bibliography. Edition blurb, 2011.
- Zell, Reg. Negritos of the Philippines. The People of the Bamboo - Age - A Socio-Ecological Model. Edition blurb, 2011.
- Zell, Reg, John M. Garvan. An Investigation: On the Negritos of Tayabas. Edition blurb, 2011.
External links
- Negritos of Zambales—detailed book written by an American at the turn of the previous century holistically describing the Negrito culture
- Andaman.org: The Negrito of Thailand
- The Southeast Asian Negrito
| Negritos | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Andaman Islands |
| ||
| Malaysia | |||
| Philippines | |||
| Thailand | |||
| Italics indicate extinct groups | |||
| Philippine Negrito languages | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northern Luzon |
| ||||||
| Central Luzon |
| ||||||
| Manide-Inagta |
| ||||||
| Central Philippine |
| ||||||
| Mindanao |
| ||||||
| Northern Mindoro | |||||||
| Palawan | |||||||
| Ati | |||||||
| (unclassified) | |||||||
| Cross (†) and italics indicate extinct languages. | |||||||