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'''Biosequestration''' is the capture of atmospheric ] by ]. It is crucial to the initiation, evolution and preservation of life. |
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== Carbon in the Earth's atmosphere == |
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It is generally accepted by ] that the ] content of the ] since before the ] was 0.03 percent.<ref>JE Lovelock. Gaia. A New Look at Life on Earth. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 1989 p80</ref> The capture of atmosphereic C02 has been largely a function of absorption by sea water, vegetation and soils.<ref>Tim Flannery. The Weather Makers. The History and Future Impact of Climate Change. Text Publishing. Melbourne.2005. p29</ref> The capacity of the oceans to absorb C02 is decreasing.<ref>CL Sabine et al. The oceanic sink for anthropogenic C02 Science 2004; 305:367-71.</ref> Given the potential adverse effects of rising atmospheric C02 levels (see ]) this increases the importance of developing policies and laws that increase both the global amount and efficiency of photosynthesis and biosequestration. |
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== Enhanced photosynthesis == |
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Biosequestration may be enhanced by improving ] by modifying ] genes in plants to increase the catalytic and/or oxygenation activity of that enzyme.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Spreitzer RJ, Salvucci ME |title=Rubisco: structure, regulatory interactions, and possibilities for a better enzyme |journal=Annu Rev Plant Biol |volume=53 |issue= |pages=449–75 |year=2002 |pmid=12221984 |doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.100301.135233 |url=http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.100301.135233?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> |
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One such research area involves increasing the earth's proportion of ] photosynthetic plants. C4 plants represent about 5% of Earth's plant biomass and 1% of its known plant species,<ref>Bond, W.J.; Woodward, F.I.; Midgley, G.F. (2005). "The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire". New Phytologist 165 (2): 525–538.</ref> but account for around 30% of terrestrial carbon fixation.<ref>Osborne, C.P.; Beerling, D.J. (2006). "Review. Nature's green revolution: the remarkable evolutionary rise of C4 plants". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361 (1465): 173–194</ref> A new frontier in crop science consists of attempts to ] C3 staple food crops (such as wheat, barley, soybeans, potatoes and rice) with the "turbo-charged" photosynthetic apparatus of C4 plants.<ref>David Beerling. The Emerald Planet. How Plants Changed Earth's History. Oxford University Press. Oxford 2007 pp194-195.</ref> |
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== Implications for climate change policy == |
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Industries with large amounts of C02 emissions (such as the ]) are interested in ''biosequestration'' as a means of offsetting their ] production.<ref> Tom Fearon. Australia’s ‘massive advantage’ in bio-sequestration. Environmental Management News. Monday, 3 August 2009 </ref> In Australia, university researchers are engineering ] to produce ] (hydrogen and biodiesel oils) and investigating whether this process can be used to ''biosequester'' carbon. Algae naturally capture sunlight and use its energy to split water into hydrogen, oxygen and oil which can be extracted. Such ] production also can be coupled with ] using salt-tolerant marine algae to generate fresh water and electricity.<ref>Guy Healey. Pond life fuels bio research The Australian. July 23, 2008</ref>Many new bioenergy (]) technologies, including cellulosic ethanol biorefineries (using stems and branches of most plants including crop residues (such as corn stalks, wheat straw and rice straw) are being promoted because they have the added advantage of ''biosequestration'' of C02. <ref>International Energy Agency (2006). p. 8.</ref> Dedicated biofuel and biosequestration crops, such as switchgrass, are also being developed.<ref>Biotechnology Industry Organization (2007). pp. 3-4.</ref> |
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== References == |
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