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| website = {{url|www.yavne.muni.il}} | website = {{url|www.yavne.muni.il}}
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'''Yavne''' ({{lang-he|יַבְנֶה}}) or '''Yavneh''' is a city in the ] of ]. In many English translations of the Bible, it is known as '''Jabneh''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|b|n|ə}}. During Greco-Roman times, it was known as '''Jamnia''' ({{lang-grc|Ἰαμνία}} ''Iamníā''; {{lang-la|Iamnia}}); to the ] as ''']'''; and before 1948, as ''']''' ({{lang-ar|يبنى}}). '''Yavne''' ({{lang-he|יַבְנֶה}}) or '''Yavneh''' is a city in the ] of ]. Modern Yavne was established in 1949 in and around the ruins of historical ] ({{lang-ar|يبنى}}), a Palestinian town which had been depopulated in 1948, today known as Tel Yavne. Tel Yavne is a significant site for post-biblical Jewish history, as it was the location of the ], considered the birthplace of modern Rabbinic Judaism; it is also significant in the history of the ], as the location of the ].

According to the ], Yavne had a population of {{Israel populations|Yavne}} in {{Israel populations|Year}},{{Israel populations|reference}} with an area of {{convert|10700|dunam|km2 sqmi}}.


==History== ==History==
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Yavne was one of the major ancient cities in the southern ], situated {{convert|20|km|2|abbr=on}} south of ], {{convert|15|km|2|abbr=on}} north of ], and {{convert|7|km|2|abbr=on}} east of the ].<ref name="britannica.com">Moshe Fischer, Itamar Taxel and David Amit, , Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 350 (May, 2008), pp. 7-35.</ref> Yavne was one of the major ancient cities in the southern ], situated {{convert|20|km|2|abbr=on}} south of ], {{convert|15|km|2|abbr=on}} north of ], and {{convert|7|km|2|abbr=on}} east of the ].<ref name="britannica.com">Moshe Fischer, Itamar Taxel and David Amit, , Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 350 (May, 2008), pp. 7-35.</ref>


Excavations were carried out on the ancient ] (mound created by accumulation of archaeological remains) known as ''Tel Yavne'' (Hebrew), which developed on a natural ] hill. The tell was inhabited, possibly continuously, from either the Bronze or Iron Age until the ] period. During some periods, especially the ] period, the settlement expanded to cover part of the plain and hills surrounding the tell.<ref name="britannica.com"/><ref name="YavnehI"/><ref name="MFA">{{cite web |title=Press release of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2005-2006 |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/israelexperience/history/pages/archaeological%20excavations%20in%20israel%202006.aspx}}</ref><ref name="NegevGibson">{{cite book |work=Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land |title=Jabneh; Jabneel; Jamnia (a) |author=Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson |year=2001 |location=New York and London |publisher=Continuum |page=253 |isbn=0-8264-1316-1 }}</ref> Yavne is mentioned in the ] and it is documented in written sources and through archaeological excavations on the main ] and the adjacent "Temple Hill" throughout the ages.<ref name="YavnehI"/><ref name="NegevGibson"/> Excavations were carried out on the ancient ] (mound created by accumulation of archaeological remains) known as ''Tel Yavne'' (Hebrew), which developed on a natural ] hill. The tell was inhabited, possibly continuously, from either the Bronze or Iron Age until the ] period. During some periods, especially the ] period, the settlement expanded to cover part of the plain and hills surrounding the tell.<ref name="britannica.com"/><ref name="YavnehI">Raz Kletter, Irit Ziffer, Wolfgang Zwickel. "Yavneh I: The Excavation of the 'Temple Hill' Repository Pit and the Cult Stands." Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica (OBOSA), Book 30. Academic Press Fribourg, Switzerland ({{ISBN|978-3-7278-1667-3}}) and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen ({{ISBN|978-3-525-54361-0}}). 2010. Pages 2-13 </ref><ref name="MFA">{{cite web |title=Press release of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2005-2006 |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/israelexperience/history/pages/archaeological%20excavations%20in%20israel%202006.aspx}}</ref><ref name="NegevGibson">{{cite book |work=Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land |title=Jabneh; Jabneel; Jamnia (a) |author=Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson |year=2001 |location=New York and London |publisher=Continuum |page=253 |isbn=0-8264-1316-1 }}</ref> Yavne is mentioned in the ] and it is documented in written sources and through archaeological excavations on the main ] and the adjacent "Temple Hill" throughout the ages.<ref name="YavnehI"/><ref name="NegevGibson"/>


Yavne is considered the most significant site for post-biblical Jewish history after ]. It was here that modern Judaism was born after the ] in the year 70 CE and the loss of the ], until then the centre of religious identity for the Jews.<ref name="MFA"/> The process started in Yavne after 70 CE was essential for adapting Judaism to a new situation where there was no central Temple, in terms of laws, calendar, and liturgy, becoming the basis for Jewish religious practice throughout the world.<ref name="MFA"/> Yavne is considered the most significant site for post-biblical Jewish history after ]. It was here that modern Judaism was born after the ] in the year 70 CE and the loss of the ], until then the centre of religious identity for the Jews.<ref name="MFA"/> The process started in Yavne after 70 CE was essential for adapting Judaism to a new situation where there was no central Temple, in terms of laws, calendar, and liturgy, becoming the basis for Jewish religious practice throughout the world.<ref name="MFA"/>
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After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, Rabban ] moved the ] to Yavne. Some scholars believe the so-called ] met there. The ] left Yavne for ] in 80 CE and returned in 116 CE.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, Rabban ] moved the ] to Yavne. Some scholars believe the so-called ] met there. The ] left Yavne for ] in 80 CE and returned in 116 CE.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}


====Bronze and Iron Age====
Salvage excavations carried out in 2001 by the ] uncovered several burials at the northern foot of the original tell. Most of the burials are dated to the later ]. One burial points to a late ] occupation.

A large ] ''favissa'' (deposit of cultic artifacts) was discovered on Temple Hill.<ref name="YavnehI">Raz Kletter, Irit Ziffer, Wolfgang Zwickel. "Yavneh I: The Excavation of the 'Temple Hill' Repository Pit and the Cult Stands." Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica (OBOSA), Book 30. Academic Press Fribourg, Switzerland ({{ISBN|978-3-7278-1667-3}}) and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen ({{ISBN|978-3-525-54361-0}}). 2010. Pages 2-13 </ref> Two excavation seasons in the 2000s led by Professor ] revealed some Iron Age remains.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Pottery sherds of the Iron Age and Persian period were discovered at the surface of the tell.<ref name="NegevGibson"/>

====Roman period with Herodians====
In Roman times, the city was known as '''Iamnia''', also spelled '''Jamnia'''. It was bequeathed by ] upon his death to his sister ]. Upon her death it passed to ], who managed it as a private ], a status it was to maintain for at least a century.<ref name="Kletter2004">{{Cite journal |first=Raz |last=Kletter |year=2004 |title=Tel Yavne |journal=Excavations and Surveys in Israel |volume=116 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?id=30&mag_id=108 |access-date=2017-12-31}}</ref> After Salome's death, Iamnia came into the property of ], the future Roman empress, and then to her son ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jabneh|title=Jabneh|publisher=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref>

During the ], when the Roman army had quelled the insurrection in ], the army then marched upon Iamnia and ], taking both towns and stationing garrisons within them.<ref>], '']'' (4.130)</ref> According to rabbinic tradition, Rabbi ] and his disciples were permitted to settle in Iamnia during the outbreak of the war, after Zakkai, realizing that ] was about to fall, sneaked out of the city and asked ], the commander of the besieging Roman forces, for the right to settle in Yavne and teach his disciples.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nathan ha-Bavli|author-link=Nathan the Babylonian|editor=Shemuel Yerushalmi|title=Avot de-Rabbi Natan |year=1976|location=Jerusalem |publisher=Mekhon Masoret|page=29 (chapter 4, section 5) |oclc=232936057 |language=he |title-link=Avot de-Rabbi Natan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Ben-Israel|author-first=Uriah|editor=Alon, David|contribution=Yavne |title=Israel Guide - Sharon, Southern Coastal Plain and Northern Negev (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country)|volume=6 |publisher=] |location=Jerusalem|year=1979|page=132 |language=he|oclc=745203905 }}</ref> Upon the fall of Jerusalem, his school functioned as a re-establishment of the ].<ref>], '']'' </ref>

====Talmudic traditions====
When disputes were rampant in Israel regarding basic ''halakhic'' norms, it was in Yavne, according to the ] (''Berakhot'' 1:4), that a Divine voice (]: ''bat ḳol'') was heard declaring that, while both schools of thought espoused to the words of the Living God, the ], in practical matters, is in accordance with the ]. To counter a perceived threat to the emerging rabbinical authority posed by heterogeneous groups of Jews who embraced ideas that were thought to be unacceptable by the assembly, Talmudic tradition has it that it was in Yavne where ], during the days of ], enacted the "]" in the ], known as the benediction against apostates and ] (]: ''minim'').<ref>{{Citation |contribution=יבנה |title=Ozar Yisrael - An Encyclopedia of all matters concerning Jews and Judaism, in Hebrew |editor-last=Eisenstein |editor-first=J.D. |editor-link=Julius Eisenstein |volume=5 |publisher=Shapiro |place=London|page=48 |year=1935 |language=he |oclc=917796525}}; cf. ], ''Berakhot'' </ref> When disputes were rampant in Israel regarding basic ''halakhic'' norms, it was in Yavne, according to the ] (''Berakhot'' 1:4), that a Divine voice (]: ''bat ḳol'') was heard declaring that, while both schools of thought espoused to the words of the Living God, the ], in practical matters, is in accordance with the ]. To counter a perceived threat to the emerging rabbinical authority posed by heterogeneous groups of Jews who embraced ideas that were thought to be unacceptable by the assembly, Talmudic tradition has it that it was in Yavne where ], during the days of ], enacted the "]" in the ], known as the benediction against apostates and ] (]: ''minim'').<ref>{{Citation |contribution=יבנה |title=Ozar Yisrael - An Encyclopedia of all matters concerning Jews and Judaism, in Hebrew |editor-last=Eisenstein |editor-first=J.D. |editor-link=Julius Eisenstein |volume=5 |publisher=Shapiro |place=London|page=48 |year=1935 |language=he |oclc=917796525}}; cf. ], ''Berakhot'' </ref>


⚫ The ]rs called the city '''Ibelin''' and built ] there in 1141. An excavation led by Professor ] in 2005<ref name=mfa06>, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, accessed Sep 2021.</ref> revealed the main gate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/10/archaeologists-uncover-ruins-of-medieval-wine-factory-at-israels-yavne-site/|title = Archaeologists uncover ruins of medieval wine factory at Israel's Yavne site|date = 12 October 2021}}</ref> Its namesake noble family, the ], was important in the ] and later in the ].
====Byzantine period====
Byzantine period finds from excavations include an aqueduct east of the tell, and a kiln.<ref name=Velednizki2004>{{Cite journal |last=Velednizki |first=Noy |year=2004 |title=Yavne Final Report |journal=Excavations and Surveys in Israel |volume=116 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=31&mag_id=108 |access-date=2010-08-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719082703/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=31&mag_id=108 |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref><ref name="Sion2005">{{Cite journal |first=Ofer |last=Sion |year=2005 |title=Yavne Final Report |journal=Excavations and Surveys in Israel |volume=117 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=222&mag_id=110 |access-date = 2017-12-31 }}</ref> The world's largest wine factory from the Byzantine period has been uncovered by Israeli archaeologists, after a two-year excavation process; the importance of its wine was exemplified by its use by emperor Justin II in 566 at his table during his coronation feast.<ref>Ravandran, Jeevan. ''World's largest Byzantine wine factory uncovered in Israel'', CNN, 12 October 2021 </ref>


⚫ The ], known in Arabic as ] Abu Hurayra, described as "one of the finest domed mausoleums in Palestine", is located in Yavne. Since the 12th century, it has been known as the tomb of ], a companion (]) of the Islamic prophet ].<ref name="Petersen2002"/><ref name=DoronBar>{{cite journal |author= Bar, Doron |title= Mizrahim and the development of sacred space in the State of Israel, 1948–1968 |year= 2009 |journal= Journal of Modern Jewish Studies |volume= 8 |issue= 3 |pages= 267–285 |doi= 10.1080/14725880903262988 |s2cid= 145291702 }}</ref> Abu Hurairah however is buried in ], ], but he{{clarify|reason=Him or his alleged tomb?|date=September 2021}} was also venerated in various places in Palestine, namely in ] and Yavne.<ref name=Baer>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQcVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA652|title=Ayyubid Metalwork With Christian Images|first=Eva|last=Baer|date=11 December 1989|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004089624|via=Google Books}}</ref> After 1948 the shrine has been adopted by ] and believe that the tomb is the burial place of Rabbi ].<ref name="Petersen2002">] et al., (1950:22) Cited in {{cite book|title=A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine: Volume I (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux_2wXFXYewC&pg=PA313|first1=Andrew|last1=Petersen|year=2002|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-19-727011-0 |page=313 }}</ref><ref name=DoronBar/> The Jewish claimants to the site say that it was originally a Jewish sacred burial place and was Islamized later, but there is no record of Jewish pilgrimage there in the decades before 1948.<ref name=GideonBar>{{cite journal |author= Gideon Bar |title= Reconstructing the past: The creation of Jewish sacred space in the State of Israel, 1948–1967 |journal= Israel Studies |year= 2008 |volume= 13 |number= 3 |pages= 1–21 |doi= 10.2979/ISR.2008.13.3.1 |s2cid= 144598350 }}</ref>
====Early Islamic period====
The ]ic historian ] (died 892 CE) mentioned Yibna as one of ten towns in ] conquered by the ] led by ] in the early 7th century.<ref>al-Baladhuri, ''Book of the Conquest of the Lands'', quoted in Le Strange (1890), p. </ref>


⚫ For the Arab village of Yibna during the Ottoman and Mandate periods (to 1948), see ]. In mid-March 1948, a contingent of Iraqi soldiers moved into the village. In a Haganah reprisal on 30 March, two dozen villagers were killed. On April 21, the Iraqi village commander was arrested in ] for drunkenly shooting two Arabs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |author-link=Benny Morris |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited |year=2004 |publisher=] |location=] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA259 |page=259|isbn=9780521009676 }}</ref>
In 2007, remains ranging from the Early Islamic period until the British Mandate period were uncovered.<ref name="Volynsky2009">{{Cite journal |first = Felix|last=Volynsky |year=2009 |title=Tel Yavne Final Report |journal=Excavations and Surveys in Israel |volume = 121 |url = http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1110&mag_id=115 |access-date = 2017-12-31 }}</ref> An additional kiln, and part of a commercial/industrial area were uncovered at the west of the tell in 2009.<ref name=mynet/>


⚫ During the ], residents of ] sought refuge in Yibna, but left after the villagers accused them of being traitors.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |author-link=Benny Morris |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited |year=2004 |publisher=] |location=] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA258 |pages=258–259|isbn=9780521009676 }}</ref>
====Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk Periods====
⚫ ]

⚫ The ]rs called the city '''Ibelin''' and built ] there in 1141. An excavation led by Professor ] in 2005<ref name=mfa06>, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, accessed Sep 2021.</ref> revealed the main gate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/10/archaeologists-uncover-ruins-of-medieval-wine-factory-at-israels-yavne-site/|title = Archaeologists uncover ruins of medieval wine factory at Israel's Yavne site|date = 12 October 2021}}</ref> Its namesake noble family, the ], was important in the ] and later in the ]. Salvage excavations at the west of the tell unearthed a stash of 53 Crusader coins of the 12th and 13th centuries.<ref name="mynet">{{cite web |url=http://www.mynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3697876,00.html |script-title=he:מטמון נדיר נמצא בחפירות ארכיאולוגיות בתל יבנה |trans-title=Rare Treasure Found in Excavations at Tel Yavne |language=he |publisher=] |first=Ilanit |last=Shimron |date=2009-04-06 |access-date=2010-08-08}}</ref>

] (1130–1173) identified Jamnia (''Jabneh'') of classical writers with the ''Ibelin'' of the Crusades. He places the ancient city of Jamnia at three parasangs from ] and two from ] (''Azotus'').<ref>'']'' (1906), s.v. </ref>

Ibelin was first sacked by ] before his army was comprehensively routed at the ] in late 1177. In August 1187, Yavne was retaken and burnt to the ground, and ceased for some time to form part of the Crusaders' kingdom.<ref>Fischer, Moshe and Taxel, Itamar. , in ''Tel Aviv'' Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, December 2007, vol. 34: No 2, pp.204-284, 247</ref>

Ibelin's parish church was transformed into a ], to which a minaret was added during the Mamluk period in 1337. The minaret survives until today, while the mosque (the former Crusader church) was blown up by the IDF in 1950.<ref name="YavnehI"/><ref name="PringleChurches">{{cite book |title=Yibna: Church (No. 280) |work=The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus: Volume 2, L-Z (excluding Tyre) |author=Denys Pringle |year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=379–380 |isbn=9780521390378 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&q=%22Denys+Pringle%22+Yibna&pg=PA379 |access-date=24 January 2016 }}</ref>

⚫ The ], known in Arabic as ] Abu Hurayra, described as "one of the finest domed mausoleums in Palestine", is located in Yavne. Since the 12th century, it has been known as the tomb of ], a companion (]) of the Islamic prophet ].<ref name="Petersen2002"/><ref name=DoronBar>{{cite journal |author= Bar, Doron |title= Mizrahim and the development of sacred space in the State of Israel, 1948–1968 |year= 2009 |journal= Journal of Modern Jewish Studies |volume= 8 |issue= 3 |pages= 267–285 |doi= 10.1080/14725880903262988 |s2cid= 145291702 }}</ref> Abu Hurairah however is buried in ], ], but he{{clarify|reason=Him or his alleged tomb?|date=September 2021}} was also venerated in various places in Palestine, namely in ] and Yavne.<ref name=Baer>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQcVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA652|title=Ayyubid Metalwork With Christian Images|first=Eva|last=Baer|date=11 December 1989|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004089624|via=Google Books}}</ref> After 1948 the shrine has been adopted by ] and believe that the tomb is the burial place of Rabbi ].<ref name="Petersen2002">] et al., (1950:22) Cited in {{cite book|title=A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine: Volume I (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux_2wXFXYewC&pg=PA313|first1=Andrew|last1=Petersen|year=2002|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-19-727011-0 |page=313 }}</ref><ref name=DoronBar/> The Jewish claimants to the site say that it was originally a Jewish sacred burial place and was Islamized later, but there is no record of Jewish pilgrimage there in the decades before 1948.<ref name=GideonBar>{{cite journal |author= Gideon Bar |title= Reconstructing the past: The creation of Jewish sacred space in the State of Israel, 1948–1967 |journal= Israel Studies |year= 2008 |volume= 13 |number= 3 |pages= 1–21 |doi= 10.2979/ISR.2008.13.3.1 |s2cid= 144598350 }}</ref>

====Ottoman and Mandate periods====
For the Arab village of Yibna during the Ottoman and Mandate periods (to 1948), see ].


⚫ On 27 May, following the fall of ] and ], most of the population of Yibna fled to ], but armed males were refused entry. On 5 June, when Israeli troops arrived, they found the village almost deserted apart from a few old people who were ordered to leave.<ref name="auto"/>
<gallery> <gallery>
⚫ File:TelJavne030.jpg|Mamluk minaret, Yavne
File:יבנה - בנין הישיבה הגדולה "כרם ביבנה"-JNF040332.jpeg|The "Kerem B'Yavneh" ], phot. by Jakob Rosner, January 1945 File:יבנה - בנין הישיבה הגדולה "כרם ביבנה"-JNF040332.jpeg|The "Kerem B'Yavneh" ], phot. by Jakob Rosner, January 1945
File:Yibna 1945.jpg|Yibna 1945 File:Yibna 1945.jpg|Yibna 1945
</gallery> </gallery>

====1948 war====
⚫ In mid-March 1948, a contingent of Iraqi soldiers moved into the village. In a Haganah reprisal on 30 March, two dozen villagers were killed. On April 21, the Iraqi village commander was arrested in ] for drunkenly shooting two Arabs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |author-link=Benny Morris |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited |year=2004 |publisher=] |location=] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA259 |page=259|isbn=9780521009676 }}</ref>

⚫ During the ], residents of ] sought refuge in Yibna, but left after the villagers accused them of being traitors.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |author-link=Benny Morris |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited |year=2004 |publisher=] |location=] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA258 |pages=258–259|isbn=9780521009676 }}</ref>

⚫ On 27 May, following the fall of ] and ], most of the population of Yibna fled to ], but armed males were refused entry. On 5 June, when Israeli troops arrived, they found the village almost deserted apart from a few old people who were ordered to leave.<ref name="auto"/>


===Yavne Yam=== ===Yavne Yam===
{{main|Yavne-Yam}} {{main|Yavne-Yam}}
The ancient harbour of Yavne has been identified on the coast at ''Minet Rubin'' (Arabic) or '']'' (Hebrew), where excavations have revealed fortification going back to the ] ].<ref name="NegevGibson"/> It was in use from the Middle Bronze Age until the 12th century CE, when it was abandoned.<ref name="JM">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishmag.com/98mag/yavnehyam/yavnehyam.htm|title=Archeology in Israel - Yavne Yam}}</ref> {{bibleverse|2|Maccabees|12:8-9|NRSV}} refers to the burning of the harbour and its fleet on the direction of ]. The ancient harbour of Yavne has been identified on the coast at ''Minet Rubin'' (Arabic) or '']'' (Hebrew), where excavations have revealed fortification going back to the ] ].<ref name="NegevGibson"/> It was in use from the Middle Bronze Age until the 12th century CE, when it was abandoned.<ref name="JM">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishmag.com/98mag/yavnehyam/yavnehyam.htm|title=Archeology in Israel - Yavne Yam}}</ref> {{bibleverse|2|Maccabees|12:8-9|NRSV}} refers to the burning of the harbour and its fleet on the direction of ].



===Foundation of modern Yavne=== ===Foundation of modern Yavne===

Revision as of 14:41, 31 December 2022

For the religious kibbutz, see Kvutzat Yavne. For the town with a similar name, see Gan Yavne. For the yeshiva with a similar name, see Kerem Yavne. For the former Arab village, see Yibna. For the Jamnia in Galilee, see Jamnith. City in Israel
Yavne יַבְנֶה‎
City
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • ISO 259Yabne
Official logo of YavneEmblem of Yavne
Yavne is located in Central IsraelYavneYavneShow map of Central IsraelYavne is located in IsraelYavneYavneShow map of Israel
Coordinates: 31°53′N 34°44′E / 31.883°N 34.733°E / 31.883; 34.733
Country Israel
DistrictCentral
Founded2000 BCE (Canaanite city)
37 BCE (Herodian rule)
Islamic period (Arab village)
1949 (Israeli city)
Government
 • MayorZvi Gov-Ari
Area
 • Total10,700 dunams (10.7 km or 4.1 sq mi)
Population
 • Total55,050
 • Density5,100/km (13,000/sq mi)
Websitewww.yavne.muni.il

Yavne (Template:Lang-he) or Yavneh is a city in the Central District of Israel. Modern Yavne was established in 1949 in and around the ruins of historical Yibna (Template:Lang-ar), a Palestinian town which had been depopulated in 1948, today known as Tel Yavne. Tel Yavne is a significant site for post-biblical Jewish history, as it was the location of the Council of Jamnia, considered the birthplace of modern Rabbinic Judaism; it is also significant in the history of the Crusades, as the location of the House of Ibelin.

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Yavne had a population of 56,232 in 2022, with an area of 10,700 dunams (10.7 km; 4.1 sq mi).

History

Twelfth-century Mausoleum of Abu Huraira in Yavne, attributed to both Rabbi Gamaliel of Yavne and Abu Hurairah, a Companion of Muhammad.

Tel Yavne

Main article: Yibna

Yavne was one of the major ancient cities in the southern coastal plain, situated 20 km (12.43 mi) south of Jaffa, 15 km (9.32 mi) north of Ashdod, and 7 km (4.35 mi) east of the Mediterranean.

Excavations were carried out on the ancient tell (mound created by accumulation of archaeological remains) known as Tel Yavne (Hebrew), which developed on a natural kurkar hill. The tell was inhabited, possibly continuously, from either the Bronze or Iron Age until the British Mandate period. During some periods, especially the Byzantine period, the settlement expanded to cover part of the plain and hills surrounding the tell. Yavne is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and it is documented in written sources and through archaeological excavations on the main tell and the adjacent "Temple Hill" throughout the ages.

Yavne is considered the most significant site for post-biblical Jewish history after Jerusalem. It was here that modern Judaism was born after the destruction of Jerusalem in the year 70 CE and the loss of the Second Temple, until then the centre of religious identity for the Jews. The process started in Yavne after 70 CE was essential for adapting Judaism to a new situation where there was no central Temple, in terms of laws, calendar, and liturgy, becoming the basis for Jewish religious practice throughout the world.

After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, Rabban Yochanan Ben Zakkai moved the Sanhedrin to Yavne. Some scholars believe the so-called Council of Yavne met there. The Sanhedrin left Yavne for Usha in 80 CE and returned in 116 CE.

When disputes were rampant in Israel regarding basic halakhic norms, it was in Yavne, according to the Jerusalem Talmud (Berakhot 1:4), that a Divine voice (Hebrew: bat ḳol) was heard declaring that, while both schools of thought espoused to the words of the Living God, the Halacha, in practical matters, is in accordance with the School of Hillel. To counter a perceived threat to the emerging rabbinical authority posed by heterogeneous groups of Jews who embraced ideas that were thought to be unacceptable by the assembly, Talmudic tradition has it that it was in Yavne where Samuel the Less, during the days of Rabban Gamliel II, enacted the "twelfth benediction" in the daily prayer, known as the benediction against apostates and heretics (Hebrew: minim).

The Crusaders called the city Ibelin and built its castle there in 1141. An excavation led by Professor Dan Bahat in 2005 revealed the main gate. Its namesake noble family, the House of Ibelin, was important in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and later in the Kingdom of Cyprus.

The Mausoleum of Abu Huraira, known in Arabic as Maqam Abu Hurayra, described as "one of the finest domed mausoleums in Palestine", is located in Yavne. Since the 12th century, it has been known as the tomb of Abu Hurairah, a companion (sahaba) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Abu Hurairah however is buried in Medina, Saudi Arabia, but he was also venerated in various places in Palestine, namely in Ramle and Yavne. After 1948 the shrine has been adopted by Jews who came primarily from Arab countries and believe that the tomb is the burial place of Rabbi Gamaliel of Yavne. The Jewish claimants to the site say that it was originally a Jewish sacred burial place and was Islamized later, but there is no record of Jewish pilgrimage there in the decades before 1948.

For the Arab village of Yibna during the Ottoman and Mandate periods (to 1948), see Yibna. In mid-March 1948, a contingent of Iraqi soldiers moved into the village. In a Haganah reprisal on 30 March, two dozen villagers were killed. On April 21, the Iraqi village commander was arrested in Jaffa for drunkenly shooting two Arabs.

During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, residents of Zarnuqa sought refuge in Yibna, but left after the villagers accused them of being traitors.

On 27 May, following the fall of Al-Qubayba and Zarnuqa, most of the population of Yibna fled to Isdud, but armed males were refused entry. On 5 June, when Israeli troops arrived, they found the village almost deserted apart from a few old people who were ordered to leave.

  • Mamluk minaret, Yavne Mamluk minaret, Yavne
  • The "Kerem B'Yavneh" yeshiva, phot. by Jakob Rosner, January 1945 The "Kerem B'Yavneh" yeshiva, phot. by Jakob Rosner, January 1945
  • Yibna 1945 Yibna 1945

Yavne Yam

Main article: Yavne-Yam

The ancient harbour of Yavne has been identified on the coast at Minet Rubin (Arabic) or Yavne-Yam (Hebrew), where excavations have revealed fortification going back to the Bronze Age Hyksos. It was in use from the Middle Bronze Age until the 12th century CE, when it was abandoned. 2 Maccabees 12:8–9 refers to the burning of the harbour and its fleet on the direction of Judas Maccabeus.

Foundation of modern Yavne

The area of Yavne in 1958. The site of Yibna, depopulated 10 years prior, is shown in ruins. The Ma'bara (development town) is shown immediately to the north of the ruins.
City of Yavne
Yavne water park

Yavne was established in October 1948 as a transition camp for Jews from Arab countries, Iran and Europe. The first built neighbourhood was established in early 1949. In the early years, Yavne was a poor town, with the inhabitants subsisting on small-scale trade, as farm and industry laborers, and on agriculture in their yards. The town had a population of 1,600 in 1953. The town gradually developed. In the 1960s, several enterprises moved from Tel Aviv to Yavne, and industries in the city came to include leather, textiles, and metallurgy. The population had grown to 10,100 in 1970.

After 1948, a number of other Israeli villages were founded on Yibna land: Kfar HaNagid and Beit Gamliel in 1949, Ben Zakai in 1950, Kfar Aviv (originally: "Kfar HaYeor") in 1951, Tzofiyya in 1955. According to Walid Khalidi, a railroad crosses the village. The old mosque and minaret, together with a shrine can still be seen, and some of the old houses are inhabited by Jewish and Arab families.

The 1980 edition of a popular guidebook published in Jerusalem describes Yavne as having Israel's first atomic reactor. An image of which appeared on a 0.50 Shekel stamp.

Yavne was a stagnant backwater city until the mid-1970s, when Mayor Meir Sheetrit, who assumed office in 1974, began to develop the city as a low-density suburban satellite of Tel Aviv by building homes targeted at middle-class families who could commute to Tel Aviv while living in Yavne and improving the school system. Yavne rapidly developed as a result and was granted city status in 1986. By the mid-1990s, the population had risen to 25,600.

Archaeology

Tel Yavne was first excavated in 2005 in a dig headed by Dan Bahat, who unearthed the gate room of the Crusader castle of Ibelin, as well as a vault destroyed with gunpowder by the Mamluks and deeply embedded Crusader walls east of it, all at or around the top of the tell.

In December 2019, a large number of pottery kilns and 1,200-year-old gold coins which may have been a local potter's "piggy bank" were unearthed in a juglet by the Israeli Antiquities Authority. According to archaeologist Robert Kool, the coins date back to the early Abbasid period, about 9th century CE. One of the seven coins was minted by Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786–809 CE). "These are gold dinars issued by the Aghlabid dynasty that ruled in North Africa. Without a doubt this is a wonderful Hanukkah present for us," said Kool. In August 2020, Israeli archaeologists discovered 425 complete gold coins, most dating to the Abbasid period around 1,100 years ago. In April 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of a 1,600-year-old multicolored mosaic dated back to the Byzantine period in an industrial area. According to IAA archaeologist Elie Haddad, it was the first time that excavators revealed a colored mosaic floor in Yavne.

In 2022, a sling bullet was discovered with the Greek inscription "Victory of Heracles and Hauronas", the two gods were the patrons of the city during the Hellenistic period.

Demography

Yavne East railway station

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in 2001 the ethnic makeup of the city was Jewish and others, without significant Arab population. As of March 2018 the city numbered 46,705 persons, with a high percentage of young people: 36% of the population was in the 0–21 age group and 64% of the total population was younger than 39.

Synagogue in Yavne

According to CBS figures for 2001, there were 16 schools and 7,445 students in Yavne (11 elementary schools with 4,037 students and 9 high schools with 3,408 students). 59.6% of 12th graders were entitled to a matriculation certificate that year.

Economy

Major companies based in Yavne include Ormat Industries, Aeronautics Defense Systems, Avisar and Orbotech. In 2019, Merck established an incubator in Yavne with a budget of about €20 million over three years that will invest in startups focusing on semiconductor and display crystal technologies. In 2022 Recipharm established a new facility in Yavne.

Environmental issues

In 2012 a new green neighborhood "Neot Rabin" was inaugurated in the south of the city.

Sports

Omri Casspi

Maccabi Yavne is the city's major football club. During the 1980s the club played in the top division and in 1985 won the Toto Cup. Today they are in Liga Leumit. The basketball team, Elitzur Yavne, have also played in the Liga Leumit (basketball) since 2007.

Omri Casspi, the first Israeli to play in the National Basketball Association, grew up in the city and played for some of its teams.

Notable people

Shabak Samech

Sister cities

Yavne is twinned with:

See also

References

  1. ^ "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ Moshe Fischer, Itamar Taxel and David Amit, Rural Settlement in the Vicinity of Yavneh in the Byzantine Period: A Religio-Archaeological Perspective, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 350 (May, 2008), pp. 7-35.
  3. ^ Raz Kletter, Irit Ziffer, Wolfgang Zwickel. "Yavneh I: The Excavation of the 'Temple Hill' Repository Pit and the Cult Stands." Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica (OBOSA), Book 30. Academic Press Fribourg, Switzerland (ISBN 978-3-7278-1667-3) and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen (ISBN 978-3-525-54361-0). 2010. Pages 2-13
  4. ^ "Press release of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2005-2006".
  5. ^ Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson (2001). Jabneh; Jabneel; Jamnia (a). New York and London: Continuum. p. 253. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  6. Eisenstein, J.D., ed. (1935), "יבנה", Ozar Yisrael - An Encyclopedia of all matters concerning Jews and Judaism, in Hebrew (in Hebrew), vol. 5, London: Shapiro, p. 48, OCLC 917796525; cf. Babylonian Talmud, Berakhot 28b
  7. Archaeological Excavations in Israel 2006, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, accessed Sep 2021.
  8. "Archaeologists uncover ruins of medieval wine factory at Israel's Yavne site". 12 October 2021.
  9. ^ Mayer et al., (1950:22) Cited in Petersen, Andrew (2002). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine: Volume I (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Oxford University Press. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0.
  10. ^ Bar, Doron (2009). "Mizrahim and the development of sacred space in the State of Israel, 1948–1968". Journal of Modern Jewish Studies. 8 (3): 267–285. doi:10.1080/14725880903262988. S2CID 145291702.
  11. Baer, Eva (11 December 1989). Ayyubid Metalwork With Christian Images. BRILL. ISBN 9004089624 – via Google Books.
  12. Gideon Bar (2008). "Reconstructing the past: The creation of Jewish sacred space in the State of Israel, 1948–1967". Israel Studies. 13 (3): 1–21. doi:10.2979/ISR.2008.13.3.1. S2CID 144598350.
  13. Morris, Benny (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 259. ISBN 9780521009676.
  14. ^ Morris, Benny (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 258–259. ISBN 9780521009676.
  15. "Archeology in Israel - Yavne Yam".
  16. ^ Machline, Elise; Pearlmutter, David; Schwartz, Moshe; Pech, Pierre (25 April 2020). Green Neighbourhoods and Eco-gentrification: A Tale of Two Countries. ISBN 9783030380366.
  17. Khalidi, 1992, p. 423
  18. Vilnay, Zev (First edition 1955) Israel Guide. Daf-Chen Press Ltd, Jerusalem. Twenty-second edition - 1980. p.254
  19. Fischer and Taxel (2007), p.254
  20. "Archaeologists find hoard of Islamic coins in Israel: 'It's like a Hanukkah present'". Haaretz. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  21. "Trove of 1,200-year-old 'Arabian Nights' gold coins uncovered in Israel". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  22. "Youth volunteers uncover hundreds of ancient gold coins in Israel". CBC News. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  23. Jack Guy. "Archaeologists uncover 1,600-year-old mosaic in Israel". CNN. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
  24. "1,600-year-old multicolored mosaic with geometric motifs uncovered in Yavne". Times of Israel. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
  25. Gershon, Livia. "Colorful, 1,600-Year-Old Mosaic Adorned With Geometric Patterns Found in Israel". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
  26. 2,200-year-old Greek sling bullet discovered in Israel
  27. Solomon, Shoshanna. "German drugmaker Merck sets up Israel incubator to tap into chip, sensor tech". www.timesofisrael.com.
  28. "מפעל רסיפארם ישראל נחנך ביבנה".
  29. "פינוי אשפה פנאומאטי - צעד ירוק למען הסביבה ביבנה והסביבה - פורטל יבנה שלי". www.myavne.co.il.

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