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On 27 June 2023, Nahel Merzouk (also spelled Naël), a 17-year-old French youth of Moroccan and Algerian descent, was shot and killed by the police in Nanterre, a suburb of Paris, France. Initial reporting on the incident, informed by police statements, was later contradicted by a video posted online, which led to widespread protests and riots. Symbols of the state such as town halls, schools, and police stations, as well as other buildings were attacked. The Interior Ministry reported that more than 5,000 vehicles had been set on fire, along with 10,000 garbage cans; nearly 1,000 buildings had been burnt, damaged or looted; 250 police stations and gendarmeries had been attacked; and more than 700 police officers had been injured."

The killing became part of a broader public debate regarding French law enforcement and violence. It was condemned by President Emmanuel Macron as "inexcusable".

Background

France saw a rise in police violence in the years before the killing. In 2017, a law was passed permitting police to shoot at a vehicle fleeing a traffic stop, if the driver was putting the passengers or passersby at risk. This shooting was the third fatal shooting that occurred during a traffic stop in France in 2023. In 2020, there were three deaths, followed by two in 2021, and 13 in 2022. The victims were often people of black or Maghrebi origin, leading to allegations of systemic racism within the French police. In May 2023, national representatives at the United Nations Human Rights Council criticized the country's police force and urged the implementation of significant measures to address excessive use of force in demonstrations. The French government has frequently downplayed instances of police violence, sometimes even avoiding the use of the term itself, while police unions opposed repealing or revising the 2017 law. In 2022, approximately five officers were indicted in relation to the aforementioned shootings.

On 19 July 2016, Adama Traoré, a 24-year-old black man in France, with a heavy criminal record, died while in custody after being restrained and apprehended by the police. This incident sparked widespread public outcry and protests, which reignited in May 2020 when the officers involved were cleared of any wrongdoing. On 14 June 2023, Alhoussein Camara [fr], a 19-year-old, was killed during a road check in Angoulême. His body was repatriated to Conakry, Guinea, by his family and the Guinean authorities. While there, they appealed to France for justice to be served.

Victim

Nahel Merzouk was a 17-year-old French-Algerian adolescent. He was enrolled at the Lycée Louis-Blériot in Suresnes, where he attended classes for six months, and then stopped going to school. Merzouk worked as a pizza delivery boy in Nanterre. According to a paramedic who knew Merzouk, his father left his mother before Merzouk was born. According to his family's lawyers, Merzouk did not have a criminal record, but he was "known to the police, particularly for resisting arrest", and had been charged with resisting the previous weekend and five times since 2021. His judicial file included 15 recorded incidents, including use of false license plates, driving without insurance, and for the sale and consumption of drugs.

On 1 July 2023, Merzouk was buried at the Mont-Valérien cemetery park in the Muslim section in Nanterre.

Shooting

Prosecution version

According to the public prosecutor of Nanterre, two Paris Police Prefecture motorcycle officers noticed a Mercedes-Benz A Class AMG with a Polish license plate driving at high speed in a bus lane, driven by a young-looking person at around 7:55 am. The officers activated their warning signals (audible and visual) and indicated to the driver of the car, then stationary at a red traffic light, to stop. The vehicle started moving and ran the red light. The officers followed the car and alerted their superiors via radio. The car committed multiple traffic violations, endangering a pedestrian and a cyclist.

Due to traffic congestion, the vehicle was eventually forced to stop. The police officers got off their motorcycles, pointed their guns at the driver, and ordered him to turn off the engine. Instead, the vehicle started to pull away, and one of the police officers, 38-year-old Florian M, fired a shot at the driver. The vehicle continued its route before crashing into street furniture at 8:19 am. The rear passenger was arrested when he exited the vehicle. The front right passenger fled. The police officer who fired the shot provided first aid to the driver. The driver was pronounced dead at 9:15 am.

The deceased was a person known to the police for previous incidents in which he failed to comply with traffic stops. Nahel is alleged to have "disobeyed and committed several traffic offences, endangering the lives of a pedestrian and a cyclist", and also refused to turn off the ignition, upon which one of the officers shot him as he was attempting to speed away with his car making contact with the police officer. In France, there is legal basis for the police to use firearms during traffic stops under failure to comply. Authorities arrested the police officer who shot Merzouk, on suspicion of "voluntary homicide by a person in authority".

Police version challenged by a video

According to the police, an officer fired his weapon as the young driver was about to run him over. This version, citing self-defense, was challenged after the publication of a video showing that the car was not in a position to harm the police officers and was not heading towards them. According to Le Monde, "the 50-second sequence, which has gone viral on social media, has literally swept away the language elements initially disseminated by police sources and repeated by some media." The video shows that the two police officers were on the driver's side of the Mercedes. The car was moving off when the police officer fired the shot, still at close range.

Version from the third passenger

On 30 June 2023, a third passenger aboard the Mercedes testified that Merzouk received several buttstrokes. According to them, the third buttstroke made Merzouk release the brake pedal, causing the car to move forward, given that the gearbox was automatic. According to BFM TV, this version differs from that put forward by the police, as according to Laurent Nuñez: "the driver had first turned off the engine, restarted the vehicle, then left. It was in this context that the police officer used his firearm."

Investigation

The officer is currently under investigation for manslaughter and has been placed in custody for the charge of "voluntary homicide by a person in authority". The police have maintained that the shooting was an act of self-defense, as they argue that Merzouk was driving towards the officer. However, since the video was released, this claim has faced significant criticism. Yassine Bouzrou, a lawyer representing Merzouk, has stated that the video completely disproves this assertion and alleges that the brigadier had an "intention to kill". Other lawyers representing Merzouk have made similar remarks.

Two investigations have been initiated: the first for "refusal to comply" and "attempted voluntary homicide against a person in authority", and the second for "voluntary homicide by a person in authority". The latter investigation has been assigned to the General Inspectorate of the National Police (IGPN).

Initial reactions

French President Emmanuel Macron declared the incident "inexcusable and unforgivable", adding that it "moved the entire nation". Macron's statements were a rare critique of French law enforcement from government officials. The BBC's Hugh Schofield attributed this to the effects of social media, allowing for the dissemination of such videos with ease, as well as fear stemming from the ensuing riots. Alliance Police nationale, the largest French police union, criticized Macron for "condemn our colleagues before justice has had the chance to speak". Far-right politician Marine Le Pen, leader of the National Rally party, dubbed Macron's statements as "excessive" and "irresponsible", adding that "the president is prepared to ignore constitutional principles in a bid to put out a potential fire."

French football player Kylian Mbappé took to Twitter to denounce the incident as "unacceptable" and sent condolences to Merzouk's family. French actor and comedian Omar Sy sent condolences to the family.

Merzouk's mother called for a "a revolt for my son" on TikTok. Merzouk's grandmother stated that she lacked forgiveness for the police and government, stating "They killed my grandson, now I don't care about anyone, they took my grandson from me, I will never forgive them in my life, never, never, never."

FC Barcelona footballer Jules Koundé criticized the coverage of the incident, stating that news media were capitalizing on it to "distort the truth" and find excuses to criminalize Merzouk. Left-wing politician and former La France Insoumise party leader Jean-Luc Melenchon called for police reform. Mike Maignan, a footballer for AC Milan stated on Twitter that "It's always for the same people that being in the wrong leads to death."

Le Parisien and BFM TV have been criticized for relaying the police's account without any caution in the early hours of the event, before changing their narrative in response to the video evidence and pressure from other media outlets.

Eric Ciotti, president of the conservative political party The Republicans, expressed his support for the police, dubbing them defenders of collective security and denouncing the ensuing unrest as unjustified. The French National Assembly held a minute of silence to mourn.

The Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed its "shock and consternation the brutal and tragic disappearance of the young Nahel" on June 29, adding that it trusted the French government to assume its duty of protection and security for Algerian nationals on French territory. The Moroccan press was critical of what it called Algerian interference in internal French domestic affairs and use of the crisis to political advantage.

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights asked France to address systemic racism within its police forces, and called for the protests to remain peaceful.

A fundraiser on GoFundMe for the accused officer was set up by Jean Messiha, a former advisor for Marine Le Pen, a French far-right politician. By 3 July, it had raised €963,000. By 4 July, fundraisers raised €1.5m in support of the officer involved in the shooting, far greater than the €200,000 raised in support of Merzouk's family.

Unrest

Public outcry and outrage over the shooting of Merzouk evolved into protests and riots. In Nanterre, residents protested outside the police headquarters on 27 June, which escalated into rioting. Demonstrators set cars alight, trashed bus stops, and shot fireworks at police. In Viry-Châtillon, just south of Paris, a group of youths reportedly set a bus ablaze.

In Mantes-la-Jolie, a town 40 km northwest of Paris, the town hall was set ablaze after being firebombed on the night of 27 June, burning until 3:15 (CEST). Clashes continued throughout the night across France, including in Toulouse and Lille. Unrest was also reported in Asnières, Colombes, Suresnes, Aubervilliers, Clichy-sous-Bois and Mantes-la-Jolie.

By 29 June, over 150 people had been arrested, 24 officers had been injured, and 40 cars had been torched. Fearing greater unrest, Gérald Darmanin, Interior Minister of France, deployed 1,200 riot police and gendarmes in and around Paris, later adding an additional 2,000. On 29 June, Darmanin announced that the government would deploy 40,000 troops nationwide. According to the Interior Ministry, over 1,350 vehicles were set on fire, and over 1,300 arrests were made in connection with the riots.

On 29 June, a vigil march was held in Nanterre.

On 1 July, rioters sprayed anti-police slogans onto the walls of the Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation et de la Résistance in Nanterre, a Holocaust memorial, drawing condemnation from the European Jewish Congress. "We're going to make a Shoah" was reportedly painted nearby.

See also

• 2005 French riots
• 2009 French riots
• 2017 French riots

Notes

1. In contrast to the anglophone military usage, brigadier is a French police rank equivalent to sergeant.

References

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• 2020s in Île-de-France
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• Filmed killings by law enforcement
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• Nanterre
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