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'''] history''' is the common history between today's ]. While the ] were the first state established under the name of Turk, there were many Turkic tribes and states before the Göktürks. '''] history''' is the common history between today's ]. While the ] were the first state established under the name of Turk, there were many Turkic tribes and states before the Göktürks.


Most of the ] were descendants of ],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taşbaş |first=Erhan |date=2022-01-01 |title=Kinship in the Xiongnu Political System |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jots/issue/66850/1034076 |journal=Journal of Old Turkic Studies |language= |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=118–134 |doi=10.35236/jots.1034076}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Joo-Yup |date=2016 |title=The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101 |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=59 |issue=1-2 |pages=101–132 |doi=10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101 |issn=0008-9192}}</ref> a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples located at ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Xiongnu People |url=http://global.britannica.com/topic/Xiongnu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311191625/https://global.britannica.com/topic/Xiongnu |archive-date=11 March 2020 |access-date=25 July 2015 |website=britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> According to the Chinese historical records, ] and the ruling ] were a component of the Xiongnu Empire.<ref name="Zhou50">] et al., '']'', ] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Northern99">] (李延寿), '']'', ] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref>'']'', vol. 215 upper. "突厥阿史那氏, 蓋古匈奴北部也." "The Ashina family of the Turk probably were the northern tribes of the ancient Xiongnu." translated by Xu (2005)</ref><ref>Xu Elina-Qian, , University of Helsinki, 2005</ref> The Xiongnu were the first ] in the ] history. The ethnicity of the Xiongnu are uncertain—a Turkic origin has been proposed for them,{{sfn|Hucker|1975|p=136}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2020.18 |title=Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West|last1=Savelyev |first1=Alexander |last2=Jeong |first2=Choongwon|date=May 10, 2020 |website=Cambridge|quote=The predominant part of the Xiongnu population is likely to have spoken Turkic (Late Proto-Turkic, to be more precise).}}</ref> as well as others, such as a ],<ref name="Harmatta488">{{harvnb|Harmatta|1994|p=488}}: "Their royal tribes and kings (''shan-yü'') bore Iranian names and all the Hsiung-nu words noted by the Chinese can be explained from an Iranian language of Saka type. It is therefore clear that the majority of Hsiung-nu tribes spoke an Eastern Iranian language."</ref>{{sfn|Bailey|1985|pp=21–45}}{{sfn|Jankowski|2006|pp=26–27}} ],<ref name="Tumen">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tumen D |title=Anthropology of Archaeological Populations from Northeast Asia |journal=Oriental Studies |volume=49 |date=February 2011 |pages=25, 27 |publisher=Dankook University Institute of Oriental Studies |url=http://user.dankook.ac.kr/~oriental/Journal/pdf_new/49/11.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-29 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130729140858/http://user.dankook.ac.kr/~oriental/Journal/pdf_new/49/11.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> ],{{sfn|Di Cosmo|2004|p=166}} ],{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|page=404–405 notes 51–52}}{{sfn|Adas|2001|p=88}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vovin |first=Alexander |year=2000 |title=Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=44 |issue=1| pages=87–104 |jstor=41928223}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=高晶一|first=Jingyi Gao|date=2017 |trans-title=Xia and Ket Identified by Sinitic and Yeniseian Shared Etymologies |script-title=zh:確定夏國及凱特人的語言為屬於漢語族和葉尼塞語系共同詞源|journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=60|issue=1–2|pages=51–58 |doi=10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051|jstor=10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051}}</ref> or multi-ethnic.{{sfn|Geng|2005}} Most of the ] were descendants of ],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taşbaş |first=Erhan |date=2022-01-01 |title=Kinship in the Xiongnu Political System |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jots/issue/66850/1034076 |journal=Journal of Old Turkic Studies |language= |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=118–134 |doi=10.35236/jots.1034076}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Joo-Yup |date=2016 |title=The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101 |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=59 |issue=1-2 |pages=101–132 |doi=10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101 |issn=0008-9192}}</ref> a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples located at ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Xiongnu People |url=http://global.britannica.com/topic/Xiongnu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311191625/https://global.britannica.com/topic/Xiongnu |archive-date=11 March 2020 |access-date=25 July 2015 |website=britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> According to the Chinese historical records, ] and the ruling ] were a component of the Xiongnu Empire.<ref name="Zhou50">] et al., '']'', ] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref name="Northern99">] (李延寿), '']'', ] {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref>'']'', vol. 215 upper. "突厥阿史那氏, 蓋古匈奴北部也." "The Ashina family of the Turk probably were the northern tribes of the ancient Xiongnu." translated by Xu (2005)</ref><ref>Xu Elina-Qian, , University of Helsinki, 2005</ref> The Xiongnu were the first ] in the ] history. According to some fragmentary information that can be found in the Chinese histories, The Xiongnu were Turkic and not ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Joo-Yup |last2=Kuang |first2=Shuntu |date=2017 |title=A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26572263 |journal=Inner Asia |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=197–239 |issn=1464-8172}}</ref> however, the ethnicity of the Xiongnu are uncertain—a Turkic origin has been proposed for them,{{sfn|Hucker|1975|p=136}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2020.18 |title=Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West|last1=Savelyev |first1=Alexander |last2=Jeong |first2=Choongwon|date=May 10, 2020 |website=Cambridge|quote=The predominant part of the Xiongnu population is likely to have spoken Turkic (Late Proto-Turkic, to be more precise).}}</ref> as well as others, such as a ],<ref name="Harmatta488">{{harvnb|Harmatta|1994|p=488}}: "Their royal tribes and kings (''shan-yü'') bore Iranian names and all the Hsiung-nu words noted by the Chinese can be explained from an Iranian language of Saka type. It is therefore clear that the majority of Hsiung-nu tribes spoke an Eastern Iranian language."</ref>{{sfn|Bailey|1985|pp=21–45}}{{sfn|Jankowski|2006|pp=26–27}} ],<ref name="Tumen">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tumen D |title=Anthropology of Archaeological Populations from Northeast Asia |journal=Oriental Studies |volume=49 |date=February 2011 |pages=25, 27 |publisher=Dankook University Institute of Oriental Studies |url=http://user.dankook.ac.kr/~oriental/Journal/pdf_new/49/11.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-29 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130729140858/http://user.dankook.ac.kr/~oriental/Journal/pdf_new/49/11.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> ],{{sfn|Di Cosmo|2004|p=166}} ],{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|page=404–405 notes 51–52}}{{sfn|Adas|2001|p=88}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vovin |first=Alexander |year=2000 |title=Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=44 |issue=1| pages=87–104 |jstor=41928223}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=高晶一|first=Jingyi Gao|date=2017 |trans-title=Xia and Ket Identified by Sinitic and Yeniseian Shared Etymologies |script-title=zh:確定夏國及凱特人的語言為屬於漢語族和葉尼塞語系共同詞源|journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=60|issue=1–2|pages=51–58 |doi=10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051|jstor=10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051}}</ref> or multi-ethnic.{{sfn|Geng|2005}}

] mural, ], 7th century CE, Mongolia.]] ] mural, ], 7th century CE, Mongolia.]]
Although there are debates about its inception, the history of the Turks is an important part of ]. The history of all people that emerged in ] and ] has been affected by the movements of the Turks to some degree. Turks also played an important role in bringing ] to the ] and ] to the ]. Their own religion became the pioneer and defender of the foreign religions they adopted after ], and they helped their spread and development (], ], ], ], ] and ]). Although there are debates about its inception, the history of the Turks is an important part of ]. The history of all people that emerged in ] and ] has been affected by the movements of the Turks to some degree. Turks also played an important role in bringing ] to the ] and ] to the ]. Their own religion became the pioneer and defender of the foreign religions they adopted after ], and they helped their spread and development (], ], ], ], ] and ]).

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History of the Turkic peoples
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Turkic history is the common history between today's Turkic peoples. While the Göktürks were the first state established under the name of Turk, there were many Turkic tribes and states before the Göktürks.

Most of the Göktürk Tribes were descendants of Xiongnu Empire, a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples located at Inner Asia. According to the Chinese historical records, Turkic tribes and the ruling Ashina clan were a component of the Xiongnu Empire. The Xiongnu were the first nomadic empire-builders in the Inner Asian history. According to some fragmentary information that can be found in the Chinese histories, The Xiongnu were Turkic and not Mongolic. however, the ethnicity of the Xiongnu are uncertain—a Turkic origin has been proposed for them, as well as others, such as a Iranian, Mongolic, Uralic, Yeniseian, or multi-ethnic.

Shoroon Bumbagar tomb mural, Göktürk, 7th century CE, Mongolia.

Although there are debates about its inception, the history of the Turks is an important part of world history. The history of all people that emerged in Eurasia and North Africa has been affected by the movements of the Turks to some degree. Turks also played an important role in bringing Eastern cultures to the West and Western cultures to the East. Their own religion became the pioneer and defender of the foreign religions they adopted after Tengrism, and they helped their spread and development (Mani religion, Judaism, Buddhism, Orthodox, Nestorian Christianity and Islam).

The beginning of Turkic history

The nationalization process of human communities living on earth begins with their transition from hunter-gatherer to farmer-herder. It is thought that the human communities that formed the Turks started sheep breeding in 6000 BC. This date can be accepted as the beginning of the nomadic Turkic culture.

Map of the borders of Xiongnu

3rd century BC

Map of Asia, 200 BC

2nd century BC

Map of Asia, 100 BC

1st century BC

Map of the Afro-Eurasia, 50 BC
Map of a portion of the world in 100 AD

1st century

Map of a portion of the world in 200 AD

2nd century

Map of a portion of the world in 300 AD

3rd century

Map of a portion of the world in 400 AD

4th century

5th century

Map of a portion of the world in 451 AD

Middle Ages/Turks

Map of the Asia, 600 AD

6th century

Map of the Asia, 565 AD
Map of a portion of the world in 600 AD

7th century

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

Division of Bulgarians:

650 AD | 678 AD | 680 AD
Map of a portion of the world in 700 AD

8th century

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

Map of a portion of the world in 800 AD

9th century

820 AD, when the Khazar Khanate was at the height of its power

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

Asia and Africa

10th century

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

Asia and Africa

11th century

Central Asia

Eastern Europe

Asia

South Asia

1055 AD | 1071 AD | 1092 AD

12th century

Map of a portion of the world in 1100 AD

Asia

Iran and Central Asia

South Asia

Eastern Europe

The latest situation before the expansion of the Mongol Empire, 1200 AD

13th century

Spread of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century

Asia and the Middle East

Central Asia

South Asia

After the partition of the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde state becomes Turkic, 1300 AD

The Chagatai Khanate has been completely Turkified since 1350.

14th century

Map of a portion of the world in 1400 AD

15th century

The borders of the Delhi Sultanate from 1206 to 1517

Asia

Central Asia

South Asia

  • 1414-1517: Delhi Sultanate's Turkic dynasty Iranianized

Eastern Europe

New Age

Map of a portion of the world in 1500 AD
Map of Ottomans at 16th century

16th century

Eastern Europe

Central Asia

Asia

South Asia

Africa

Map of a portion of the world in 1600 AD

17th century

Eastern Europe

Asia

Central Asia

South Asia

18th century

Map of a portion of the world in 1700 AD
A contemporary court portrait of Nader Shah, a member of the Turkic Afshar tribe, who established Afsharid Iran.

Eastern Europe

Asia

Central Asia

Africa

19th century

Eastern Europe

Central Asia

South Asia

Africa

20th century

Map of a portion of the world in 1900 AD
The Anatolian Turks remained the only long-lived Turkish community with an independent state for about 60 years, 1950 AD
Map of a portion of the world in 2000 AD

21st century

Books

A miniature showing the march of Suleiman the Magnificent to Nakhchivan.

Turkish books

  • İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Türk Millî Kültürü, Ankara, 1983.
  • Zeki. Velidi Togan, Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul, 1970.
  • Faruk Sümer, Oğuzlar, İstanbul, 1980.
  • Bahaeddin Ögel, İslamiyetten Önce Türk Kültür Tarihi, Ankara, 1962.
  • Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Kültür Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul, 1978.
  • Bahaeddin Ögel, Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Ankara, 1981.
  • Çeçen Anıl, Tarihte Türk Devletleri, İstanbul, 1986.
  • O. Esad Arseven, Türk Sanat Tarihi, İstanbul, 1955.
  • Muharrem Ergin, Orhun Abideleri, İstanbul, 1977.
  • Erol Güngör, Tarihte Türkler, İstanbul, 1989.
  • Abdülkadir İnan, Eski Türk Dini Tarihi, İstanbul, 1976.
  • A. Nimet Kurat, Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki Türk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, Ankara, 1972.
  • Hüseyin Namık Orkun, Eski Türk Yazıtları, İstanbul, 1986.
  • Hüseyin Namık Orkun, Türk Tarihi, Ankara, 1946.
  • Osman Turan, Türk Cihan Hakimiyeti Mefrukesi Tarihi, İstanbul, 1978.
  • Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Mitolojisi, Ankara, 1971.
  • Yusuf Hikmet Bayur, Hindistan Tarihi, Ankara, 1946.
  • İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Selçuklu Tarihi, İstanbul, 1972.
  • İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Harzemşahlar Devleti Tarihi, Ankara, 1956.
  • M. Altay Köymen, Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Ankara, 1954.
  • Çağatay Uluçay, İlk Müslüman Türk Devletleri, İstanbul, 1977.
  • Faruk Sümer, Karakoyunlular, Ankara, 1984.
  • A.N. Kurat, Peçenek Tarihi, İstanbul, 1937.
  • B. Yenilmez, Yenilmez, Rize, 2002.

English and foreign books

  • R. Grousset, L'Empire des steppes, Paris, 1960 (Türkçe çevirisi: Reşat Uzmen-Bozkır İmparatorluğu, 1996.)
  • DE. Guignes, Histoire generale des Huns des Turcs et des Mongols, Paris, 1756.
  • Jean-Paul Roux, Historie des Turcs, 1984.
  • Jean-Paul Roux, Timur, 1994.
  • Fayard Paris, Historie des Turcs, 1984.
  • D.Sinor, Aspects of Altaic Civilization, 1963.
  • M. Barthold, Turkestan down to the Mongol Invansıon, Londra, 1968.
  • E. Berl, Historie de l'Europe d'Attila a Tamerlan, Paris, 1946.
  • M.A. Czaplıcka, The Turks of Central Asia in History and at the Present Day, Oxford, 1918.
  • W. Eberhard, Kultur und Siedlung der Randvölker China, 1942.
  • L. Hambis, La Haute-Asie, Paris, 1953.
  • Hammer-Purgstall, Von, Historie de l'Empire ottoman depuis son origine jusqu!a nos jours, Paris, 1835.
  • H.H. Howorth, History of the Mongols, Londra, 1876.
  • Jean-Paul Roux, Türklerin Tarihi - Pasifikten Akdenize 2000 Yıl, 2004

See also

References

  1. Taşbaş, Erhan (2022-01-01). "Kinship in the Xiongnu Political System". Journal of Old Turkic Studies. 6 (1): 118–134. doi:10.35236/jots.1034076.
  2. Lee, Joo-Yup (2016). "The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia". Central Asiatic Journal. 59 (1–2): 101–132. doi:10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101. ISSN 0008-9192.
  3. "Xiongnu People". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  4. Linghu Defen et al., Book of Zhou, Vol. 50. (in Chinese)
  5. Li Yanshou (李延寿), History of the Northern Dynasties, Vol. 99. (in Chinese)
  6. New Book of Tang, vol. 215 upper. "突厥阿史那氏, 蓋古匈奴北部也." "The Ashina family of the Turk probably were the northern tribes of the ancient Xiongnu." translated by Xu (2005)
  7. Xu Elina-Qian, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, University of Helsinki, 2005
  8. Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (2017). "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples". Inner Asia. 19 (2): 197–239. ISSN 1464-8172.
  9. Hucker 1975, p. 136.
  10. Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (May 10, 2020). "Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West". Cambridge. The predominant part of the Xiongnu population is likely to have spoken Turkic (Late Proto-Turkic, to be more precise).
  11. Harmatta 1994, p. 488: "Their royal tribes and kings (shan-yü) bore Iranian names and all the Hsiung-nu words noted by the Chinese can be explained from an Iranian language of Saka type. It is therefore clear that the majority of Hsiung-nu tribes spoke an Eastern Iranian language."
  12. Bailey 1985, pp. 21–45.
  13. Jankowski 2006, pp. 26–27.
  14. Tumen D (February 2011). "Anthropology of Archaeological Populations from Northeast Asia" (PDF). Oriental Studies. 49. Dankook University Institute of Oriental Studies: 25, 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-29.
  15. Di Cosmo 2004, p. 166.
  16. Beckwith 2009, p. 404–405 notes 51–52.
  17. Adas 2001, p. 88.
  18. Vovin, Alexander (2000). "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?". Central Asiatic Journal. 44 (1): 87–104. JSTOR 41928223.
  19. 高晶一, Jingyi Gao (2017). 確定夏國及凱特人的語言為屬於漢語族和葉尼塞語系共同詞源 [Xia and Ket Identified by Sinitic and Yeniseian Shared Etymologies]. Central Asiatic Journal. 60 (1–2): 51–58. doi:10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051. JSTOR 10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051.
  20. Geng 2005.
  21. Jared Diamond Tüfek, Mikrop ve Çelik, Tübıtak Yayınları, ISBN 975-403-271-81997
  22. Mirfatih Zekiyev, Türklerin ve Tatarların Kökeni, s. 143-178, Selenge Yayınları, Ağustos 2007
  23. "Geçmişten Günümüze Türk Tarihi". Story And History (in Turkish). 18 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.

Sources

Category: