| Revision as of 06:30, 27 December 2019 edit112.196.5.76 (talk) my rulesTag: blanking← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 09:27, 3 January 2024 edit undoChiswick Chap (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers295,838 edits redir to synonym: given the article's definition to include intensive (i.e. non-pastoral, certainly non-nomadic), the subject areas are identical; if nomadic was intended, this poorly-cited article would need to be completely rewrittenTag: New redirect | ||
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| By the 20th century however, there was a shift in importance from sheep to cattle. Trends in livestock units show that goats were just under 4% of cattle livestock units in the 1930s but had decreased to just over 0.5% by 1980.<ref> | |||
| Bohnsack U. & Carrucan P. 1999. An assessment of farming prescriptions under the Rural Environment Protection Scheme in the uplands of the Burren karstic region, Co. Clare. The Heritage Council, Kilkenny.</ref> Today in Ireland, farm sizes have increased, the number of full-time farmers have decreased and heavier continental breeds have become more popular in comparison to the past. | |||
| ===New Zealand=== | |||
| New Zealand's pastoral sector is made up of cattle, deer and sheep. In the 1920s, meat, butter, cheese and wool, accounted for over 90% of the country's exports.<ref>{{cite book|title=DSIR: Making Science Work for New Zealand : Themes from the History of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1926-1992|publisher=]|year=1998|pages= | |||
| 58|author=Ross Galbreath}}</ref> The trend of high pastoral farming has continued to present day. The modernization of arable farming and ] have been met with equal advances in pastoral farming. | |||
| While sheep and beef farming use most of the land in New Zealand, the dairy industry is increasing in importance. The dairy sector began in 1814 when two cows and a bull were imported to New Zealand and the industry has been strong ever since. The New Zealand Institute of Economic Research (published Dec 2010) estimates the industry contributes around 2.8% to New Zealand's GDP and 10.4 billion of export earnings. Dairy production has risen 77 percent over the past 20 years - from three million dairy cattle in 1989 to six million dairy cattle in 2009.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402105142/http://www.mpi.govt.nz/agriculture/pastoral/dairy |date=2014-04-02 }}, ''Ministry for Primary Industries'', October 2013</ref> | |||
| ==Categories== | |||
| ===Intensive farming=== | |||
| ] generally take up a fairly small area of land, but aim to have a very high output, through massive inputs of capital and labour. These farms use machines and new technologies to become as efficient and cost-effective as possible, an example being the ]. | |||
| Intensive agriculture can be seen in many places around the world, such as the ] of New Zealand, pig farming in ] and rice cultivation in the countries of ]. All use technology appropriate to their country to enable them to get the highest yields from their land. It is labour-intensive, capital intensive and machine intensive. | |||
| ===Extensive farming=== | |||
| ] is the direct opposite of intensive farming. The farms are large in comparison to the money injected into them or the labour used. The cattle ranches of central Australia are a good example of extensive agriculture, where often only a few farm workers are responsible for thousands of acres of farmland. | |||
| Another example of extensive farming can be seen in the massive cattle ranches of Brazil. These involve clearing vast areas of ] (the trees are often burnt rather than chopped down and sold) to make way for the cattle ranch. The cattle quickly eat the remaining vegetation and begin to cause massive problems of soil erosion. Extensive farming is also the production of livestock and crops on large piece of land having small output in return. Less attention is given here as compared to intensive farming. | |||
| ==Constraints== | |||
| Livestock farming faces many potential problems and constraints. First, there are often exportation problems. With a high volume of trade there is also a high risk of spreading diseases from country to country.<ref>, ''Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs'', March 2014</ref> Britain saw the damage communicable animal diseases could cause in the 1980s and 1990s with the outbreak of ]. In this instance, the disease was able to infect humans as well. In pastoral farming the health of the animals is a high priority. | |||
| <ref>, ''Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs'', March 2014</ref> | |||
| For low-income ], heavily investing in pastoral farming is risky because expected returns can decrease significantly due to unforeseeable events such as climate change or ].<ref>Mahmud & Randy, , ''International Food Policy Research Institute'', 2007</ref> If the country did experience an unfortunate event, there would be no other major industry to stabilize the economy or other goods to use as alternatives. | |||
| This is exemplified by the drought that Australia experienced in the 1860s which severely limited livestock forage. | |||
| ] is another concern for livestock farmers. Environmental degradation often occurs when the resources are over-used. One major aspect of this degradation is the depletion of fresh water. Fresh water is needed by livestock to keep the animals in good health. Also, lack of water can reduce the soil moisture necessary for forage production.<ref>Ragab, Ragab, and Christel Prudhomme. “Soil and Water: Climate Change and Water Resources Management in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: Prospective Challenges for the 21st Century.” Biosystems Engineering 81.1 (2002): p 3-34..</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{portal|Agriculture and Agronomy}} | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist|30em}} | |||
| ] | |||
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