| Revision as of 20:57, 26 September 2020 editTehenu (talk | contribs)381 editsNo edit summaryTag: Reverted← Previous edit |
Latest revision as of 00:32, 29 June 2022 edit undoIAmChaos (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers14,335 editsmNo edit summary |
| (37 intermediate revisions by 13 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
|
|
#REDIRECT ] |
|
The '''Persecution of Yazidis by Kurds and Turks''' describes mainly the massacres of the ] committed by some Muslim ] tribes and ]. Sometimes, during these massacres, the Muslim Kurds tried to force the Yazidis to convert to Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klFtAAAAMAAJ&q=attempts+by+Kurdish+Muslims&dq=attempts+by+Kurdish+Muslims&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwippon7hZnjAhXCUlAKHfj5BBYQ6AEIJjAA|title=Population policy in Turkey: family planning and migration between 1960 and 1992|last=Orient-Institut|first=Deutsches|last2=Franz|first2=Erhard|date=1994|publisher=Deutsches Orient-Institut|year=|isbn=|location=|page=332|pages=|language=en|quote=Throughout history, there was no shortage of attempts by Kurdish Muslims to violently convert the Yazidis to Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fm0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75&hl=de&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Non-State Violent Actors and Social Movement Organizations: Influence, Adaptation, and Change|last=|first=|date=2017-04-26|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|year=|isbn=9781787147287|location=|page=75|pages=|language=en}}</ref> Almost the whole Yazidi population were nearly wiped out by massacres carried out by the Turks and Kurds in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kd8lAQAAMAAJ&q=The+Yazidis+were+nearly+wiped+out+by+massacres+carried+out+by+Kurds.&dq=The+Yazidis+were+nearly+wiped+out+by+massacres+carried+out+by+Kurds.&hl=de&sa=X&redir_esc=y|quote=The Yazidis were nearly wiped out by massacres carried out by Turks and Kurds.|title=Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan|last=Travis|first=Hannibal|date=2010|publisher=Carolina Academic Press|year=|isbn=9781594604362|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000ghar|url-access=registration|page=|quote=Massacres at the hands of the Ottoman Turks and Kurdish princes almost wiped out the Yazidis during the 19th century.|title=Historical Dictionary of Iraq|last=Ghareeb|first=Edmund A.|last2=Dougherty|first2=Beth|date=2004-03-18|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=|isbn=9780810865686|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> While ] describes a takeover of Yazidi settlement areas with simultaneous ] of the Yazidis by the ].<ref name="ecoi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/1419199.html|title=Anfragebeantwortung zum Irak: Lage der JesidInnen, insbesondere in der Provinz Ninawa |last=Documentation|first=Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and|date=2017-10-02|website=www.ecoi.net|language=de|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref><ref name="Kelsey Shanks">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI74CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT122&dq=yazidis+kurdification&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRp8SHqPTiAhVllFwKHbn9DWcQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Education and Ethno-Politics: Defending Identity in Iraq|last=Shanks|first=Kelsey|date=2015-11-19|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=9781317520429|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
] in ] is named after the Yazidi leader Ali Beg who was killed there in 1832 by the Kurdish prince Mohammed Pasha Rawanduz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/explainer-who-are-the-yazidis|title=Explainer: Who are the Yazidis?|website=SBS News|language=en|access-date=}}</ref>]] |
|
|
|
|
|
== History == |
|
|
Historically, there were many massacres of Yazidis committed by Kurds. In the 10th century the Kurds started persecuting the Yazidis in the ] mountains.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Naby|first=Eden|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|publisher=]|year=2009|isbn=9780195305135|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John|editor-link=John Esposito|location=|pages=|chapter=Yazīdīs|author-link=Eden Naby}}</ref> The Kurds persecuted the Yazidis with particular brutality.<ref name="Asatrian and Arakelova">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1RsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT23#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World|last=Asatrian|first=Garnik S.|last2=Arakelova|first2=Victoria|date=2014-09-03|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317544289|language=en}}</ref> In the year 1832, about 70,000 Yazidis were killed by the Kurdish leaders ] and Mohammed Pasha Rawanduz.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzz.ch/international/nahost-und-afrika/bedrohte-minderheiten-im-orient-jagd-auf-den-engel-pfau-ld.135327|title=Jagd auf den Engel Pfau {{!}} NZZ|last=Steinvorth|first=Daniel|date=2016-12-22|access-date=2019-09-30|language=de-CH|issn=0376-6829}}</ref> During his research trips in 1843, the Russian traveller and orientalist ] mentioned that 7,000 Yazidis were killed by Kurds on the hills of ] near ], shortly before his arrival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:428462247$90i|title=Appendix A: A visit to the Yezidis in 1843 by Ilya Berezin, in The Anthropology of Iraq|last=Field|first=Henry|date=1951|website=iiif.lib.harvard.edu|page=76|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
In 1414, the Kurds killed the Yazidis in the mountains of ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RNEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45&dq=Sindi+Kurds&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjR4OfN8OniAhXD2aQKHQRdDDMQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion|last=Acikyildiz|first=Birgul|date=2014-08-20|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=|isbn=9781784532161|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> Then the Kurds destroyed the holy temple ] of the Yazidis and desecrated the tomb of ]. Later, the Yazidis rebuilt their temple and the tomb of Sheikh Adi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://de.qantara.de/inhalt/die-religionsgemeinschaft-der-yezidi-weh-dem-der-nicht-ans-hoellenfeuer-glaubt|title=Die Religionsgemeinschaft der Yezidi: Weh dem, der nicht ans Höllenfeuer glaubt - Qantara.de|last=|first=|date=|website=Qantara.de - Dialog mit der islamischen Welt|language=de|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
In 1831, the Kurdish emir Mohammed Pasha Rawanduz (Mire Kor, the blind prince) moved with his army to the village of Kellek and had putting the inhabitants of this Yazidi village to the sword. Then he went northward and attacked the entire Yazidi-inhabited foothill country east of Mosul. Thousands of Yazidi men, women and children were killed by his army. Some Yazidis managed to take refuge in the neighboring forests and mountain fastnesses, and a few managed to escape to distant places.<ref name="Wadie Jwaideh">{{Cite book|last=Jwaideh|first=Wadie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCbspX-dGPYC&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development|date=2006-06-19|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-3093-7|language=en}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
] |
|
|
|
|
|
In 1832, the Kurdish emir Mohammed Pasha Rawanduz with his troops committed a massacre on the Yazidis in ]. Subsequently, the Kurds attacked the Yazidis in ] and killed many of them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCbspX-dGPYC&pg=PA63&dq=bedir+khan+beg+yazidis&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMou_GxJbgAhWBY1AKHStVDd8Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development|last=Jwaideh|first=Wadie|date=2006|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=|isbn=9780815630937|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> In another attempt he and his troops occupied over 300 Yazidi villages. The Kurds kidnapped over 10,000 Yazidis to ]. Then they gave them the option to convert to Islam or to be killed. Most of them converted to Islam and the rest who refused were killed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQIxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT254&dq=Ezidis&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjg5rCinfbiAhUCJFAKHWCOCl4Q6AEIRjAH#v=onepage&q=Ezidis&f=false|title=Der kurdische Fürst MĪR MUHAMMAD AL-RAWĀNDIZĪ genannt MĪR-Ī KŌRA: Ein Beitrag zur kurdischen Geschichte|last=NEBEZ|first=Jemal|date=2017-08-14|publisher=epubli|year=|isbn=9783745011258|location=|pages=|language=de}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
In 1832, the Kurdish emir ] (Mire Botan, the prince of ]) with his troops committed a massacre on the Yazidis in Shekhan. The Kurds have killed almost the whole Yazidi population of Shekhan. Some Yazidis tried to escape to ].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Barbara Henning |title=Narratives of the History of the Ottoman-Kurdish Bedirhani Family |date=2018 |isbn=3863095510 |page=99}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RNEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52&dq=bedir+khan+beg+yezidis&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR64D5wJbgAhVLZlAKHWdYCRMQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion|last=Acikyildiz|first=Birgul|date=2014-08-20|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=|isbn=9781784532161|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> By the attempt to escape to Sinjar, many Yazidis have going into the ] river. Those Yazidis who could not swim were killed by the Kurds. About 12,000 Yazidis were killed on the ] of the Tigris river by the Kurds. Kurds also kidnapped many Yazidi women and children.<ref name="Hamburg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/6271994/21807c33b23c0f8e930ad75a1da7753c/data/eziden-und-ezidentum.pdf|title=Die Eziden und das Ezidentum – Geschichte und Gegenwart einer vom Untergang bedrohten Religion|last=Tagay|first=Sefik|last2=Ortac|first2=Serhat|date=|website=|pages=49–50|language=German|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
In 1833, the Yazidis were attacked in the ] region again by the Kurdish emir Mohammed Pasha Rawanduz and his soldiers. The Kurds killed 500 Yazidis in the ]. After that, the Kurds attacked the Yazidis in Sinjar and killed many of them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUQIAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=&source=bl&ots=dtEX_eCcNx&sig=ACfU3U0c9gx21HVp-E8zFz4a4j8RcD4Qxw&hl=de&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843-1914|last=Ateş|first=Sabri|date=2013-10-21|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=|isbn=9781107033658|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
In 1844, the Kurdish emir Bedir Khan Beg committed a repeated massacre on the Yazidis in the ] region. Many Yazidis were killed by the Kurds. The Kurds have also captured many Yazidis to force them to convert to Islam. Seven Yazidi villages have been forced to Islam and have converted.<ref name="Hamburg" /> |
|
|
|
|
|
In 1915–1923, Yazidis were killed alongside ] during the ] at the hands of the Kurds. More than 300,000 Yazidis were killed. Many Yazidis have also fled to ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAFeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA266&dq=yezidis+alongside+armenians&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_6artgOviAhXRZ1AKHZM2DR8Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society|last=Maisel|first=Sebastian|date=2018-06-30|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=|isbn=9781440842573|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gMXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145&dq=yezidis+armenian+genocide+kurds&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwioje-K_uriAhVBL1AKHXG0DhYQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift|last=Rezvani|first=Babak|date=2014-03-15|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|year=|isbn=9789048519286|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
== Modern times == |
|
|
Since 2003, when the Kurds occupied the settlements of the Yazidis in the ], the Yazidis were undergoing a process of ] by the ] (KRG).<ref name="ecoi" /><ref name="Kelsey Shanks" /> According to a report by ], the Kurdish authorities have used heavy-handed tactics against the Yazidis and some Yazidis were kidnapped and beaten by the KRG.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/11/10/vulnerable-ground/violence-against-minority-communities-nineveh-provinces-disputed|title=On Vulnerable Ground {{!}} Violence against Minority Communities in Nineveh Province’s Disputed Territories|date=2009-11-10|website=]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|quote=In one incident, Kurdish intelligence officers arrested two Yazidi activists, Khalil Rashu Alias and Wageed Mendo Hamoo, in May 2007. The two told Human Rights Watch that Kurdish authorities imprisoned the pair for almost six months and tortured them for resisting what they called the Kurdish colonization of their territory in Sinjar.}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
There have also been some demographic changes in Yazidi-majority areas after the fall of ]. In the Sheikhan area, which is considered a historic Yazidi stronghold, the Kurdish authorities have settled Sunni Kurds to strengthen their claim that it should be a Kurdish area.<ref name="ecoi" /> |
|
|
|
|
|
== Resistance of the Yazidis == |
|
|
Some years ago, the Yazidis were a very powerful tribe.<ref name="Austen Henry Layard">{{Cite book|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-E-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA275#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Niniveh and Its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldaean Christians of Kurdistan, and the Yezidis, Or Devil-Worshippers : and an Enquiry Into the Manners and Arts of the Ancient Assyrians|date=1849|publisher=Murray|language=en}}</ref> The most powerful tribe of the Yazidis inhabits the mountain of Sinjar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY8_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA146#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Classical Journal|date=1813|publisher=A. J. Valpay.|language=en}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|
|
])]] |
|
|
|
|
|
Many Yazidis also defended themselves against the Kurdish attacks. So did Ali Beg, the Yazidi leader in Sheikhan. Yazidi leader Ali Beg used his forces to oppose Kurdish leader Mohammed Pasha Rawanduz, who mobilized the Kurdish tribes of the surrounding mountains to attack the Yazidis. Ali Beg's troops were outnumbered and Ali Beg was captured and killed by the Bey of Rawandiz.<ref name="Austen Henry Layard" /> |
|
|
|
|
|
== Kurdish view == |
|
|
The relations between the Yazidis and the Kurds were often tense.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vS4ZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA12&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Churchman's Monthly Magazine|date=1855|publisher=C. Shepard & Company|language=en}}</ref> Most Kurds view the Yazidis as so-called "unbelievers".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prichard|first=James Cowles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzZXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Naturgeschichte des Menschengeschlechts; nach der 3. Aufl. mit Anmerkungen und Zusätzen hrsg. von Rudolph Wagner|date=1845|publisher=Voß|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jödicke|first=Ansgar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKAvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT134&hl=de&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Religion and Soft Power in the South Caucasus|date=2017-08-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-79789-4|language=en}}</ref> In the past, this view of the Kurds often led to massacres and forced conversions on the Yazidis. |
|
|
|
|
|
Kurdish ]s have given the persecution of Yazidis by Kurds a religious character and legalized it.<ref name="Wadie Jwaideh" /> Also Kurdish ]s such as ] viewed the Yazidis as unbelievers.<ref name="Asatrian and Arakelova" /> |
|
|
|
|
|
== See also == |
|
|
*] |
|
|
|
|
|
== References == |
|
|
{{Reflist}} |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{{Rcat shell| |
|
|
{{R from long name}} |
|
|
{{R with history}} |
|
|
}} |
|
] |
|
] |
|
] |
|
] |