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Vinkovci
City
Grad Vinkovci City of Vinkovci
From the top, left to right: Stadion HNK Cibalia, Vinkovci railway station, landmark historical building on the promenade with Vinkovačke jeseni banners, Church of Saints Eusebius and Polion, Bosut river, Church of Pentecost, east side of the promenade, east side of the promenade, Slavonija hotel, Orion cycle astral calendar motives.
FlagCoat of arms
VinkovciLocation of Vinkovci in CroatiaShow map of Vukovar-Syrmia CountyVinkovciVinkovci (Croatia)Show map of CroatiaVinkovciVinkovci (Europe)Show map of Europe
Coordinates: 45°17′28″N 018°48′04″E / 45.29111°N 18.80111°E / 45.29111; 18.80111
Country	Croatia
Region	Slavonia
County	Vukovar-Syrmia
Government
• Type	City
• Mayor	Ivan Bosančić (HDZ)
Area
• City	94.21 km (36.37 sq mi)
Elevation	90 m (300 ft)
Population
• City	31,057
• Density	330/km (850/sq mi)
• Urban	28,247
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	32100
Area code	32
Vehicle registration	VK
Website	vinkovci.hr

Vinkovci (pronounced [ʋîːŋkoːʋtsi]) is a city in Slavonia, in the Vukovar-Syrmia County in eastern Croatia. The city's registered population was 28,247 in the 2021 census, the total population of the city was 31,057, making it the largest town of the county. Surrounded by many large villages, it is a local transport hub, particularly because of its railways.

Name

The name Vinkovci comes from the Croatian given name Vinko, cognate to the name Vincent. It has been in use following a dedication of the oldest town church of Saint Elijah (Sveti Ilija) to Saint Vincent the Deacon (Sveti Vinko) in the Middle Ages. The name of the city in Croatian is plural.

It was called Cibalae in antiquity. There is no known Latin or Greek etymology for Cibalae, so it is assumed to be inherited from an earlier time. Cibale is a toponym derived from geomorphology, from Indo-European *keball- meaning "ascension" or "head".

It is assumed that the root is in Proto-Indo-European *ghebhel (head), in the sense of a hill, meaning a place that was protected from the flooding of Bosut.

Those who advocate that Illyrian was a satem language generally advocate that it comes from *ghebhel. Those who advocate the theory that Illyrian was a centum language generally advocate that it comes from Proto-Indo-European words *kjey (house) and *bel (strong), so that it means "strong house".

In other historically and demographically relevant languages the name of the city is Template:Lang-de, Template:Lang-hu, Serbian Cyrillic: Винковци, Template:Lang-rue, Template:Lang-la and Template:Lang-grc Kibelae.

History

The area around Vinkovci has been continually inhabited since the Neolithic period.

The Sopot culture eponym site is Sopot, an archeological site near Vinkovci, which was dated to 5480–3790 BC.

Vučedol culture finds in Vinkovci, generally dated to 3000–2500 BC, include a piece of ceramics dated to 2600 BC with an astral calendar, the first one found in Europe that shows the year starting at the dusk of the first day of spring.

It was made a municipium (the Roman name for town or city) under Hadrian and gained the status of Colonia Aurelia Cibalae during the reign of emperor Caracalla. It was the birthplace of Roman emperors Valentinian I and Valens. The Roman thermal bath is still preserved underground, along with several other Roman buildings located near the center of today's Vinkovci. The 4th century Battle of Cibalae, between the armies of Constantine the Great and Licinius, was fought nearby.

In the Middle Ages, Vinkovci was one of the sites of the Bijelo Brdo culture. The City museum of Vinkovci maintains a survey of thirteen medieval archeological finds in Vinkovci and its surroundings, as of 2010.

From 1526 to 1687 it was part of the Ottoman Empire, administratively located in Sirem sanjak (whose seat was in Dimitrofça) within the Budin Eyalet. It was captured by the Habsburg Empire in 1687, which was later confirmed by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. Until 1918, Vinkovci (named Winkowcze before 1850) was part of the Austrian monarchy (Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia after the compromise of 1867), in the Slavonian Military Frontier, under the administration of the Brooder Grenz-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. VII until 1881.

In the late 19th and early 20th century, Vinkovci was a district capital in the Syrmia County of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. From 1941 to 1945, Vinkovci was part of the Independent State of Croatia, whose authorities destroyed the Vinkovci Synagogue in 1941–42, which was among the largest and the most prestigious synagogues in Croatia. From 17 April 1944 the city was heavily bombed by the Allies due to its important position in transportation.

The city and its surroundings were gravely impacted by the 1991–95 Croatian War of Independence. The city was close to the front lines between the forces of Croatia and the rebel Serbs, but it managed to avoid the fate of nearby Vukovar, which was besieged in the infamous Battle of Vukovar. The eastern sections of the town were substantially damaged by shelling, and the nearby village of Cerić was almost completely destroyed. The most significant destruction in the town center were the town library, which burned down to the ground, the town court, the Catholic and Orthodox churches (the Church of Saints Eusebius and Polion and the Church of Pentecost, respectively), both of its hospitals, the town theatre, two cinemas, and a host of businesses and factories. The Church of Pentecost was dynamited by local Croatian forces as retaliation after rebel Serbs forces severely damaged the local Catholic rectory. In December 1995–96, the Vinkovci rail station served as a rail offloading base for the United States Army's 1st Armored Division en route to Županja to cross the Sava River into Bosnia during Operation Joint Endeavor.

The Croatian Army has stationed the headquarters of its Armored-Mechanized Guard Brigade at Vinkovci barracks. The current brigade was formed in 2007 and it incorporated two former guards brigades (3rd and 5th) as well as several other units formed in the 1990s during the war of independence.

Geography

Vinkovci is located in the eastern part of the Slavonia region, 19 km (12 mi) southwest of Vukovar, 24 km (15 mi) north of Županja and 43 km (27 mi) south of Osijek. The city lies in a flatland on the Bosut river, at an elevation of approx. 90 metres (300 ft), and has a mild continental climate. Vinkovci is also part of the smaller subregion of Syrmia.

It is connected to all main railroad routes in the region, while state roads D46 and D55 connect it to motorways; river Bosut is not a waterway. Nearby villages and adjacent municipalities include Ivankovo, Jarmina, Markušica, Nuštar, Privlaka and Stari Jankovci.

Demographics

The city administrative area includes the following settlements:

• Mirkovci, population 2,810
• Vinkovci, population 28,247

• v

The local administration consists of the following local boards (mjesni odbor):

1. Lenije
2. Stjepan Radić
3. Centar
4. Kolodvor
5. Dvanaest redarstvenika
6. Vinkovačko Novo Selo
7. Lapovci
8. Ban Jelačić
9. Zagrebački blok
10. Slavija
11. Mala Bosna
12. Mirkovci

In 2011, it was the 17th largest city in Croatia.

By ethnic group, as of census 2011, the population of Vinkovci is:

• Croats, 92.35%
• Serbs, 4.87%
• Hungarians, 0.46%
• Others, 2.32%

Economy and transportation

Its economy is primarily based on trade, transport and food and metal processing. Industries include foodstuff, building material, wood and timber, metal-processing, leather and textile. Due to the surrounding farmland, also notable are farming and livestock breeding, and the town hosts a Crop Improvement Centre.

Vinkovci railway station is the main railway junction of eastern Croatia, of railroads leading from Bosnia and Herzegovina toward Hungary and from the capital Zagreb toward Belgrade. The large railway junction, after Zagreb the second largest in Croatia, underlies the importance of transit in Vinkovci. Vinkovci is also the meeting point of the Posavina and Podravina roads and the intersection of the main road D55 Županja–Vinkovci–Vukovar and several regional roads.

Vinkovci, though it is spelled Vincovci in the book, and its rail station are featured in Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express as the place near which the Orient Express breaks down.

Culture

The town features extremely rich cultural and historical heritage, the most interesting attraction being the pre-Romanesque church on Meraja from 1100, with the coats of arms of the kings Koloman and Ladislas, as one of the most important medieval cultural monuments in Croatia. The building has recently had the ancient timber beams removed and a new, modern, brick upper section and roof added.

The most famous annual event, one of the biggest in Slavonia, is the folk music festival "Vinkovci Autumns" (Vinkovačke Jeseni), which includes the folklore show and the presentation of folk customs of Slavonia. It is characterized by a number of original folk music performances, beautiful traditional costumes, a beauty contest, competitions of the manufacturers of kulen (smoked paprika-flavoured sausage), plum brandy and other traditional foodstuffs, and especially by the magnificent closing parade.

Vinkovci's music school Josip Runjanin is named after the composer of the Croatian national anthem Lijepa naša domovino. The Vinkovci gymnasium is named after Matija Antun Reljković, a Slavonian writer who lived in the city in the 18th century.

Monuments and sights

• Vinkovačke jeseni

Notable natives and residents

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• Goran Bare, rock singer (Majke, Hali Gali Halid)
• Vanja Drach, actor
• Mirko Filipović, Kickboxer and Mixed Martial-Arts fighter
• Satan Panonski, Yugoslav and Croatian musician and freak performer
• Mavro Frankfurter, last Vinkovci Rabbi
• Carl Heitzmann, pathologist and dermatologist
• Lavoslav Kadelburg, lawyer, judge, polyglot and activist
• Branko Karačić, footballer/manager
• Mario Kasun, basketballer
• Josip Kozarac, writer
• Ivan Kozarac, writer
• Dubravko Mataković, cartoonist
• Dina Merhav, Israeli sculptor
• Eugen Miskolczy, physician
• Otto Miskolczy, entrepreneur and World War II Partisan
• Josip Runjanin, composer of Croatian anthem
• Stjepan Šejić, comic-book author
• Rade Šerbedžija, actor
• Erich Šlomović, art collector
• Josip Šokčević, Croatian viceroy
• Theodoric the Great, ostrogothic ruler and king of Italy
• Valens, Roman Emperor
• Valentinian, Roman Emperor
• Ivan Bošnjak footballer
• Sava Šumanović, Serbian painter

International relations

Twin towns — sister cities

Vinkovci is twinned with:

Sport

A local football club still carries the Latin name for Vinkovci, Cibalia.

See also

• Vinkovci Treasure

References

Bibliography

• Cresswell, Peterjon; Atkins, Ismay; Dunn, Lily (10 July 2006). Time Out Croatia (First ed.). London, Berkeley & Toronto: Time Out Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing, Random House Ltd. 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SV1V 2SA. ISBN 978-1-904978-70-1. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
• Šimunović, Petar (2013). "Pre-Roman placenames in present-day (and historical) Croatia". Folia onomastica Croatica (in Croatian) (22). Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. ISSN 1848-7858. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
• Bušić, Krešimir (2002). "Prilog poznavanju povijesnog razvoja kršćanstva na vinkovačkom prostoru: kontinuitet društvenoga i urbanoga života oko gotičke crkve sv. Ilije (Meraja) u Vinkovcima". Croatica Christiana periodica (in Croatian). 26 (50). Catholic Faculty of Theology, University of Zagreb: 21. ISSN 0350-7823. Retrieved 28 December 2021.

Notes

1. "Vinkovci" (in Croatian). Vukovar-Srijem County. 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
2. Bušić 2002, p. 21.
3. Šimunović 2013, p. 148.
4. Šimunović 2013, p. 153.
5. Šimunović 2013, p. 185.
6. "Croatian toponyms". Linguist Forum. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
7. Obelić, Bogomil; Krznarić Škrivanko, Marija; Marijan, Boško; Krajcar Bronić, Ines (2004). "Radiocarbon dating of Sopot culture sites (late Neolithic) in eastern Croatia". Radiocarbon - Proceedings of the 18th International Radiocarbon Conference. 46 (1). Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona: 245. ISSN 0033-8222.
8. "Vučedolska kultura" [Vučedol culture]. 2009 Izložba Slavonija, Baranja, Srijem (in Croatian). Ministry of Culture (Croatia). Retrieved 23 November 2021.
9. Report on the Situation of Urban Archaeology in Europe. Council of Europe. 1999. p. 54. ISBN 978-9287136718. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
10. "Povijest grada" (in Croatian). City of Vinkovci. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
11. Ivana Iskra Janošić (2001). Urbanization of Cibalae and development of centers for pottery production. Zagreb-Vinkovci. pp. 31–33, 147–150.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
12. "Bjelobrdska kultura" [Bijelo Brdo culture]. 2009 Izložba Slavonija, Baranja, Srijem (in Croatian). Ministry of Culture (Croatia). Retrieved 23 November 2021.
13. Rapan Papeša, Anita (2010). "Pregled novorekognosciranih i reambuliranih srednjovjekovnih lokaliteta na području bivše općine Vinkovci" [Survey of the recently inspected mediaeval sites in the territory of the former community of Vinkovci]. Journal of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb (in Croatian). 43 (1). Archaeological Museum in Zagreb: 325–351. ISSN 1849-1561.
14. Edwin Mueller (1961). Handbook of Austria and Lombardy-Venetia Cancellations on the Postage Stamp Issues 1850–1864.
15. Marica Karakaš. "Saveznička bombardiranja Srijema u Drugome svjetskom ratu" (PDF) (in Croatian, English, and German). Zagreb, Croatia: Political Science Research Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
16. "Zlo u ratu, dobrota u miru". Novosti (in Serbian). No. 585. 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
17. "Grad Vinkovci - Mjesna samouprava". City of Vinkovci. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
18. "Population by Ethnicity, by Towns/Municipalities, 2011 Census: County of Vukovar-Sirmium". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
19. "The City • Natural and geographic features • Turistička zajednica grada Vinkovaca".

External links

• Official website (in Croatian)

v t e Vinkovci
Settlements	Vinkovci Mirkovci
History	Treasure Battle of Cibalae
Buildings and landmarks	Bosut Gymnasium Technical College
Places of worship	Catholic Church Church of Sts. Eusebius and Polion Church of St. Elijah Church of St. Nicholas Church of Immaculate Heart of Mary Church of St. Vincent Pallotti Church of Sts. Cyril and Methodius Church of The Sacred Heart of Jesus Serbian Orthodox Church of Pentecost Church of St. Nicholas Church of St. Panteleimon Other Synagogue
Transport	Novska–Tovarnik railway (Vinkovci railway station * Mirkovci railway station) D46 road D55 road
Culture	Vinkovačke jeseni
Sports	HNK Cibalia Stadion HNK Cibalia NK Dilj
Neighboring municipalities	Jarmina Markušica Nuštar Stari Jankovci Privlaka Andrijaševci Ivankovo

v t e Cities and towns of Croatia by population
100,000+	Rijeka Split Zagreb
50,000+	Osijek Pula Slavonski Brod Velika Gorica Zadar
30,000+	Bjelovar Dubrovnik Karlovac Kaštela Samobor Šibenik Sisak Varaždin Vinkovci
15,000+	Čakovec Đakovo Dugo Selo Koprivnica Križevci Kutina Metković Petrinja Poreč Požega Sinj Solin Sveta Nedelja Virovitica Vukovar Zaprešić
10,000+	Crikvenica Daruvar Duga Resa Gospić Ivanec Ivanić-Grad Jastrebarsko Kastav Knin Krapina Labin Makarska Našice Nova Gradiška Novi Marof Novska Ogulin Omiš Opatija Popovača Rovinj Slatina Sveti Ivan Zelina Trogir Umag Vrbovec

v t e Subdivisions of Vukovar-Syrmia County
Towns	Ilok Otok Vinkovci Vukovar (seat) Županja
Municipalities	Andrijaševci Babina Greda Bogdanovci Borovo Bošnjaci Cerna Drenovci Gradište Gunja Ivankovo Jarmina Lovas Markušica Negoslavci Nijemci Nuštar Privlaka Stari Jankovci Stari Mikanovci Štitar Tompojevci Tordinci Tovarnik Trpinja Vođinci Vrbanja

• Vinkovci
• Cities and towns in Croatia
• Slavonia
• Populated places in Syrmia
• Populated places in Vukovar-Syrmia County
• Syrmia County