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'''Electronic Voice Phenomena (EVP)''' is a phrase generally meant to describe faint and often brief sounds seeming similar to human voices which are sometimes heard by people listening to ] or other electronic audio devices. '''Electronic Voice Phenomena (EVP)''' is a phrase generally meant to describe faint and often brief sounds seeming similar to human voices which are sometimes heard by people listening to ] or other electronic audio devices.


Explanations for these sounds can be split into explanations which cite ] and ] reasons and those which appeal to the ] or the ]. Naturalist explanations for such recordings include ] or ] from nearby ] sources or ] ] mistakenly perceived as voices due to ] (the human propensity to find familiar patterns amongst random stimuli).<ref name=alcock1>{{cite web | last = Alcock | first = James E | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Electronic Voice Phenomena:Voices of the Dead? | work = | publisher = Committee for Skeptical Inquiry | date = | url = http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/evp.html | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-03-08 }}</ref><ref name="Baruss">{{cite web | last = Baruss | first = Imants | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Failure to Replicate Electronic Voice Phenomenon | work = Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 355–367, 2001 | publisher = |date= 2001 | url = http://www.scientificexploration.org/jse/articles/pdf/15.3_baruss.pdf | format = PDF | doi = | accessdate = 2007-01-07 }}</ref> Paranormal explanations offered for EVP have included communication from discarnate entities,<ref name="macRae1"/><ref name="Chisholm">{{cite web | last = Chisholm | first = Judith | title = A Short History of EVP | publisher = Psychic World | date = 2000 | url = http://www.psychicworld.net/EVP3.htm | accessdate = 2006-12-03}}</ref> psychic projections from EVP researchers themselves, or communication from alien or trans-dimensional beings. Many reports of EVP have been made by ], including longer segments.<ref name="fort1">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = EVP Question Time | work = Fortean Times | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.forteantimes.com/exclusive/evp_questions.shtml | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2006-12-01}}</ref> Virtually no ] on the subject exists and the existence of an ] EVP phenomenon has been keenly disputed by ]. There are both ] and ] explanations for these sounds and claims which appeal to the ] or the ]. Naturalist explanations for such recordings include ] or ] from nearby ] sources or ] ] mistakenly perceived as voices due to ] (the human propensity to find familiar patterns amongst random stimuli).<ref name=alcock1>{{cite web | last = Alcock | first = James E | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Electronic Voice Phenomena:Voices of the Dead? | work = | publisher = Committee for Skeptical Inquiry | date = | url = http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/evp.html | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-03-08 }}</ref><ref name="Baruss">{{cite web | last = Baruss | first = Imants | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Failure to Replicate Electronic Voice Phenomenon | work = Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 355–367, 2001 | publisher = |date= 2001 | url = http://www.scientificexploration.org/jse/articles/pdf/15.3_baruss.pdf | format = PDF | doi = | accessdate = 2007-01-07 }}</ref> Paranormal explanations offered for EVP have included communication from discarnate entities,<ref name="macRae1"/><ref name="Chisholm">{{cite web | last = Chisholm | first = Judith | title = A Short History of EVP | publisher = Psychic World | date = 2000 | url = http://www.psychicworld.net/EVP3.htm | accessdate = 2006-12-03}}</ref> psychic projections from EVP researchers themselves, or communication from alien or trans-dimensional beings. Many reports of EVP have been made by ], including longer segments.<ref name="fort1">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = EVP Question Time | work = Fortean Times | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.forteantimes.com/exclusive/evp_questions.shtml | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2006-12-01}}</ref> Virtually no ] on the subject exists and the existence of an ] EVP phenomenon has been keenly disputed by ].


The term ''electronic voice phenomenon'' was coined by publishing company Colin Smythe Ltd in the early 1970s.<ref>http://www.colin-smythe.com/authors/voices/voices.htm (08 Feb 07)</ref> Previously the phenomena had been known as “Raudive Voices” after ], whose 1970 book ''Breakthrough'' brought the subject to a wider public audience.<ref>http://parapsych.org/glossary_e_k.html#e Parapsychological Association website, Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology, Retrieved January 24, 2006</ref><ref name="Chisholm">{{cite web | last = Chisholm | first = Judith | title = A Short History of EVP | publisher = Psychic World | date = 2000 | url = http://www.psychicworld.net/EVP3.htm | accessdate = 2006-12-03}}</ref> Since then references to EVP have appeared in pop culture such as in the Reality TV show '']'', the fictional '']'' and the Hollywood films '']'' and '']''. The term ''electronic voice phenomenon'' was coined by publishing company Colin Smythe Ltd in the early 1970s.<ref>http://www.colin-smythe.com/authors/voices/voices.htm (08 Feb 07)</ref> Previously the phenomena had been known as “Raudive Voices” after ], whose 1970 book ''Breakthrough'' brought the subject to a wider public audience.<ref>http://parapsych.org/glossary_e_k.html#e Parapsychological Association website, Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology, Retrieved January 24, 2006</ref><ref name="Chisholm">{{cite web | last = Chisholm | first = Judith | title = A Short History of EVP | publisher = Psychic World | date = 2000 | url = http://www.psychicworld.net/EVP3.htm | accessdate = 2006-12-03}}</ref> Since then references to EVP have appeared in pop culture such as in the Reality TV show '']'', the fictional '']'' and the Hollywood films '']'' and '']''.

Revision as of 16:57, 21 March 2007

Electronic Voice Phenomena (EVP) is a phrase generally meant to describe faint and often brief sounds seeming similar to human voices which are sometimes heard by people listening to recording media or other electronic audio devices.

There are both scientific and naturalistic explanations for these sounds and claims which appeal to the paranormal or the supernatural. Naturalist explanations for such recordings include cross modulation or interference from nearby radio sources or random noise mistakenly perceived as voices due to pareidolia (the human propensity to find familiar patterns amongst random stimuli). Paranormal explanations offered for EVP have included communication from discarnate entities, psychic projections from EVP researchers themselves, or communication from alien or trans-dimensional beings. Many reports of EVP have been made by paranormal investigators, including longer segments. Virtually no scientific literature on the subject exists and the existence of an observable EVP phenomenon has been keenly disputed by skeptics.

The term electronic voice phenomenon was coined by publishing company Colin Smythe Ltd in the early 1970s. Previously the phenomena had been known as “Raudive Voices” after Konstantin Raudive, whose 1970 book Breakthrough brought the subject to a wider public audience. Since then references to EVP have appeared in pop culture such as in the Reality TV show Ghost Hunters, the fictional Supernatural and the Hollywood films White Noise and The Sixth Sense.

Naturalistic explanations

Paranormal explanations for EVP are generally rejected by those outside the paranormal community and a variety of explanations have been put forward by skeptics to account for alleged EVP recordings. These include:

  • Interference: Certain instances of EVP, especially those recorded on devices which contain RLC circuitry, represent radio signals of voices/sounds from broadcast sources. Interference from CB Radio transmissions and wireless baby minders, or anomalies generated though cross modulation from other electronic devices, are all documented phenomena. It is even possible for circuits to resonate without any external power source by means of radio reception.
  • Auditory pareidolia or Apophenia: Auditory pareidolia is a condition created when the brain incorrectly interprets random patterns as being familiar patterns. In the case of EVP it could result in an observer interpreting random noise on an audio recording as being the familiar sound of a human voice. The propensity for EVP to be in a language understood well by those researching it, rather than in an unfamiliar language, has been cited as evidence of this, although those who think EVP are the voices of spirits wonder why spirits would speak in a language they do not understand. Apophenia, a related but distinct phenomenon, defined as "the spontaneous finding of connections or meaning in things which are random, unconnected or meaningless", has also been put forward as a possible explanation.
  • Capture errors: Anomalies created by the method used to capture EVP, such as noise generated through the over-amplification of a signal at the point of recording, is known to cause a variety of aberrations.
  • Processing artefacts: Artefacts created during attempts to boost the clarity of an existing recording through methods such as re-sampling, frequency isolation, and noise reduction/enhancement, until they take on qualities significantly different from those that were present in the original recording.
  • Hoaxes: A percentage of EVP may be hoaxes created by frauds or pranksters.

Published explanations

In 1997, researchers with the Department of Psychology at the University of Western Ontario conducted a series of EVP experiments using Raudive's methods and the work of Instrumental Transcommunication (ITC) researcher Mark Macy as a guide. During 81 sessions, researchers recorded a total of 60 hours and 11 minutes of data in the presence of a neutral volunteer who either sat in silence or attempted to make verbal contact with potential sources of EVP. Over the course of the experiment researchers recorded several non-speech audio events which fell outside the parameters of the experiment because they did not seem to represent a form of communication.

During the course of his experiments, Bauss did record several events which his team interpreted as being voices. Though he deeded that they were deemed to be too few and too random represent viable data, and that they were too open to interpretation to be definitely described as EVP. The experimenters concluded: "While we did replicate EVP in the weak sense of finding voices on audio tapes, none of the phenomena found in our study was clearly anomalous, let alone attributable to discarnate beings. Hence we have failed to replicate EVP in the strong sense." The findings were published in the Journal of Scientific Exploration in 2001 by Imants Barušs.

Additionally, some professional sound engineers who have commented on the techniques used by certain EVP enthusiasts have been highly critical. The following technical critique by sound engineer David Federlein was published in The Skeptic's Dictionary:

For example one website says to set the "sensitivity level" of the microphone to the highest possible setting as ghosts are apparently afflicted with laryngitis. Doing this raises what's called the "noise floor" - the electrical noise created by all electrical devices - creating white noise. If I were to filter white noise (the audible equivalent of watching the snow on a detuned TV) I could make it say just about anything. This is really no different than using a wah pedal on a guitar. It's a very focused sweep filter moving about the spectrum creating open vowel sounds. Was Peter Frampton channeling? I hardly think so, however his use of the "talkbox" effect on his guitar sounds exactly like some of these recordings. When you factor in other aspects of physics, such as cross modulation of radio stations or faulty ground loops in equipment, you have a lot of people thinking they are listening to ghosts when in fact it is nothing more than a controlled misuse of electronics.

In March 2003, Alexander MacRae, described by Fate magazine as a Scottish microelectronics lecturer and former NASA speech recognition expert , carried out an EVP experiment using a device of his own design: known as ALPHA, which converted biological feedback from a human subject into a broadcast radio signal, in a laboratory that was screened against sound and outside interference from radio waves. He then attempted to validate that the sounds that he recorded during the experiment as being human speech by demonstrating that they would be interpreted the same way by different people. MacRae isolated and enhanced a number of audio sample and sent them to 30 correspondents, whom were asked to complete a multiple choice questionnaire. Based on the results, MacRae concluded that he had recorded distinct speech from a source that he could not explain through conventional means.

MacRae's experiment has since been criticized because it failed to provide respondents with the option of stating that they were unable to hear a voice in a specific sample, or that a sample was unintelligible, and because MacRae did not provide them with a control sample from a prosaic source.

Paranormal claims

There is no consensus within the paranormal community as to the origins of EVP or how to capture it. However, a number of different ideas have been put forward:

  • Discarnate entities: EVP is the voices of discarnate entities who communicate with the living through electronic devices. Some EVP experimenters say the sounds cannot be heard by the human ear because spirits do not have vocal chords, and instead imprint their voices on the recording media by some unknown method.
  • Extraterrestrial entities: EVP represents contact with "nature energies", other dimensions, or extraterrestrials.
  • Psychokinesis: EVP is created by people's alleged "mental ability" to influence matter or energy without the use of any currently known type of physical means. Some EVP proponents say they have received messages from a sleeping colleague.

Current enthusiasts

Current enthusiasts of EVP include those dedicated to the pursuit of paranormal investigation, often known as ghost hunting who populate hundreds of Internet message boards, regional, and national groups. According to paranormal researcher John Zaffis, "There's been a boom in ghost hunting ever since the Internet took off." Enthusiasts equipped with electronic gear such as EMF meters, video cameras and audio recorders, scour reportedly haunted venues, trying to uncover visual and audio evidence of hauntings. Many use portable recording devices in an attempt to capture EVP and a number of ghost hunting organizations feature audio files on their web sites. One popular ghost hunting organization, the International Ghost Hunters Society, claims to be "the largest ghost research society on the Internet" with over 1,000 "EVP ghost voices" on file.

Others represent members of various organizations dedicated solely to EVP and a related pursuit, ITC. These individuals participate in investigations, author books, deliver public presentations, and hold conferences where they share experiences and network with other enthusiasts. Some groups, such as the Big Circle, maintain that their mission is quite different from those who wish to record spirit voices in reportedly haunted locations, saying, "It is our intent to establish contact with one or more individuals we know and love that are now in the spiritual world."

Also among those having ongoing interest in EVP, adherents of Spiritualism and Survivalism believe that communication with the dead is a scientifically proven fact, and experiment with a variety of techniques for spirit communications which they believe provide evidence of the continuation of life. According to the National Spiritualist Association of Churches, "An important modern day development in mediumship is spirit communications via an electronic device. This is most commonly known as Electronic Voice Phenomena (EVP)" An informal survey by the organization's Department Of Phenomenal Evidence cites that 3 out of 9 churches conduct sessions in which participants seek to communicate with spirit entities using EVP.

Famous EVP investigators

A common misconception is that American inventor Thomas Edison was the first EVP researcher. In the 1920s, he told a reporter with Scientific American that he was working on a machine that could contact the dead, and the story was printed in many newspapers. Edison announced a few years later that he had been making a joke at the reporter's expense, and that he had not been working on such a device. However, a number of people are known specifically for the claims they made regarding EVP, either by publishing books or articles on the subject, founding organizations to promote the idea, or building devices meant to record EVP.

Pre-1980

Attila von Szalay (Sealay), a self-professed medium, was among the first people to definitively claim to make tape-recordings of the voices of the dead. Together with Raymond Bayless, a paranormal investigator who would co-author a book in 1979 entitled Phone Calls From the Dead, they used a custom-made rig to record paranormal messages. The set-up consisted of a soundproofed clothes closet featuring a microphone inside a tinfoil covered trumpet which led to a remote tape recorder and speaker system. Szalay and Bayless reported having captured many voices on tape that they did not hear through the speaker when the closet was occupied by a volunteer. Bayless published their interpretations of these recordings in the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research.

In 1959, Swedish film producer Friedrich Jürgenson captured what he believed to be the discarnate voice of a man speaking Norwegian while recording bird songs. He would go on to claim many more examples of such recordings including one that he believed was a message from his late mother. Latvian psychologist Konstantin Raudive who had worked in conjunction with Jürgenson made over 100,000 recordings of alleged "communications from the dead", of which over 25,000 were said to contain identifiable words. Like Jürgenson, Raudive's "voices" were said to speak in polyglot (speaking more than one language in the same sentence), and in an attempt to confirm their content, Raudive invited panels of listeners including parapsychologists to hear and interpret his recordings. In many cases the "voices" were said to be heard clearly, and the level of agreement amongst panel members was sufficient to convince Raudive that they could not be readily explained by normal means. Raudive's interpretations of his recordings have been criticized for being highly subjective in nature,as well as for their seemingly nonsensical content.

Post-1980

In 1980, another self-professed medium, William O'Neil, constructed an electronic audio device called "The Spiricom". The device itself was said to have been built to specifications received psychically by O'Neil from a deceased scientist, Dr George Mueller, who had died six years previously. At a Washington, DC, press conference on April 6, 1982, O'Neil said that he was able to hold two-way conversations with the spirits of the dead using this device. O'Neil provided the design specifications for Spiricom to researchers for free. However, nobody is known to have ever been able to replicate O'Neil's results using their own Spiricom devices O'Neil's partner, retired industrialist George Meek, attributed O'Neil's success and the inability of others to replicate it to O'Neil's "psychic abilities" forming part of the loop that made the system work.

Sound
info help
An audio sample recorded at the Thunderbird Lodge on the east shore of Lake Tahoe by the AA-EVP, who believe it is an example of EVP.

In 1982, Sarah Estep founded the American Association of Electronic Voice Phenomena in Severna Park, Maryland, with the purpose of increasing awareness of EVP and teaching standardized methods for capturing it. Estep began her exploration of EVP in 1976, and says she has made hundreds of recordings of messages from deceased friends, relatives, and other individuals, including Konstantin Raudive, Beethoven, a lamplighter from 18th century Philadelphia, PA, and extraterrestrials whom she speculated originated from other planets or dimensions. Today, the nonprofit organization lists members in twenty countries and maintains a web site that offers techniques, concepts, and purported examples of EVP.

EVP in popular culture

EVP has been mentioned in radio, TV, film, books and dramatic presentations. A few notable examples include:

Literature

  • Legion, a 1983 novel by William Peter Blatty. Written as a sequel to Blatty's 1971 novel The Exorcist, Legion contains a subplot where Dr. Vincent Amfortas, a terminally-ill neurologist, leaves a "to-be-opened-upon-my-death" letter for Lt. Kinderman detailing his accounts of contact with the dead (including Amfortas' recently deceased wife, Ann) through EVP recordings. The book Breakthrough by EVP researcher Konstantin Raudive is mentioned in the novel, although Amfortas' character and the EVP subplot do not appear in the film version of the novel, Exorcist III.
  • Pattern Recognition, 2003 novel by William Gibson. The main character's mother tries to convince her that her father is communicating with her from recordings after his death/disappearance in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Radio, film and television

  • The Sixth Sense, a 1999 film starring Bruce Willis. The main character, a psychologist, realizes that audiotapes of his former patient interviews include the voices of dead people, who have been haunting the patient.
  • Ghost Whisperer, 2005 TV series. In the episode "Voices", a dead woman tries to reach her son using EVP.
  • Supernatural, a TV series launched in 2005 which draws from many legends and paranormal phenomena, frequently uses EVP as a plot device
  • White Noise, a 2005 film starring Michael Keaton, focuses exclusively on the phenomenon of EVP and the main character's attempts to contact his recently deceased wife through it. The filmmakers assert at the end of the film that 1 in 12 EVP messages received is threatening in nature, a figure disputed by many in the field.
  • Coast To Coast AM hosts George Noory and Art Bell have explored the topic of EVP with featured guests such as Brendan Cook and Barbara McBeath of the Ghost Investigators Society, and paranormal investigator and demonologist Lou Gentile.
  • The SciFi Channel's Ghost Hunters TV series often features EVP as part of investigations conducted by Atlantic Paranormal Society members

References

  1. ^ Alcock, James E. "Electronic Voice Phenomena:Voices of the Dead?". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved 2007-03-08. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ Baruss, Imants (2001). "Failure to Replicate Electronic Voice Phenomenon" (PDF). Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 355–367, 2001. Retrieved 2007-01-07. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ MacRae, Alexander (October 2005). "Report of an Electronic Voice Phenomenon Experiment inside a Double-Screened Room". Journal of the Society for Psychical Research. Society for Psychical Research. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ Chisholm, Judith (2000). "A Short History of EVP". Psychic World. Retrieved 2006-12-03.
  5. "EVP Question Time". Fortean Times. Retrieved 2006-12-01. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. http://www.colin-smythe.com/authors/voices/voices.htm (08 Feb 07)
  7. http://parapsych.org/glossary_e_k.html#e Parapsychological Association website, Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology, Retrieved January 24, 2006
  8. ^ "EVP". Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved 2006-12-01. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  9. ^ Paul Tipler (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Electricity, Magnetism, Light, and Elementary Modern Physics (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-0810-8.
  10. Wiggins Arthur W. Wynn Charles M. (2001), "Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends–and Pseudoscience Begins", National Academies Press, ISBN 0-309-07309-X
  11. Phaedra (2006). "Believing is seeing". The Skeptic Express. Retrieved 2007-03-08. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. Smith, Steven W. (2002) Digital Signal Processing - A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists, Newnes, ISBN 0-7506-7444-X
  13. Randi, James (2006-06-09), Just Where is Lou Gentile?,
  14. Carroll, Robert Todd, The Skeptic's Dictionary 2003, Wiley Publishing Company, ISBN-10: 0471272426
  15. ^ Feola, José (2000-07-01),The Alpha Mystery, Fate Magazine
  16. |A Brief Discussion on the Origin of EVP Messages] Tom Butler
  17. "About the American Association of Electronic Voice Phenomena: What is the Survival Hypothesis?". American Association of Electronic Voice Phenomena (AA-EVP). Retrieved 2006-12-01. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  18. Bosack Josh (2004-10-26) analyzes paranormal activity
  19. Estep, Sarah, "Voices Of Eternity," page 144,
  20. Jahn, Robert G. (1987). Margins of Reality: The Role of Consciousness in the Physical World. San Diego, California: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0151571481. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  21. Tom, Butler. "About the AA-EVP". Retrieved 2007-03-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. http://www.azcentral.com/ent/pop/articles/0310ghosthunter10.html
  23. http://www.ghostweb.com/
  24. http://aaevp.com/conference/aaevp_conference.html
  25. http://bigcircle.aaevp.com/
  26. http://www.cfpf.org.uk/impressum.html
  27. http://www.nsac.org/spiritualism/index.htm#THE%20PHILOSOPHY%20OF%20SPIRITUALISM
  28. http://nsacphenomena.com/concepts.htm#Mediumship%20via%20Electronic%20Means
  29. http://nsacphenomena.com/articles/the_churches.htm
  30. http://www.debalie.nl/dossierartikel.jsp?dossierid=10123&articleid=40127
  31. "Don't believe everything you read in a textbook!". Edison National Historic Site. National Parks Service. 2004-11-05. Retrieved 2006-12-01. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  32. Bayless, R (1959), Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 53#1, 35–38
  33. Bjorling, Joel (1998). Consulting Spirits: A Bibliography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 68. ISBN 0313302847. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  34. ^ Fontana, David (2005). Is There an Afterlife: A Comprehensive Review of the Evidence. Hants, UK: O Books. p. 496. ISBN 1903816904. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  35. Raudive, Konstantin (1971). Breakthrough: An Amazing Experiment in Electronic Communication With the Dead (Original title: The Inaudible Becomes Audible). Taplinger Publishing Co. ISBN 0800809653. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  36. ^ Poysden, Mark (1999) This is EVP: A Look Behind the "The Ghost Orchid" CD, The Anomalist
  37. Smith, E. L (1974), "The Raudive voices–Objective or subjective? A discussion" Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 68, 91–100
  38. "Electronic Voice Phenomena". Winter Steel. Retrieved 2007-03-08. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  39. Meek, George W (1982-02). "An electromagnetic-etheric systems approach to communications with other levels of human consciousness". The Metascience research team. Retrieved 2007-03-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  40. Meek, George w (1988), "Report from Europe: Earthside instrumental communications with higher planes of existence via telephone and computer are now a reality", Unlimited Horizons, Metascience Foundation Inc, 6 (1): 1–11
  41. Basic EVP Recording Technique, butler, T, Butler L, AA-EVP
  42. http://www.lonestarspirits.org/media6.html
  43. http://www.coasttocoastam.com/shows/2006/04/02.html
  44. http://www.coasttocoastam.com/shows/2006/04/15.html
  45. http://www.scifi.com/ghosthunters/episodes/season01/0101/

Further reading

  • Voices of Eternity, by Sarah Estep, Fawcett 1988
  • EVP, Cinderella Science, by Gerry Connelly, Domra Pub. 2001
  • There is No Death, by Tom & Lisa Butler, AA-EVP Pub. 2003
  • Roads to Eternity, by Sarah Estep, Fawcett 2005
  • Experimenting With "EVP" - The Skeptic Express

See also

External links

Categories: