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#REDIRECT ] |
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{{merge|Algeria|date=March 2011}} |
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{{Redirect category shell| |
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{{Infobox Former Country |
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{{R from move}} |
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|common_name = Algeria 1515-1830 |
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{{R from alternative name}} |
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|native_name = Algeria |
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{{R printworthy}} |
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|conventional_long_name = |
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|continent = Africa |
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|status = ] of the ] |
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|event_start = |
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|year_start = c. 1525 |
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|event_end = ] |
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|year_end = 1830 |
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|date_end = |
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|event_start = |
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|event_end = |
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|event1 = |
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|date_event1 = |
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|event2 = |
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|date_event2 = |
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|event3 = |
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|date_event3 = |
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|event4 = |
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|date_event4 = |
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| p1=Zianids |
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| flag_p1 =Dz tlem2.gif |
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| p2=Hafsids |
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| flag_p2 =Hafsid_Flag_-_Tunisia.svg |
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| p3=Spain |
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| flag_p3 =Armoiries Habsbourg.svg |
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| s1=French Algeria |
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| flag_s1 =Flag of France.svg |
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|image_flag = Dz_flag.gif |
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|flag = Algerian flag |
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|image_coat = |
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|symbol = |
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|image_map = Guillaume Delisle North West Africa 1707.jpg |
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|image_map_caption = Map of the Algeria Kingdom |
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|national_motto = |
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|national_anthem = |
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|capital = ] |
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|official language(s) = ], ], ], ] |
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|government_type = ] |
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|title_leader = ] |
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|leader1 = Oruç Reis |
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|year_leader1 = 1517-1518 |
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|leader2 = Hussein Dey |
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|year_leader2 = 1818-1830 |
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|title_deputy = |
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|deputy1 = |
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|year_deputy1 = |
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|deputy2 = |
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|year_deputy2 = |
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|stat_year1 = 1808 |
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|stat_pop1 = 3,000,000 |
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|stat_area1 = |
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|ref_area1 = |
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|religion = ] (] and ]), ]|currency = |
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|today = |
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}} |
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}} |
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] called also ] . It was established around 1525 when ] recaptured the city.<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&pg=PA151 |title=A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period |last=Abun-Nasr |first=Jamil |page=151''ff'' |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=20 August 1987 |isbn=9780521337670|accessdate=24 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Naylorp 117"/> It roughly covered the area of modern ], between the states of ] and ].<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151" /> It rivaled and displaced the ], the ] and the Spanish possessions in ], and became a major strenght of ] ] until the ] in 1830. |
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==Establishment== |
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] was the founder of the Regency of Algiers.]] |
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The Regency of Algiers was the principal center of ] power in the ].<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151"/> It was also a base from which attacks were made on European shipping.<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151"/> |
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===Occupation of Algiers=== |
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], Barbarossa's brother, ] in 1516, apart from the Spanish ]. Following the death of Aruj in 1518 at the hand of the Spanish in the ], Barbarossa requested the assistance of the Ottoman Empire, in exchange for acknowledging Ottoman authority in his dominions.<ref name="Naylorp 117"/> Before Ottoman help could arrive, the Spanish retook the city of Algiers in 1519. Barbarossa recaptured the city definitively in 1525, and in 1529 the Spanish ''Peñon'' in the ].<ref name="Naylorp 117"/> |
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===Base in the war against Spain=== |
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] equipped with firearms were based in Algiers (here, Janissaries at the ] in 1522).]] |
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Hayreddin Barbarossa established the military basis of the regency. The Ottomans provided a supporting garrison of 2,000 Turkish troops with artilley.<ref name="Naylorp 117">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=a1jfzkJTAZgC&pg=PA117 |title=North Africa: a history from antiquity to the present |last=Naylorp |first=by Phillip Chiviges |page=117 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2009 |accessdate=24 October 2010 |isbn=978-0-292-71922-4}}</ref> He left ] in command as his deputy when he had to leave for Constantinople in 1533.<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151"/> |
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The son of Barbarossa, ] was the first governor of the Regency to be directly appointed by the Ottoman Empire in 1544, when his father retired, and took the title of '']''.<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151"/> Algiers became a base in the war against ], and also in the ]. |
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''Beylerbeys'' continued to be nominated for unlimited tenures until 1587. After Spain had sent an embassy to Constantinople in 1578 to negotiate a truce, leading to a formal peace in August 1580, the Regency of Algiers was a formal Ottoman territory, rather than just a military base in the war against Spain.<ref name="Abun-Nasr 151"/> At this time, the Ottoman Empire set up a regular Ottoman administration in Algiers and its dependencies, headed by '']s'', with 3 year terms to help considate Ottoman power in the Maghreb. |
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===Mediterranean piracy=== |
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] in 1682, by ].]] |
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] of a naval battle between a Turkish ship from Alger and a ship of the ] under ], 1719.]] |
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]) in Algiers in 1662.]] |
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Despite the end of formal hostilities with Spain in 1580, attacks on Christian, and especially Catholic shipping, with ], became prevalent in Algiers, and was actually the main activity and source of revenues of the Regency.<ref name="Bosworth 24">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA24 |title=Historic cities of the Islamic world |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |page=24 |date=30 January 2008 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=978-9004153882|accessdate=24 October 2010}}</ref> |
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In the early 17th century, Algiers also became with other North African harbours such as ], one of the bases for ], with as many ass 8,000 ] operating from the city in 1634.<ref name="Bosworth 24"/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hAtpBrOdQlIC&pg=PA81 |title=Piracy and the Decline of Venice, 1580-1615 |last=Tenenti |first=Alberto Tenenti |page=81 |publisher=University of California Press |accessdate=24 October 2010 |year=1967}}</ref> |
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A contemporary letter states: |
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{{quote|"The infinity of goods, merchandise jewels and treasure taken by our English pirates daily from Christians and carried to Allarach, ] and ] to the great enriching of Mores and Turks and impoverishing of Christians"|Contemporary letter sent from Portugal to England.<ref name="Harris">{{cite book |title=Sick Economies: Drama, mercantilism, and disease in Shakespeare's England |last=Harris |first=Jonathan Gil |page=152''ff''|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6oiCewSlFlQC&pg=PA225 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8122-3773-3|accessdate=24 October 2010}}</ref>}} |
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Piracy and slavery of Christians originating from Algiers were a major problem throughout the centuries, leading to regular punitive expeditions by European powers. Spain (1567, 1775, 1783), Denmark (1770), France (1661, 1665, 1682, 1683, 1688), England (1622, 1655, 1672), all led naval bombardments against Algiers.<ref name="Bosworth 24"/> ] fought the ] in 1681 and bombarded ] between 1682 and 1683, to help Christian captives.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nW0PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA522 |title=Martin's History of France |last=Martin |first=Henri |page=522 |publisher=Walker, Wise & Co. |year=1864|accessdate=24 October 2010}}</ref> |
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===Barbary Wars=== |
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] Captain ] paying tribute to the Dey of Algiers ] for the ] in 1800.]] |
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] in 1816, by ].]] |
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During the early 19th century, the Regency of Algiers again resorted to widespread ] against shipping from Europe and the young ], mainly due to internal fiscal difficulties.<ref name="Bosworth 24"/> This in turn led to the ], which culminated in August 1816 when ] executed a naval ]. |
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==French invasion== |
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{{main|French invasion of Algiers}} |
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] |
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As of 1808, the population of the Regency of Algiers numbered around 3 million people, of whom 10,000 were Turks, and 5,000 ]s (from ''kul oġlu'', "son of ]", i.e. ] of Turks and local women).<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LgnhYDozENgC&pg=PA273 |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Isichei |page=273 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |accessdate=24 October 2010 |isbn=0-521-45444-1}}</ref> |
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During the ], the Regency of Algiers had greatly benefited from trade in the Mediterranean, and of the massive imports of food by France, largely bought on credit by France. In 1827, ], Algeria's Ottoman ruler, demanded that the French pay a 31-year old debt, contracted in 1799 by purchasing supplies to feed the soldiers of the ]. |
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The French consul ] refused to give answers satisfactory to the dey, and in an outburst of anger, Hussein Dey touched the consul with his fan. Charles X used this as an excuse to break diplomatic relations. The Regency of Algiers would end with the ] in 1830, followed by subsequent French rule for the next 132 years.<ref name="Bosworth 24"/> |
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==See also== |
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* ] |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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