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A '''magnetic cloud''' is a transient event observed in the ]. It was defined in 1981 by Burlaga et al. 1981 as a region of enhanced ] strength, smooth rotation of the magnetic field vector, and low ] temperature.<ref>Burlaga, L. F., E. Sittler, F. Mariani, and R. Schwenn, "Magnetic loop behind an interplanetary shock: Voyager, Helios and IMP-8 observations" in "Journal of Geophysical Research", 86, 6673, 1981</ref> Magnetic clouds are a possible manifestation of a ] (CME). The association between CMEs and magnetic clouds was made by Burlaga et al. in 1982 when a magnetic cloud was observed by ] two days after being observed by ].<ref>Burlaga, L. F. et al., "A magnetic cloud and a coronal mass ejection" in "Geophysical Research Letter"s, 9, 1317-1320, 1982</ref> However, because observations near Earth are usually done by a single spacecraft, many CMEs are not seen as being associated with magnetic clouds. The typical structure observed for a fast CME by a satellite such as ] is a fast-mode ] followed by a dense (and hot) sheath of plasma (the downstream region of the shock) and a magnetic cloud.
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==Other characteristics ==
Other signatures of magnetic clouds are now used in addition to the one described above: among other, bidirectional superthermal ]s, unusual charge state or abundance of ], ], ], and/or ].

The typical time for a magnetic cloud to move past a satellite at the ] point is 1 day corresponding to a ] of 0.15 ] with a typical speed of {{convert|450|km/s|mi/s|abbr=on}} and magnetic field strength of 20 ].<ref>Lepping, R. P. et al. "Magnetic field structure of interplanetary magnetic clouds at 1 AU" in "Journal of Geophysical Research", 95, 11957-11965, 1990</ref>

==Other types of ejecta observed at Earth==
Magnetic clouds represent about one third of ejecta observed by satellites at Earth. Other types of ejecta are multiple-magnetic cloud events (a single structure with multiple subclouds distinguishable)<ref>Wang, Y. M., et al., Multiple magnetic clouds in interplanetary space, Solar Physics, 211, 333-344, 2002.</ref><ref>Wang, Y. M., et al., Multiple magnetic clouds: Several examples during March - April, 2001, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A10), 1370, 2003.</ref> and complex ejecta, which can be the result of the interaction of multiple CMEs.

==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ] (IMF) and ] (])
* ] and ]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==

{{The Sun}}
{{Doomsday}}
{{Magnetospherics}}
{{Solar storms}}
{{Authority control}}

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Latest revision as of 18:18, 6 June 2022

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