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{{Short description|German chemist (1882–1954)}}
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{{Infobox scientist {{Infobox scientist
| name=Philipp Heinrich Hörlein | name=Philipp Heinrich Hörlein
| image=Philipp Heinrich Hoerlein.jpg | image=1953 Hoerlein.jpg
| caption=Nurnberg Trial | caption=Hörlein in 1953
| birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1882|6|5}} | birth_date ={{Birth date|df=yes|1882|6|5}}
| birth_place=], ], ] | birth_place =], Germany
| death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|1954|5|23|1882|6|5}} | death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|1954|5|23|1882|6|5}}
| death_place=], Germany | death_place=], Germany
| children=] (1871-1908) | children=
| spouse= | spouse=
| residence= Germany
| citizenship= German
| ethnicity= German
| fields=] | fields=]
| workplaces=],] | workplaces=], ]
| alma mater=]<br/>] | alma_mater=]<br />]
| doctoral advisor=] | doctoral_advisor=]
| academic advisors= | academic advisors=
| notable students= | notable students=
⚫ | known_for=Discovered the soporific Luminal in 1912
| known for={{Plainlist|
⚫ | awards=] For Services to Public Health ({{lang|de|ür Verdienste um die Volksgesundheit}}) (1932)
⚫ *discovered the soporific Luminal in 1912. }}
⚫ | awards=] For Services to Public Health (Für Verdienste um die Volksgesundheit) (1932)
| signature = | signature =
}} }}


'''Philipp Heinrich Hörlein''' (5 June 1882 – 23 May 1954), was a German entrepreneur, scientist, lecturer, and ] '']''. He was tried for ] for his involvement in ] and his knowledge of ], but he was ultimately acquitted and released.
'''Philipp Heinrich Hörlein''' (was born June 5,1882 in ] in ], and died at 23 May 1954 in ]), was a German entrepreneur, lecturer and ] ].


==Life and worken== ==Bayer==
Hörlein was the son of Heinrich Hörlein, a farmer, and his wife, Philippina (née Dürk).<ref name="Wollheim"></ref> He studied chemistry at ] in 1900, moving on to the ] in 1902 and graduating with his doctorate the following year.<ref name="Wollheim"/> Having completed his studies under ], he worked as his assistant until 1909 when he took a position with the ] research laboratory in ].<ref name="Wollheim"/>


Hörlein succeeded ] as the head of the pharmaceutical research laboratories at Bayer in 1911.<ref>Diarmuid Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel: IG Farben and the Making of Hitler's War Machine'', Bloomsbury, 2009, p. 108</ref> In this role he developed the ] ] in 1912, an important drug in the treatment of ].<ref name="Wollheim"/> In 1914 Hörlein became an authorised signatory at the company, adding a deputy directorship in 1919 before in 1921 becoming an alternate member of the managing board of the company.<ref name="Wollheim"/>
He was the son of the farmer Heinrich Hörlein and his wife, Philippina (née Dürk). After attending school in Alzey and Darmstadt, he began studying chemistry at the university in Darmstadt in 1900 and continued his studies in 1902 in Jena, where he received his doctoral degree in 1903. After that, he worked as an assistant to his dissertation advisor, Ludwig Knorr, until joining ] research laboratory at Elberfeld in 1909. There he was promoted rapidly: in 1911, he was entrusted with the supervision of the pharmaceutical laboratory, where he discovered the soporific Luminal in 1912. He was made an authorized signatory in 1914, a deputy director in 1919, and an alternate member of Bayer’s managing board in 1921. After the formation of the conglomerate ], he was made an alternate member of the managing board here as well in 1926, as head of pharmaceutical research in Elberfeld. The same year, the University of Munich awarded him an honorary medical degree and the title Dr. med. h.c.

==IG Farben and Nazi Party activity==
] canisters found by the Allies at ] the end of World War II]]
In 1925 the conglomerate ] was established, bringing together Bayer and several other chemical companies. Hörlein was also an alternate member of the new company's managing board and in 1926 was made the head of their pharmaceutical research department.<ref name="Wollheim"/>

He joined the ] in June 1934, one of a number of leading figures at IG Farben to do so once Hitler came to power.<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', p. 152</ref> The previous year he had almost fallen foul of the Nazis when he campaigned against ]'s law banning testing on animals, something Hörlein considered essential to his research. He was eventually able to secure a partial lifting of the ban.<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', p. 159</ref>

Although he was not responsible for developing the powerful nerve agent ] (it had been developed by ]), Hörlein was the one who recognised its potential value as a weapon of war and passed on information about the discovery to the ].<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', p. 188</ref> Hörlein sat on the ] of the ''Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung'', an IG Farben subsidiary company largely concerned with the production of ]. He was regularly privy to the sales figures for the gas and was fully aware of the company's close relationship to the ]s.<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', p. 275</ref> He regularly received detailed reports of the ] carried out by ], who purchased most of his subjects from the ]s.<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', pp. 277-278</ref>

Towards the end of the war Hörlein, sensing that a German defeat was imminent, moved his operations to ] and began to maintain a much lower profile.<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', p. 293</ref>

==Post-war==
]
As a member of the managing board of the company he was one of those to face charges at the ].<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', p. 317</ref> Ultimately he was acquitted and released.<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', p. 339</ref> He returned to Leverkusen, where he took up a place on the board at Bayer.<ref>Jeffreys, ''Hell's Cartel'', pp. 347-348</ref> His wife Marie Hörlein donated 5,000 Euro for and designed the Hörlein Prize, which is for large scientific papers in the field of human medicine.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232907/http://www.unifreunde-duesseldorf.de/preisverleihungen/hoerlein-preis.php?navid=39 |date=2014-05-25 }}.</ref> In 1952, he received an honorary doctorate from ]. In 1955, the city of Leverkusen named a street after him.<ref>.</ref>

==External links==
⚫ {{Commons category|Heinrich Hörlein}}
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==Footnotes== ==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}
==Links==

{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 17:34, 24 November 2023

German chemist (1882–1954)
Philipp Heinrich Hörlein
Hörlein in 1953
Born(1882-06-05)5 June 1882
Wendelsheim, Rhenish Hesse, Germany
Died23 May 1954(1954-05-23) (aged 71)
Wuppertal, Germany
Alma materAlzey
University of Darmstadt
Known forDiscovered the soporific Luminal in 1912
Awardsstate medal For Services to Public Health (ür Verdienste um die Volksgesundheit) (1932)
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry
InstitutionsBayer, IG Farben
Doctoral advisorLudwig Knorr

Philipp Heinrich Hörlein (5 June 1882 – 23 May 1954), was a German entrepreneur, scientist, lecturer, and Nazi Wehrwirtschaftsführer. He was tried for war crimes for his involvement in the Holocaust and his knowledge of medical experimentation on concentration camp prisoners, but he was ultimately acquitted and released.

Bayer

Hörlein was the son of Heinrich Hörlein, a farmer, and his wife, Philippina (née Dürk). He studied chemistry at Technische Universität Darmstadt in 1900, moving on to the University of Jena in 1902 and graduating with his doctorate the following year. Having completed his studies under Ludwig Knorr, he worked as his assistant until 1909 when he took a position with the Bayer research laboratory in Elberfeld.

Hörlein succeeded Arthur Eichengrün as the head of the pharmaceutical research laboratories at Bayer in 1911. In this role he developed the soporific Luminal in 1912, an important drug in the treatment of epilepsy. In 1914 Hörlein became an authorised signatory at the company, adding a deputy directorship in 1919 before in 1921 becoming an alternate member of the managing board of the company.

IG Farben and Nazi Party activity

Empty Zyklon B canisters found by the Allies at Auschwitz the end of World War II

In 1925 the conglomerate IG Farben was established, bringing together Bayer and several other chemical companies. Hörlein was also an alternate member of the new company's managing board and in 1926 was made the head of their pharmaceutical research department.

He joined the Nazi Party in June 1934, one of a number of leading figures at IG Farben to do so once Hitler came to power. The previous year he had almost fallen foul of the Nazis when he campaigned against Hermann Göring's law banning testing on animals, something Hörlein considered essential to his research. He was eventually able to secure a partial lifting of the ban.

Although he was not responsible for developing the powerful nerve agent tabun (it had been developed by Gerhard Schrader), Hörlein was the one who recognised its potential value as a weapon of war and passed on information about the discovery to the Wehrmacht. Hörlein sat on the vorstand of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung, an IG Farben subsidiary company largely concerned with the production of Zyklon B. He was regularly privy to the sales figures for the gas and was fully aware of the company's close relationship to the extermination camps. He regularly received detailed reports of the human experimentation carried out by Helmuth Vetter, who purchased most of his subjects from the concentration camps.

Towards the end of the war Hörlein, sensing that a German defeat was imminent, moved his operations to Leverkusen and began to maintain a much lower profile.

Post-war

Heinrich Hörlein as defendant in the IG Farben trial

As a member of the managing board of the company he was one of those to face charges at the IG Farben trial. Ultimately he was acquitted and released. He returned to Leverkusen, where he took up a place on the board at Bayer. His wife Marie Hörlein donated 5,000 Euro for and designed the Hörlein Prize, which is for large scientific papers in the field of human medicine. In 1952, he received an honorary doctorate from Technische Universität Darmstadt. In 1955, the city of Leverkusen named a street after him.

External links

Footnotes

  1. ^ Wollheim Memorial
  2. Diarmuid Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel: IG Farben and the Making of Hitler's War Machine, Bloomsbury, 2009, p. 108
  3. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, p. 152
  4. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, p. 159
  5. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, p. 188
  6. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, p. 275
  7. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, pp. 277-278
  8. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, p. 293
  9. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, p. 317
  10. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, p. 339
  11. Jeffreys, Hell's Cartel, pp. 347-348
  12. Hörlein-Preis Archived 2014-05-25 at the Wayback Machine.
  13. Heinrich-Hörlein-Str..
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