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| '''Collisional excitation''' is a process in which the ] of a collision partner is converted into the ] of a reactant species. | '''Collisional excitation''' is a process in which the ] of a collision partner is converted into the ] of a reactant species. | ||
| ==Astronomy== | ==Astronomy== | ||
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| In these objects, most ]s are ] by ]s from hot ]s embedded within the nebular ], stripping away ]. The emitted electrons, (called ]s), may collide with atoms or ions within the gas, and ] them. When these excited atoms or ions revert to their ], they will emit a photon. The spectral lines formed by these photons are called ''collisionally excited lines'' (often abbreviated to CELs). | In these objects, most ]s are ] by ]s from hot ]s embedded within the nebular ], stripping away ]. The emitted electrons, (called ]s), may collide with atoms or ions within the gas, and ] them. When these excited atoms or ions revert to their ], they will emit a photon. The spectral lines formed by these photons are called ''collisionally excited lines'' (often abbreviated to CELs). | ||
| CELs are only seen in gases at very low densities (typically less than a few thousand particles per cm³). At higher densities, the reverse process of '''collisional de-excitation''' suppresses the lines. Even the hardest ] produced on earth is still too dense for CELs to be observed. For this reason, when CELs were first observed by ] in the spectrum of the ], he did not know what they were, and attributed them to a hypothetical new element called |
CELs are only seen in gases at very low densities (typically less than a few thousand particles per cm³) for forbidden transitions. For allowed transitions, the gas density can be substantially higher. At higher densities, the reverse process of '''collisional de-excitation''' suppresses the lines. Even the hardest ] produced on earth is still too dense for CELs to be observed. For this reason, when CELs were first observed by ] in the spectrum of the ], he did not know what they were, and attributed them to a hypothetical new element called ]. However, the lines he observed were later found to be emitted by extremely rarefied ]. | ||
| CELs are very important in the study of gaseous nebulae, because they can be used to determine the density and temperature of the gas. | CELs are very important in the study of gaseous nebulae, because they can be used to determine the density and temperature of the gas. | ||
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| ==Mass spectrometry== | ==Mass spectrometry== | ||
| Collisional excitation in ] is the process where an ion collides with an atom or molecule and leads to an increase in the internal energy of the ion.<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=collisional excitation|file=C01159}}</ref> Molecular ions are ]d to high ] and then collide with neutral gas molecules (e.g. ], ] or ]). In the collision some of the kinetic energy is converted into ] which results in fragmentation in a process known as ]. | Collisional excitation in ] is the process where an ion collides with an atom or molecule and leads to an increase in the internal energy of the ion.<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=collisional excitation|file=C01159}}</ref> Molecular ions are ]d to high ] and then collide with neutral gas molecules (e.g. ], ] or ]). In the collision some of the kinetic energy is converted into ] which results in fragmentation in a process known as ]. | ||
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| ==See also== | |||
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| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 18:58, 19 October 2023
Collisional excitation is a process in which the kinetic energy of a collision partner is converted into the internal energy of a reactant species.
Astronomy
In astronomy, collisional excitation gives rise to spectral lines in the spectra of astronomical objects such as planetary nebulae and H II regions.
In these objects, most atoms are ionised by photons from hot stars embedded within the nebular gas, stripping away electrons. The emitted electrons, (called photoelectrons), may collide with atoms or ions within the gas, and excite them. When these excited atoms or ions revert to their ground state, they will emit a photon. The spectral lines formed by these photons are called collisionally excited lines (often abbreviated to CELs).
CELs are only seen in gases at very low densities (typically less than a few thousand particles per cm³) for forbidden transitions. For allowed transitions, the gas density can be substantially higher. At higher densities, the reverse process of collisional de-excitation suppresses the lines. Even the hardest vacuum produced on earth is still too dense for CELs to be observed. For this reason, when CELs were first observed by William Huggins in the spectrum of the Cat's Eye Nebula, he did not know what they were, and attributed them to a hypothetical new element called nebulium. However, the lines he observed were later found to be emitted by extremely rarefied oxygen.
CELs are very important in the study of gaseous nebulae, because they can be used to determine the density and temperature of the gas.
Mass spectrometry
Collisional excitation in mass spectrometry is the process where an ion collides with an atom or molecule and leads to an increase in the internal energy of the ion. Molecular ions are accelerated to high kinetic energy and then collide with neutral gas molecules (e.g. helium, nitrogen or argon). In the collision some of the kinetic energy is converted into internal energy which results in fragmentation in a process known as collision-induced dissociation.
See also
References
- IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "collisional excitation". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01159