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{{Short description|Hand-based measurement}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2011}} {{more citations needed|date=November 2011}}
] ]
A '''span''' is the distance measured by a ] ], from the tip of the ] to the tip of the little finger. In ancient times, a span was considered to be half a ]. Sometimes the distinction is made between the '''great span''' (thumb to little finger) and '''little span''' (index finger to little finger).<ref name="Seaver1895">{{cite book|author=Edwin Pliny Seaver|title=New Franklin arithmetic: Second book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HEMkwNTqmVAC&pg=PA384|accessdate=27 January 2012|year=1895|publisher=Butler, Sheldon & co.|page=384}}</ref><ref name="O'Sullivan1872">{{cite book|author=Daniel O'Sullivan|title=The principles of arithmetic|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=N1YDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA69|accessdate=27 January 2012|year=1872|publisher=Thom|page=69}}</ref> A '''span''' is the distance measured by a ] ], from the tip of the ] to the tip of the little finger. ], a span was considered to be half a ]. Sometimes the distinction is made between the '''great span''' or '''full span''' (thumb to little finger) and '''little span''' or '''short span''' (thumb to index finger, or index finger to little finger).<ref name="Madan1903"/><ref name="Seaver1895">{{cite book|author=Edwin Pliny Seaver|title=New Franklin arithmetic: Second book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEMkwNTqmVAC&pg=PA384|access-date=27 January 2012|year=1895|publisher=Butler, Sheldon & co.|page=384}}</ref><ref name="O'Sullivan1872">{{cite book|author=Daniel O'Sullivan|title=The principles of arithmetic|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesarith00osugoog|access-date=27 January 2012|year=1872|publisher=Thom|page=}}</ref>


==History== ==History==
Ancient Greek texts show that the span was used as a fixed measure in ] since at least ]. The word ''spithame'' (]: "σπιθαμή"), "span",<ref>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> is attested in the work of ]<ref>Herodotus, ''The Histories'', 2.106, on </ref> in the 5th century BC; however, the span was used in Greece long before that, since the word ''trispithamos'' (Greek: "τρισπίθαμος"), "three spans long",<ref>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> occurs as early as the 8th century BC in ].<ref> Ancient Greek texts show that the span was used as a fixed measure in ] since at least ]. The word ''spithame'' (]: "σπιθαμή"), "span",<ref>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> is attested in the work of ]<ref>Herodotus, ''The Histories'', 2.106, on </ref> in the 5th century BC; however, the span was used in Greece long before that, since the word ''trispithamos'' (Greek: "τρισπίθαμος"), "three spans long",<ref>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> occurs as early as the 8th century BC in ].<ref>
Hesiod, ''Works and Days'', 426, on </ref> Hesiod, ''Works and Days'', 426, on </ref>


==Size of the span== ==Size of the span==


===English usage=== ===English usage===
''See also:'' ] {{See also|English units}}
; 1 span := 9 ]es<ref name="Steen1846">{{cite book|author=Isaiah Steen|title=A treatise on mental arithmetic, in theory and practice|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wDAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA9|accessdate=27 January 2012|year=1846|page=9}}</ref> ; 1 span := 9 ]es<ref name="Steen1846">{{cite book|author=Isaiah Steen|title=A treatise on mental arithmetic, in theory and practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wDAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA9|access-date=27 January 2012|year=1846|page=9}}</ref>
:= 0.2286 ] := 22.86 ]

===Chinese usage===
In China and Chinese cultured countries, a span ('''一拃''') refers to the distance between the tip of the thumb and the tip of the outstretched index finger (sometimes middle finger), and typically measures 15-20 centimetres.


===Arabic usage=== ===Arabic usage===
Line 21: Line 25:


===African usage=== ===African usage===
In ], the equivalent of the great span (thumb to little finger) is the ''shubiri'' or ''shibiri'' while the little span (thumb to forefinger) is the ''morita'' or ''futuri''.<ref name="Madan1903">{{cite book|author=Arthur Cornwallis Madan|title=Swahili-English dictionary|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=J7NFAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA78|accessdate=27 January 2012|year=1903|publisher=Clarendon press|page=78}}</ref> In ], the equivalent of the great span (thumb to little finger) is the ''shubiri'' or ''shibiri'' while the little span (thumb to forefinger) is the ''morita'' or ''futuri''.<ref name="Madan1903">{{cite book|author=Arthur Cornwallis Madan|title=Swahili-English dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/swahilienglishdi00mada|access-date=27 January 2012|year=1903|publisher=Clarendon press|page=}}</ref>


===Hungarian usage=== ===Hungarian usage===
In ], the span, or ''arasz'', is occasionally used as an informal measure and occurs in two varieties: measured between the tips of the extended ] and ], it is ''kis arasz'' (the "small arasz"); between the tips of the thumb and ], it is ''nagy arasz'' (the "large arasz"). The term "''arasz''," used by itself without a modifier, is usually understood as referring to the "large ''arasz''," i.e., to the "span." In ], the span, or ''arasz'', is occasionally used as an informal measure and occurs in two varieties: measured between the tips of the extended ] and ], it is ''kis arasz'' (the "small arasz"); between the tips of the thumb and ], it is ''nagy arasz'' (the "large arasz"). The term "''arasz''," used by itself without a modifier, is usually understood as referring to the "large ''arasz''," i.e., to the "span."


===Asian usage=== ===South Asian usage===
In ]-] and other languages of Northern ] and ], the span is commonly used as an informal measure and called ''bālisht'' (Urdu: بالشت, Hindi: बालिश्त).<ref name="Lockyer">Norman Lockyer, "Nature," Nature Publishing Group, Macmillan Journals Ltd., 1922.</ref> In ]-] and other languages of Northern ] and ], the span is commonly used as an informal measure and called ''bālisht'' (Urdu: بالشت, Hindi: बालिश्त).<ref name="Lockyer">Norman Lockyer, "Nature," Nature Publishing Group, Macmillan Journals Ltd., 1922.</ref>


In ], it is called "jengkal". In ], it is called ''bighāt'' (বিঘত or বিঘৎ).


⚫ In ], it is called ''weet'' (वीत).
⚫ In Nepal, where this method of measurement is still used in informal context, a span is called Bhitta.


⚫ In ], where this method of measurement is still used in informal context, a span is called ''bhitta''.
⚫ In ], it is called "]".

In ], it is called ''saaN''.

===Southeast Asian usage===
In ], the span is used as an informal measure.

In ] and ], it is called ''jengkal''.

In ], it is called ''khuep''.

In ], it is called ''dangkal''.


===Mongolian usage=== ===Mongolian usage===
It's commonly used as traditional and informal measure. In Mongolia, the span is called as ''tuu'' (төө). Depending on the use of index or middle finger and the placement of the thumb, the span is named differently as ''tuu'' (төө) and ''mukhar tuu'' (мухар төө) etc. The span is commonly used as a traditional and informal measure in Mongolia, where it is called ''tuu'' (төө). Depending on the use of index or middle finger and the placement of the thumb, the span is named differently as ''tuu'' (төө) and ''mukhar tuu'' (мухар төө) etc.
===Portuguese usage=== ===Portuguese usage===
{{main|Portuguese customary units}} {{main|Portuguese customary units}}
The old Portuguese customary unit analogue to the span was the ''palmo de craveira'' or simply ''palmo''. The old Portuguese customary unit analogue to the span was the ''palmo de craveira'' or simply ''palmo''.

; 1 ''palmo de craveira'' := 8 ''polegadas'' (Portuguese ]es) <ref name="Monteverde1861">{{cite book|author=Emilio Achilles Monteverde|title=Manual Encyclopedico para Uzo das Escolas de Instrucção Primaria|year=1861|publisher=Imprensa Nacional, Lisboa|page=}}</ref>
:= 1/5 ''varas'' (Portuguese ]s) <ref name="Monteverde1861"></ref> 1 ''palmo de craveira'' = 8 ''polegadas'' (Portuguese ]es)<ref name="Monteverde1861">{{cite book|author=Emilio Achilles Monteverde|title=Manual Encyclopedico para Uzo das Escolas de Instrucção Primaria|year=1861|publisher=Imprensa Nacional, Lisboa}}</ref>
:= 0.22 ] <ref name="Monteverde1861"></ref> <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1/5 ''varas'' (Portuguese ]s)<ref name="Monteverde1861" />
<nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.22 ]<ref name="Monteverde1861" />


==See also== ==See also==
*] *]
*] *]
*]
* ] * ]
*] *]
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==References== ==References==
*Lyle V. Jones. 1971. “The Nature of Measurement.” In: Robert L. Thorndike (ed.), Educational Measurement. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Council on Education, pp.&nbsp;335–355. *Lyle V. Jones. 1971. “The Nature of Measurement.” In: Robert L. Thorndike (ed.), ''Educational Measurement'', 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Council on Education, pp.&nbsp;335–355.

{{Imperial units}}


] ]

Latest revision as of 22:51, 5 February 2023

Hand-based measurement
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Some hand-based measurements, including the great span (4)

A span is the distance measured by a human hand, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger. In ancient times, a span was considered to be half a cubit. Sometimes the distinction is made between the great span or full span (thumb to little finger) and little span or short span (thumb to index finger, or index finger to little finger).

History

Ancient Greek texts show that the span was used as a fixed measure in ancient Greece since at least archaic period. The word spithame (Greek: "σπιθαμή"), "span", is attested in the work of Herodotus in the 5th century BC; however, the span was used in Greece long before that, since the word trispithamos (Greek: "τρισπίθαμος"), "three spans long", occurs as early as the 8th century BC in Hesiod.

Size of the span

English usage

See also: English units
1 span
= 9 inches
= 22.86 cm

Chinese usage

In China and Chinese cultured countries, a span (一拃) refers to the distance between the tip of the thumb and the tip of the outstretched index finger (sometimes middle finger), and typically measures 15-20 centimetres.

Arabic usage

In Arabic, the analogue of the great span is the šibr (شبر). It is used in Modern Standard Arabic and classical Arabic, as well as in modern-day dialects.

Slavic usage

In Slavic languages, the analogue of the span is various words derived from Proto-Slavic *pędь (Bulgarian педя, Polish piędź, Russian пядь, Slovenian ped, etc.). In various Slavic languages it is the distance from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger or index finger. For example, Slovenian velika ped = great span (23 cm), mala ped = little span (9.5 cm); Russian piad = 4 vershoks = 17.8 cm. See Obsolete Russian weights and measures.

African usage

In Swahili, the equivalent of the great span (thumb to little finger) is the shubiri or shibiri while the little span (thumb to forefinger) is the morita or futuri.

Hungarian usage

In Hungarian, the span, or arasz, is occasionally used as an informal measure and occurs in two varieties: measured between the tips of the extended thumb and index finger, it is kis arasz (the "small arasz"); between the tips of the thumb and little finger, it is nagy arasz (the "large arasz"). The term "arasz," used by itself without a modifier, is usually understood as referring to the "large arasz," i.e., to the "span."

South Asian usage

In Hindi-Urdu and other languages of Northern India and Pakistan, the span is commonly used as an informal measure and called bālisht (Urdu: بالشت, Hindi: बालिश्त).

In Bengali, it is called bighāt (বিঘত or বিঘৎ).

In Marathi, it is called weet (वीत).

In Nepal, where this method of measurement is still used in informal context, a span is called bhitta.

In Tamil, it is called saaN.

Southeast Asian usage

In Southeast Asia, the span is used as an informal measure.

In Malay and Indonesian, it is called jengkal.

In Thai, it is called khuep.

In Filipino, it is called dangkal.

Mongolian usage

The span is commonly used as a traditional and informal measure in Mongolia, where it is called tuu (төө). Depending on the use of index or middle finger and the placement of the thumb, the span is named differently as tuu (төө) and mukhar tuu (мухар төө) etc.

Portuguese usage

Main article: Portuguese customary units

The old Portuguese customary unit analogue to the span was the palmo de craveira or simply palmo.

1 palmo de craveira = 8 polegadas (Portuguese inches) = 1/5 varas (Portuguese yards) = 0.22 m

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Arthur Cornwallis Madan (1903). Swahili-English dictionary. Clarendon press. p. 78. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  2. Edwin Pliny Seaver (1895). New Franklin arithmetic: Second book. Butler, Sheldon & co. p. 384. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  3. Daniel O'Sullivan (1872). The principles of arithmetic. Thom. p. 69. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  4. σπιθαμή, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
  5. Herodotus, The Histories, 2.106, on Perseus Digital Library
  6. τρισπίθαμος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
  7. Hesiod, Works and Days, 426, on Perseus Digital Library
  8. Isaiah Steen (1846). A treatise on mental arithmetic, in theory and practice. p. 9. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  9. Norman Lockyer, "Nature," Nature Publishing Group, Macmillan Journals Ltd., 1922.
  10. ^ Emilio Achilles Monteverde (1861). Manual Encyclopedico para Uzo das Escolas de Instrucção Primaria. Imprensa Nacional, Lisboa.

References

  • Lyle V. Jones. 1971. “The Nature of Measurement.” In: Robert L. Thorndike (ed.), Educational Measurement, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Council on Education, pp. 335–355.
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