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Battle of Mława
Part of Invasion of Poland (1939)
Polish trenches Polish positions near Mława
Date September 1 to September 3, 1939 Location near Mława, Poland Result German victory
Belligerents
Poland	Nazi Germany
Commanders and leaders
Wilhelm Liszka-Lawicz	Georg von Küchler
Strength
2 Infantry Divisions	5 Infantry Divisions,1 Panzer Division
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Unknown

The Battle of Mława, otherwise known as the Defence of the Mława position, took place to the north of the town of Mława in northern Poland between September 1 and September 3, 1939. It was one of the opening battles of Invasion of Poland and World War II in general. It was fought between the forces of the Polish Modlin Army under Gen. Krukowicz-Przedrzymirski and the German 3rd Army under Gen.Georg von Küchler.

History

Eve of the Battle

After the Treaty of Versailles, East Prussia remained a part of Germany. Thus, the new German-Polish border was located only some 120 km north of Warsaw, the Polish capital. In 1939, the Polish Modlin Army, led by Brigadier General Emil Krukowicz-Przedrzymirski, was thought of as the main defensive force guarding Polish borders to the north. It was located along the border with East Prussia and was to stop the German forces advancing towards Warsaw, Nidzica and the Modlin Fortress. Shortly before the war, a decision was made to strengthen the Polish defences by constructing a line of field fortifications and concrete bunkers to the north of Mława, in the centre of the army's positions.

The main line of the army's defence was located along the line of the Narew and Vistula rivers. There was a number of 19th century fortifications in the area, but the plains to the north of it were almost defenceless. To ease the delaying actions in case of a war with Germany, the Polish General Staff decided that the Modlin Army be transported to the border with East Prussia and defend the line for as long as possible. Afterwards, the units under command of General Przedrzymirski-Krukowicz were to withdraw to the south and defend the line of Narew and Vistula rivers, together with the forces of Narew Independent Operational Group.

After the Polish secret mobilisation had started in March of 1939, the 20th Infantry Division was assigned to the Modlin Army and transported to the area of Mława. In addition, the army commander was assigned a number of trainloads of concrete and other construction materials and several combat engineering battalions. It was decided that a line of fortifications be constructed in the area held by that division. On June 19 of that year the project was ready and was finally approved by Marshal of Poland Edward Rydz-Śmigły on July 3.

The line of trenches and concrete bunkers, shielded by anti-tank trenches and obstacles, was to be constructed along a low glacial hill overlooking the valley of the Mławka river, to the north of the town. The river itself could be blocked by a dam to enhance the defensive valour of the area. In the centre, a swampy terrain of the Niemyje Marshes was located, which was virtually impassable to enemy armoured vehicles. This swamp divided the area onto two separate flanks. The western section was to be reinforced with 68 concrete bunkers while the eastern, much shorter, with 25.

In peacetime the 20th Division was located in Baranowicze. In case of a war with the USSR, it was planned as the first-line unit to defend a line of German World War I fortifications built there in 1915. Because of that, most of its soldiers had experience in defending fortified positions.

The construction of bunkers in the western section of the front, near the town of Mława, was started on July 14. It was carried out mostly by the soldiers themselves, under the command of the head of the 20th engineering battalion, Maj. Juliusz Levittoux. The construction of the eastern flank bunkers near the village of Rzęgnowo started on August 12. Soon the soldiers were joined by a number of civilian volunteers, helping to dig the trenches. However, the positions were not finished until the outbreak of World War II and many of the bunkers were not finished.

Battle

At noon on September 1, 1939 the Polish line of defence manned by the 20th Infantry Division was attacked by the 1st Army Corps under General Walter Petzel. Although the attacking forces were equipped with tanks and supported by warplanes, the initial assault was repelled by Polish 37mm Armata ppanc. wz. 36 anti-tank guns. Georg von Küchler, the commander of German Third Army, ordered his units to attack the Polish forces several times in a row, but all attacks were broken and in the late evening the Germans were forced to withdraw to their initial positions.

The following afternoon the German units started heavy artillery bombardment of the Rzegnów position on the right flank of the Polish forces. After two hours of constant artillery fire, the assault was started and, in the result of close combat, the Polish defenders started to waver. The counterattack of the Polish 79th Infantry Regiment was unsuccessful and the commander of the Polish Modlin Army ordered the 20th Division to extend further eastwards and prepare the defence of its right flank between the villages of Dębsk and Nosarzewo. At the same time the 8th Infantry Division, until then held in reserve near Ciechanów, was ordered to prepare a counterattack.

The 8th Division arrived in the area in the early hours of September 3. As the Mazovian Cavalry Brigade operating further eastwards was also endangered by German armoured troops, the army commander ordered the division to split its forces and attack in two directions: towards Grudusk east of Mława and towards Przasnysz. However, conflicting orders disrupted both attacks and led to chaos in the Polish ranks. In the evening, the division was mostly destroyed and only the 21st Infantry Regiment of Colonel (later General) Stanisław Sosabowski managed to withdraw from the fighting towards the Modlin Fortress. Despite this, the German attacks towards both flanks of the 20th Infantry Division were unsuccessful.

On September 3 the German engineers finally managed to cut through Polish antitank barriers, which allowed them to capture several bunkers on the left flank of the Polish forces, but were unable to push any farther. On the right flank, in the Rzegnów section of the front to the east of the swamps, the attacks were more successful and in the late evening, elements of the German Wodrig Corps finally broke through the lines of the 79th Infantry Regiment to the rear of the Poles. This widened the front gap in the area of Grudusk.

General Emil Krukowicz-Przedrzymirski, facing the risk of his forces being outflanked and surrounded, ordered the 20th division and the remnants of the 8th to withdraw towards Warsaw and Modlin, finally abandoning the fortified positions.

After the Battle

The withdrawal was started in the early morning of September 4. Although the German mechanized units suffered heavy losses and were unable to maintain pursuit, the area to the south of Mława was very lightly forested and the Polish forces were constantly bombarded and strafed by the German Luftwaffe, suffering heavy losses both in troops and equipment.

Although the position was abandoned, the German forces suffered substantial losses and it was not until September 13, when they finally managed to reach the Modlin Fortress, located less than 100 kilometres to the south.

Opposing forces

Poland

Germany

References

• Wojciech Zalewski, Andrzej Aksamitowski (1996). Mława 1939. Warsaw: Altair. ISBN 8386217316.
• "Pozycja Mława". Fortyfikacje polskie II Rzeczypospolitej (1918-1939). Retrieved 2005-05-29.

External links

• Map of the "Mława" position
• Battle of Mlawa map
• Detailed description of the fortifications (Polish)
• Information on Polish tanks and armored vehicles

• 1939 in Poland
• Battles of the Polish September Campaign
• Battles involving Germany
• World War II defensive lines