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{{Short description|Society promoting space colonization}}
] ]
The '''L5 Society''' was founded in 1975 by ] and ] to promote the ] ideas of ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2012/07/31/death-of-a-sci-fi-dream-free-floating-space-colonies-hit-economic-reality/#3f0895e77431|title=Death Of A Sci-Fi Dream: Free-Floating Space Colonies Hit Economic Reality|last=Dorminey|first=Bruce|date=July 31, 2012|website=Forbes|access-date=December 17, 2018}}</ref> The '''L5 Society''' was founded in 1975 by ] and ] to promote the ] ideas of ].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2012/07/31/death-of-a-sci-fi-dream-free-floating-space-colonies-hit-economic-reality/#3f0895e77431|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807063914/http://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2012/07/31/death-of-a-sci-fi-dream-free-floating-space-colonies-hit-economic-reality/#3f0895e77431|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 7, 2012|title=Death Of A Sci-Fi Dream: Free-Floating Space Colonies Hit Economic Reality|last=Dorminey|first=Bruce|date=July 31, 2012|magazine=]|access-date=December 17, 2018}}</ref>


In 1987 the L5 Society merged with the ] to form the ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://space.nss.org/brief-history-of-the-l5-society/|title=Brief History of the L5 Society|last=Brandt-Erichsen|first=David|date=November 1994|website=National Space Society|access-date=December 17, 2018}}</ref> In 1987, the L5 Society merged with the ] to form the ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|url=https://space.nss.org/brief-history-of-the-l5-society/|title=Brief History of the L5 Society|last=Brandt-Erichsen|first=David|date=November 1994|issue=Nov.-Dec., 1994|publisher=]|magazine=]|access-date=December 17, 2018}}</ref>


==Name== ==Name==
]s in a two-body system, with one body far more massive than the other (e.g. Earth and Moon). In this system {{L3}}–{{L5}} will appear to share the secondary's orbit, although they are situated slightly outside it.]] ]s in a two-body system, with one body far more massive than the other (e.g. Earth and Moon). In this system L<sub>3</sub>–L<sub>5</sub> will appear to share the secondary's orbit, although they are situated slightly outside it.]]
The name comes from the {{L4}} and {{L5}} ]s in the ]–] system proposed as locations for the huge rotating ]s that O'Neill envisioned. {{L4}} and {{L5}} are points of stable gravitational equilibrium located along the path of the ], 60 degrees ahead or behind it.<ref name=":0" /> The name comes from the {{L4}} and {{L5}} Lagrangian points in the ]–] system proposed as locations for the huge rotating ]s that O'Neill envisioned. L<sub>4</sub> and L<sub>5</sub> are points of stable gravitational equilibrium located along the path of the ], 60 degrees ahead or behind it.<ref name=":0" />


An object placed in orbit around {{L5}} (or {{L4}}) will remain there indefinitely without having to expend fuel to keep its position, whereas an object placed at {{L1}}, {{L2}} or {{L3}} (all points of unstable equilibrium) may have to expend fuel if it drifts off the point. An object placed in orbit around L<sub>5</sub> (or L<sub>4</sub>) will remain there indefinitely without having to expend fuel to keep its position, whereas an object placed at {{L1}}, {{L2}} or {{L3}} (all points of unstable equilibrium) may have to expend fuel if it drifts off the point.


==History== ==History==
===Founding of L5 Society=== ===Founding of L5 Society===
] called the ], by ].]] ] called the ], by ].]]
O'Neill's first published paper on the subject, "The Colonization of Space", appeared in the magazine '']'' in September 1974. A number of people who later became leaders of the {{L5}} Society got their first exposure to the idea from this article. Among these were a couple from Tucson, Arizona, ] and ]. The Hensons corresponded with O'Neill and were invited to present a paper on "Closed Ecosystems of High Agricultural Yield" at the 1975 Princeton Conference on Space Manufacturing Facilities, which was organized by O'Neill.<ref name=oneilchilds> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210141912/http://nss.org/resources/library/spacemovement/chapter05.htm |date=2016-12-10 }}, Reaching for the High Frontier, The American Pro-Space Movement 1972–84, by Michael A. G. Michaud, National Space Society.</ref> O'Neill's first published paper on the subject, "The Colonization of Space", appeared in the magazine '']'' in September 1974. A number of people who later became leaders of the L5 Society got their first exposure to the idea from this article. Among these were a couple from Tucson, Arizona, ] and ]. The Hensons corresponded with O'Neill and were invited to present a paper on "Closed Ecosystems of High Agricultural Yield" at the 1975 Princeton Conference on Space Manufacturing Facilities, which was organized by O'Neill.<ref name=oneilchilds>{{cite book|last=Michaud|first=Michael A. G.|year=1986|title=Reaching for the High Frontier: The American Pro-Space Movement, 1972–84|chapter=Chapter 5: O'Neills Children|chapter-url=http://www.nss.org/resources/library/spacemovement/chapter05.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210141912/http://nss.org/resources/library/spacemovement/chapter05.htm|archive-date=December 10, 2016|location=]|publisher=]|isbn=0275921514}}</ref>


At this conference, O'Neill merged the ] (SPS) ideas of ] with his ] concepts.<ref>, Archive for December, 1975, Space Studies Institute {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> At this conference, O'Neill merged the ] (SPS) ideas of ] with his ] concepts.<ref>{{cite conference|conference=Second Princeton/AIAA/NASA Conference on Space Manufacturing|title=Space Manufacturing Facilities: Space Colonies|date=May 7–9, 1975|chapter=The Space Manufacturing Facility Concept|last=O'Neill|first=Gerard K.|author-link=Gerard K. O'Neill|doi=10.2514/6.1975-2002|location=]|publisher=]}}</ref>


The Hensons incorporated the {{L5}} Society in August 1975, and sent its first 4-page newsletter in September to a sign up list from the conference and O'Neill's mailing list.<ref>Brandt-Erichsen, David. The L5 Society. "Reprinted from Ad Astra, the magazine of the National Space Society, Nov.-Dec., 1994." Ad Astra, November/December 1994. Retrieved from http://www.nss.org/settlement/L5news/L5history.htm.</ref> The first newsletter included a letter of support from ] (then a contender for US president) and said "our clearly stated long range goal will be to disband the Society in a mass meeting at {{L5}}."<ref>, L-5 News, A Newsletter from the L-5 Society, Number 1, September 1975</ref> The Hensons incorporated the L5 Society in August 1975, and sent its first 4-page newsletter in September to a sign up list from the conference and O'Neill's mailing list.<ref name=":0"/> The first newsletter included a letter of support from ] (then a contender for US president) and said "our clearly stated long range goal will be to disband the Society in a mass meeting at L<sub>5</sub>."<ref>{{cite magazine|title=A Newsletter from the L-5 Society|url=https://space.nss.org/wp-content/uploads/L5-News-1975-09.pdf|format=PDF|magazine=L-5 News|publisher=L-5 Society|number=I|date=September 1975|via=]|access-date=December 21, 2022}}</ref>


===Moon Treaty=== ===Moon Treaty===
<!-- Deleted image removed: ] was not yet a reality by the time '''''2001''''' came and went (image: MGM).]] --> <!-- Deleted image removed: ] was not yet a reality by the time '''''2001''''' came and went (image: MGM).]] -->
The peak of {{L5}}'s influence was the defeat of the ] in the U.S. Senate in 1980 ("... L-5 took on the biggest political fight of its short life, and won").<ref name=oneilchilds /> Specifically, {{L5}} Society activists campaigned for awareness of the provisions against any form of sovereignty or private property in outer space that would make space colonization impossible and the provisions against any alteration of the environment of any celestial body prohibiting ]. Leigh Ratiner "played the key role in the lobbying effort, although he had energetic help from L-5 activists, notably ] and ]."<ref></ref><ref></ref> The peak of L5's influence was the defeat of the ] in the U.S. Senate in 1980 ("... L-5 took on the biggest political fight of its short life, and won").<ref name=oneilchilds /> Specifically, L5 Society activists campaigned for awareness of the provisions against any form of sovereignty or private property in outer space that would make space colonization impossible and the provisions against any alteration of the environment of any celestial body prohibiting ]. Leigh Ratiner "played the key role in the lobbying effort, although he had energetic help from L-5 activists, notably ] and ]."<ref name=oneilchilds /><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Moon Treaty Update|last=Henson|first=Carolyn|author-link=Carolyn Meinel|magazine=L5 News|publisher=L5 Society|url=https://space.nss.org/l5-news-moon-treaty-update-march-1980/|date=March 1980|via=]|access-date=December 21, 2022}}</ref>


Although economic analysis <ref>O'Neill, Gerard K. "Space Colonies and Energy Supply to the Earth," Science 190:943–947. December 5, 1975</ref> indicated the SPS/space colony concept had merit, it foundered on short political and economic horizons and the fact that the transport cost to space was about 300 times too high for individuals to fund when compared to the ] and ].<ref>See the chapter "Pilgrims, Saints and Spacemen" in ]'s '']'' for an analysis.</ref> Although economic analysis<ref>{{cite journal|title=Space Colonies and Energy Supply to the Earth: Manufacturing facilities in high orbit could be used to build satellite solar power stations from lunar materials.|last=O'Neill|first=Gerard K.|author-link=Gerard K. O'Neill|doi=10.1126/science.190.4218.943|date=December 5, 1975|journal=]|volume=190|issue=4218|pages=943–947}}</ref> indicated the SPS/space colony concept had merit, it foundered on short political and economic horizons and the fact that the transport cost to space was about 300 times too high for individuals to fund when compared to the ] and ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Disturbing the Universe|last=Dyson|first=Freeman|author-link=Freeman Dyson|chapter=Pilgrims, Saints and Spacemen|date=January 1, 1979|publisher=]|location=]|edition=1st|pages=118–126|url=https://archive.org/details/disturbinguniver00dyso/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater|url-access=limited|isbn=9780060111083}}</ref>


===Merger with National Space Institute=== ===Merger with National Space Institute===
]'s proposed ], 2001 concept.]] ] concept art from 2001 of an envisioned ].]]
In 1986, the {{L5}} Society, which had grown to about 10,000 members, merged with the 25,000 member ], to form the present-day ]. The National Space Institute had been founded in 1972 by ], the former German ] of the WW II ] ], and of ]'s ] and ] program manager.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nss.org/about/ |title=About the National Space Society (NSS) |access-date=2009-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154838/http://www.nss.org/about/ |archive-date=2008-12-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1986, the L5 Society, which had grown to about 10,000 members, merged with the 25,000 member ], to form the present-day ]. The National Space Institute had been founded in 1972 by ], the former German ] of the WW II ] ], and of ]'s ] and ] program manager.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://space.nss.org/mission-history/|title=NSS Mission & History|website=space.nss.org|publisher=]|access-date=December 21, 2022}}</ref>


While the {{L5}} Society failed to achieve the goal of human settlements in space, it served as a ] for many of the people who later became known in fields such as ], ], ]ism, ], ], ], and ], such as ], ], and ].<ref>A journalistic account can be found in '']'' by ] (1990 – {{ISBN|0-201-09258-1}}).</ref><ref>A more scholarly treatment is the 2012 book ''The Visioneers'' by historian ].</ref> While the L5 Society failed to achieve the goal of human settlements in space, it served as a ] for many of the people who later became known in fields such as ], ], ]ism, ], ], ], and ], such as ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition: Science Slightly over the Edge|last=Regis|first=Ed|author-link=Ed Regis (author)|year=1990|publisher=]|url=https://www.gwern.net/docs/transhumanism/1990-regis-greatmambochickenandthetranshumancondition.pdf|format=PDF|isbn=0-201-09258-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Visioneers: How a Group of Elite Scientists Pursued Space Colonies, Nanotechnologies, and a Limitless Future|last=McCray|first=W. Patrick|author-link=W. Patrick McCray|date=December 9, 2012|location=]|publisher=]|isbn=9781400844685}}</ref>


===L5 News=== ===''L5 News''===
<!-- Deleted image removed: ]]] --> <!-- Deleted image removed: ]]] -->
The ''L5 News''<ref></ref> was the newsletter of the {{L5}} Society reporting on ] development and related space issues. The {{L5}} News was published from September 1975 until April 1987, when the merger with the National Space Institute was completed and the newly formed National Space Society began publication of its own magazine, ]. The ''L5 News'' was the newsletter of the L5 Society reporting on ] development and related space issues. The ''L5 News'' was published from September 1975 until April 1987, when the merger with the National Space Institute was completed and the newly formed National Space Society began publication of its own magazine, {{Lang|la|]}}.


==See also== ==See also==
*] *]
*] *]
*]
*{{C|Space advocacy organizations}} *{{C|Space advocacy organizations}}
*{{C|Space colonization|Space colonization topics}} *{{C|Space colonization|Space colonization topics}}
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==External links== ==External links==
* *
* — ''online edition of ] magazine''. * — ''online edition of {{Lang|la|]}} magazine''.
* *
* Resources for NSS chapters, members and space activists. * Resources for NSS chapters, members and space activists.
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;L5 News index: ;L5 News index:
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:*NSS.org: 1975
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:*NSS.org: 1977
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:*{https://space.nss.org/l5-news-1979] :*NSS.org: 1978
:*NSS.org: 1979

:*NSS.org: 1980s
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{{authority control}} {{authority control}}
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Latest revision as of 22:03, 15 September 2023

Society promoting space colonization
The original L5 Society logo.

The L5 Society was founded in 1975 by Carolyn Meinel and Keith Henson to promote the space colony ideas of Gerard K. O'Neill.

In 1987, the L5 Society merged with the National Space Institute to form the National Space Society.

Name

A diagram showing the five Lagrangian points in a two-body system, with one body far more massive than the other (e.g. Earth and Moon). In this system L3–L5 will appear to share the secondary's orbit, although they are situated slightly outside it.

The name comes from the L4 and L5 Lagrangian points in the Earth–Moon system proposed as locations for the huge rotating space habitats that O'Neill envisioned. L4 and L5 are points of stable gravitational equilibrium located along the path of the Moon's orbit, 60 degrees ahead or behind it.

An object placed in orbit around L5 (or L4) will remain there indefinitely without having to expend fuel to keep its position, whereas an object placed at L1, L2 or L3 (all points of unstable equilibrium) may have to expend fuel if it drifts off the point.

History

Founding of L5 Society

Artist's conception of a space habitat called the Stanford torus, by Don Davis.

O'Neill's first published paper on the subject, "The Colonization of Space", appeared in the magazine Physics Today in September 1974. A number of people who later became leaders of the L5 Society got their first exposure to the idea from this article. Among these were a couple from Tucson, Arizona, Carolyn Meinel and Keith Henson. The Hensons corresponded with O'Neill and were invited to present a paper on "Closed Ecosystems of High Agricultural Yield" at the 1975 Princeton Conference on Space Manufacturing Facilities, which was organized by O'Neill.

At this conference, O'Neill merged the Solar Power Satellite (SPS) ideas of Peter Glaser with his space habitat concepts.

The Hensons incorporated the L5 Society in August 1975, and sent its first 4-page newsletter in September to a sign up list from the conference and O'Neill's mailing list. The first newsletter included a letter of support from Morris Udall (then a contender for US president) and said "our clearly stated long range goal will be to disband the Society in a mass meeting at L5."

Moon Treaty

The peak of L5's influence was the defeat of the Moon Treaty in the U.S. Senate in 1980 ("... L-5 took on the biggest political fight of its short life, and won"). Specifically, L5 Society activists campaigned for awareness of the provisions against any form of sovereignty or private property in outer space that would make space colonization impossible and the provisions against any alteration of the environment of any celestial body prohibiting terraforming. Leigh Ratiner "played the key role in the lobbying effort, although he had energetic help from L-5 activists, notably Eric Drexler and Christine Peterson."

Although economic analysis indicated the SPS/space colony concept had merit, it foundered on short political and economic horizons and the fact that the transport cost to space was about 300 times too high for individuals to fund when compared to the Plymouth Rock and Mormon colonies.

Merger with National Space Institute

NASA concept art from 2001 of an envisioned lunar mining facility.

In 1986, the L5 Society, which had grown to about 10,000 members, merged with the 25,000 member National Space Institute, to form the present-day National Space Society. The National Space Institute had been founded in 1972 by Wernher von Braun, the former German rocket engineer of the WW II Nazi V-2 rocket/ballistic missile program, and of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and Project Apollo program manager.

While the L5 Society failed to achieve the goal of human settlements in space, it served as a focal point for many of the people who later became known in fields such as nanotechnology, memetics, extropianism, cryonics, transhumanism, artificial intelligence, and tether propulsion, such as K. Eric Drexler, Robert Forward, and Hans Moravec.

L5 News

The L5 News was the newsletter of the L5 Society reporting on space habitat development and related space issues. The L5 News was published from September 1975 until April 1987, when the merger with the National Space Institute was completed and the newly formed National Space Society began publication of its own magazine, Ad Astra.

See also

References

  1. Dorminey, Bruce (July 31, 2012). "Death Of A Sci-Fi Dream: Free-Floating Space Colonies Hit Economic Reality". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 7, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
  2. ^ Brandt-Erichsen, David (November 1994). "Brief History of the L5 Society". Ad Astra. No. Nov.-Dec., 1994. National Space Society. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
  3. ^ Michaud, Michael A. G. (1986). "Chapter 5: O'Neills Children". Reaching for the High Frontier: The American Pro-Space Movement, 1972–84. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0275921514. Archived from the original on December 10, 2016.
  4. O'Neill, Gerard K. (May 7–9, 1975). "The Space Manufacturing Facility Concept". Space Manufacturing Facilities: Space Colonies. Second Princeton/AIAA/NASA Conference on Space Manufacturing. Princeton, NJ: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. doi:10.2514/6.1975-2002.
  5. "A Newsletter from the L-5 Society" (PDF). L-5 News. No. I. L-5 Society. September 1975. Retrieved December 21, 2022 – via National Space Society.
  6. Henson, Carolyn (March 1980). "Moon Treaty Update". L5 News. L5 Society. Retrieved December 21, 2022 – via National Space Society.
  7. O'Neill, Gerard K. (December 5, 1975). "Space Colonies and Energy Supply to the Earth: Manufacturing facilities in high orbit could be used to build satellite solar power stations from lunar materials". Science. 190 (4218): 943–947. doi:10.1126/science.190.4218.943.
  8. Dyson, Freeman (January 1, 1979). "Pilgrims, Saints and Spacemen". Disturbing the Universe (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. pp. 118–126. ISBN 9780060111083.
  9. "NSS Mission & History". space.nss.org. National Space Society. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
  10. Regis, Ed (1990). Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition: Science Slightly over the Edge (PDF). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-09258-1.
  11. McCray, W. Patrick (December 9, 2012). The Visioneers: How a Group of Elite Scientists Pursued Space Colonies, Nanotechnologies, and a Limitless Future. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400844685.

External links

L5 News index
  • NSS.org: 1975
  • NSS.org: 1976
  • NSS.org: 1977
  • NSS.org: 1978
  • NSS.org: 1979
  • NSS.org: 1980s
Categories: