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#REDIRECT ] |
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The '''persecution of Yazidis by Kurds''' describes the atrocities and massacres of the ] committed by ]. Sometimes, during these massacres, the Kurds tried to force them to convert to Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HNcyAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA187&dq=bedir+khan+beg+yezidis&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR64D5wJbgAhVLZlAKHWdYCRMQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Kurdistan on the Global Stage: Kinship, Land, and Community in Iraq|last=King|first=Diane E.|date=2013-12-31|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=|isbn=9780813563541|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> Almost the whole Yazidi population were nearly wiped out by massacres carried out by Kurds.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kd8lAQAAMAAJ&q=The+Yazidis+were+nearly+wiped+out+by+massacres+carried+out+by+Kurds.&dq=The+Yazidis+were+nearly+wiped+out+by+massacres+carried+out+by+Kurds.&hl=de&sa=X&redir_esc=y|title=Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan|last=Travis|first=Hannibal|date=2010|publisher=Carolina Academic Press|year=|isbn=9781594604362|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RIB5qT9sGnwC&pg=PA248&dq=The+Yazidis+were+nearly+wiped+out+by+massacres+carried+out+by+Kurds.&hl=de&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Historical Dictionary of Iraq|last=Ghareeb|first=Edmund A.|last2=Dougherty|first2=Beth|date=2004-03-18|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=|isbn=9780810865686|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> |
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] in ] is named after the Yazidi leader Ali Beg who was killed there in 1832 by the Kurdish prince Mohammed Pasha Rawanduz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/explainer-who-are-the-yazidis|title=Explainer: Who are the Yazidis?|website=SBS News|language=en|access-date=}}</ref>]] |
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== History == |
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Some massacres of the Yazidis committed by Kurds: |
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* In 980-981, the Kurds surrounded the Yazidis in the ] region and killed most of them. Some Yazidis were captured and forced to Islam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ezidipress.com/fr/2015/11/21/les-74-campagnes-genocidaires/|title=Les 74 campagnes génocidaires|last=|first=|date=|website=ÊzîdîPress - French|language=fr-FR|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> |
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* In 1414, the Kurds killed the Yazidis in the mountains of Hakkari.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RNEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45&dq=Sindi+Kurds&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjR4OfN8OniAhXD2aQKHQRdDDMQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion|last=Acikyildiz|first=Birgul|date=2014-08-20|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=|isbn=9781784532161|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> Then the Kurds destroyed the holy temple ] of the Yazidis and desecrated the tomb of ]. Later, the Yazidis rebuilt their temple and the tomb of Sheikh Adi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://de.qantara.de/inhalt/die-religionsgemeinschaft-der-yezidi-weh-dem-der-nicht-ans-hoellenfeuer-glaubt|title=Die Religionsgemeinschaft der Yezidi: Weh dem, der nicht ans Höllenfeuer glaubt - Qantara.de|last=|first=|date=|website=Qantara.de - Dialog mit der islamischen Welt|language=de|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> |
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* In 1585, the Kurds attacked the Yazidis in the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1282|title=Yazīdīs|last=|first=|date=|website=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> On the order of their Kurdish leader Ali Saidi Beg from ], they killed over 600 Yazidis in ]. Many Yazidi women and girls were raped by them. After that, they also sold many Yazidi women and girls.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://payied.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/zhnany-ezedy-pdf.pdf|title=Yazidi Women as Odalisques|last=Abdulrahman Omer|first=Sarwar|date=|website=|page=37|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> |
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* In 1832, the Kurdish emir Mohammed Pasha Rawanduz (Mire Kor, the blind prince) with his troops committed a massacre of the Yazidis in ]. Then he has attacked the Yazidis in ] and killed most of them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ezidipress.com/blog/das-khatare-massaker-im-maerz-1832/|title=Das Khatare-Massaker im März 1832|last=|first=|date=|website=ÊzîdîPress|language=de-DE|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCbspX-dGPYC&pg=PA63&dq=bedir+khan+beg+yazidis&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMou_GxJbgAhWBY1AKHStVDd8Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development|last=Jwaideh|first=Wadie|date=2006|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=|isbn=9780815630937|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> In another attempt he and his troops occupied over 300 Yazidi villages. The Kurds have kidnapped over 10,000 Yazidis to ]. Then they gived them the option to convert to Islam or to be killed. Most of them converted to Islam but 100 Yazidis were killed because they refused.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQIxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT254&dq=Ezidis&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjg5rCinfbiAhUCJFAKHWCOCl4Q6AEIRjAH#v=onepage&q=Ezidis&f=false|title=Der kurdische Fürst MĪR MUHAMMAD AL-RAWĀNDIZĪ genannt MĪR-Ī KŌRA: Ein Beitrag zur kurdischen Geschichte|last=NEBEZ|first=Jemal|date=2017-08-14|publisher=epubli|year=|isbn=9783745011258|location=|pages=|language=de}}</ref> After another massacre, the Kurdish emir Mohammed Pasha Rawanduz captured 500 Yazidi women and girls and kidnapped them to Rawandiz and he gave some of them as a gift to his friends.<ref name=":2" /> |
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* In 1832, the Kurdish emir ] (Bedirxan Beg, the prince of Bohtan) with his troops committed a massacre of the Yazidis in Shekhan. The Kurds have killed almost the whole Yazidi population of Shekhan. Some Yazidis escaped to Sinjar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RNEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52&dq=bedir+khan+beg+yezidis&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR64D5wJbgAhVLZlAKHWdYCRMQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion|last=Acikyildiz|first=Birgul|date=2014-08-20|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=|isbn=9781784532161|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> |
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* In 1832, a Yazidi leader was killed by the Kurdish emir Bedir Khan Beg in Shekhan area. Then the Kurds invaded the villages of the Yazidis and destroyed them. They have killed many Yazidis. By an attempt to escape, many Yazidis have going into the ] river. Those Yazidis who could not swim were kidnapped by the Kurds. Then the Kurds give them the option to convert to Islam or to be killed. About 50,000 Yazidis were killed or forced to Islam.<ref name=":0" /> |
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* In 1833, the Yazidis were attacked in the ] region again by the Kurdish emir Mohammed Pasha Rawanduz and his soldiers. The Kurds killed 500 Yazidis in the ]. After that, the Kurds attacked the Yazidis in Sinjar and killed many of them.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUQIAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=1833+Yezidis+Rawanduz&source=bl&ots=dtEX_eCcNx&sig=ACfU3U0c9gx21HVp-E8zFz4a4j8RcD4Qxw&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjqy-T5rvbiAhXBalAKHacFC084ChDoATACegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=1833%20Yezidis%20Rawanduz&f=false|title=Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843-1914|last=Ateş|first=Sabri|date=2013-10-21|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=|isbn=9781107033658|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> |
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* In 1840-1844, the Kurdish emir Bedir Khan Beg committed a repeated massacre of the Yazidis in the ] region. At the Islamic sacrificial festival he slaughtered the Yazidis instead of a sheep.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ezidipress.com/PDF/TheBloodyShadowOfBedirkhanBeg.pdf|title=The bloody shadow of Bedirkhan Beg|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> |
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* In 1915-1923, Yazidis were killed alongside ] during the ] at the hands of the Kurds. More than 300,000 Yazidis were killed. Many Yazidis have also fled to ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAFeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA266&dq=yezidis+alongside+armenians&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_6artgOviAhXRZ1AKHZM2DR8Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society|last=Maisel|first=Sebastian|date=2018-06-30|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=|isbn=9781440842573|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gMXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145&dq=yezidis+armenian+genocide+kurds&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwioje-K_uriAhVBL1AKHXG0DhYQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift|last=Rezvani|first=Babak|date=2014-03-15|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|year=|isbn=9789048519286|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> |
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== Modern times == |
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* Since 2003, when the Kurds occupied the settlements of the Yazidis in the ], the Yazidis were undergoing a process of ] by the ] (KRG).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/1419199.html|title=Anfragebeantwortung zum Irak: Lage der JesidInnen, insbesondere in der Provinz Ninawa |last=Documentation|first=Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and|date=2017-10-02|website=www.ecoi.net|language=de|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kurdistantribune.com/the-shengal-yezidi-conundrum/|title=The Shengal Yezidi Conundrum|date=2016-12-15|website=The Kurdistan Tribune|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.assyriatv.org/yazidi-hr-activist-imad-haji-kurdish-betrayal-yazidis-assyrians/|title=Yazidi HR-activist Imad Haji on Kurdish betrayal of the Yazidis and Assyrians|last=admintv|date=2018-12-06|website=Assyria TV|language=sv-SE|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI74CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT122&dq=yazidis+kurdification&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRp8SHqPTiAhVllFwKHbn9DWcQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Education and Ethno-Politics: Defending Identity in Iraq|last=Shanks|first=Kelsey|date=2015-11-19|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=9781317520429|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> According to a ] report the Kurdish authorities have used heavy-handed tactics against the Yazidis and some Yazidis were kidnapped and beaten by the KRG.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/11/10/vulnerable-ground/violence-against-minority-communities-nineveh-provinces-disputed|title=On Vulnerable Ground {{!}} Violence against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province’s Disputed Territories|last=Avenue|first=Human Rights Watch {{!}} 350 Fifth|last2=York|first2=34th Floor {{!}} New|date=2009-11-10|website=]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|quote=In one incident, Kurdish intelligence officers arrested two Yazidi activists, Khalil Rashu Alias and Wageed Mendo Hamoo, in May 2007. The two told Human Rights Watch that Kurdish authorities imprisoned the pair for almost six months and tortured them for resisting what they called the Kurdish colonization of their territory in Sinjar.|last3=t 1.212.290.4700|first3=NY 10118-3299 USA {{!}}}}</ref> |
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* On 3 August 2014 the ]. Many Kurds have joined ISIL and attacked the Yazidis.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MsItDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT304&dq=many+kurds+joined+isis&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1uKzChOviAhVNPFAKHfAzDIUQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies|last=Travis|first=Hannibal|date=2017-07-20|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=9781351980258|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://de.euronews.com/2014/10/05/auch-die-kurden-sind-gegen-die-jesiden|title=Auch die Kurden sind gegen die Jesiden|last=|first=|date=|website=de.euronews.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref> And the genocide could only happen because the Kurdish ] had fled from ISIL and left the Yazidis defenseless.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRKEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83&dq=peshmerga+fled+sinjar&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwisjMC26qbhAhXPJ1AKHfYqDIMQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Great Betrayal: How America Abandoned the Kurds and Lost the Middle East|last=Phillips|first=David L.|date=2018-11-29|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=|isbn=9781786735768|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ezidipress.com/en/the-betrayal-of-shingal/|title=The betrayal of Shingal|last=|first=|date=2015-08-07|website=ÊzîdîPress - English|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/meinung/jesiden-und-kurden-im-irak-waffen-fuer-die-falschen-1.2106836-2|title=Waffen für die Falschen?|date=2014-08-29|work=sueddeutsche.de|access-date=2019-06-19|language=de|issn=0174-4917}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.dw.com/de/jesiden-sie-haben-uns-im-stich-gelassen/a-18635538|title=Jesiden: "Sie haben uns im Stich gelassen" {{!}} DW {{!}} 08.08.2015|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|website=DW.COM|language=de-DE|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref> |
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* In 2017, the Kurds attacked the Yazidis in Sinjar with German weapons in an incident.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.german-foreign-policy.com/en/news/detail/7239/|title=With German Weapons against Yazidis|website=GERMAN-FOREIGN-POLICY.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/irak-kurden-miliz-kaempft-offenbar-mit-deutschen-waffen-gegen-jesiden-a-1137481.html|title=Irak: Kurden-Miliz kämpft offenbar mit deutschen Waffen gegen Jesiden - SPIEGEL ONLINE|website=m.spiegel.de|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref> |
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=== Harassment and Discrimination === |
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*The Kurdish government forbids the Yazidis in Sinjar to sell their products in Iraqi Kurdistan and does not allow them to buy products from Iraqi Kurdistan.<ref name=":1" /> |
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*According to some Yazidis, the Kurdish government strictly forbids the Yazidis to organize demonstrations in Iraqi Kurdistan and forbids them establishing any contact with western media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/yazidis-and-kurds-in-iraq-are-we-arming-the-right-people|title=Yazidis and Kurds in Iraq: Are we arming the right people? - Qantara.de|website=Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World|language=en|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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* ] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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