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| Amino acids are chiral compounds that are present in living organisms as free compounds or as polymers such as peptides or proteins. The 20 L-Amino acids present in proteins and peptides are defined as ]. About 500 amino acids are known and have been classified in many ways base on their chemical/physical properties.<ref>{{cite journal |title = New Naturally Occurring Amino Acids|vauthors = Wagner I, Musso H|doi = 10.1002/anie.198308161|journal = ]|volume = 22|issue = 11|pages = 816–28|date = November 1983}}{{Closed access}}</ref> | |||
| All α-amino acids (AA) but glycine exist in either of the two enantiomers, which are mirror images of each other (the so called D- and L-enantiomers). | |||
| Although present in a less concentration in mammals, free D-amino acids play central roles: as an example D-serine is one of the main neuromodulators of the glutamatergic neurotransmission and D-aspartate is fundamental for brain development in fetus. | |||
| <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Katane M, Homma H | title = D-aspartate oxidase: the sole catabolic enzyme acting on free D-aspartate in mammals.| journal = Chem Biodivers. | volume = 7 | issue = 6 | pages = 1435–49 | date = Jun 2010 | pmid = 20564562 | doi = 10.1002/cbdv.200900250 }}</ref> | |||
| <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mothet JP, Parent AT, Wolosker H, Brady RO, Linden DJ, Ferris CD, Rogawski MA, Snyder SH | title = D-serine is an endogenous ligand for the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 97 | issue = 9 | pages = 4926–31 | date = Apr 2000 | pmid = 10781100 | pmc = 18334 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.97.9.4926 | bibcode = 2000PNAS...97.4926M }}</ref> | |||
| Bacteria: | |||
| The major sources of D-amino acids in Nature are ]. In these microorganisms, D-amino acids are part of ] (a major component of the bacterial cell wall). In addition, also the compounds ] and ] contain D-amino acids. | |||
| In peptidoglycan, D-alanine or D-glutamate contribute to antibiotic resistance in some bacteria. | |||
| Many diverse bacteria synthesize D-amino acids such as, D-methionine and D-leucine. | |||
| D-amino acids are also present in many venoms from platypus, funnel web spider, and cone snail produced by the action of isomerases. | |||
| <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Radkov AD, Moe LA | title = Bacterial synthesis of D-amino acids. | journal = Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. | volume = 98 | pages = 5363–74 | date = 2014 | doi = 10.1007/s00253-014-5726-3 </ref> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| * | |||
| {{Amino acids}} | |||
| {{Protein primary structure}} | |||
| {{Amino acid metabolism enzymes}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
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| {{Good article}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Amino Acid}} | |||
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| {{Biochem-stub}} | |||
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