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| {{Short description|Genus of jellyfishes}} | |||
| {{Distinguish|Cassiopeia (disambiguation)}} | {{Distinguish|Cassiopeia (disambiguation)}} | ||
| {{Automatic taxobox | {{Automatic taxobox | ||
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| | parent_authority = Agassiz, 1862 | | parent_authority = Agassiz, 1862 | ||
| | taxon = Cassiopea | | taxon = Cassiopea | ||
| | authority = Péron & Lesueur, 1809 |
| authority = Péron & Lesueur, 1809 | ||
| | subdivision_ranks = ] | | subdivision_ranks = ] | ||
| | subdivision = 8 species, see ] | | subdivision = 8 species, see ] | ||
| | synonyms = {{Species list | |||
| |Cassiopeia|Gistl, 1848<ref>IRMNG (2021). . Accessed on 2023-05-29.</ref> | |||
| |Cassiopeja|Schultze, 1898<ref>IRMNG (2021). . Accessed on 2023-05-29.</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| ⚫ | ]]] | ||
| ⚫ | '''''Cassiopea''''' ('''upside-down jellyfish''') is a ] of ] and members of the family '''Cassiopeidae'''.<ref>{{WoRMS |id=135234 |title=Cassiopeidae |accessdate=3 August 2012}}</ref> They are found in warmer coastal regions around the world, including shallow ] swamps, mudflats, canals, and ] flats in ], the ] and ]. The ] usually lives upside-down on the sea floor in shallow areas, which has earned them their common name. These jellyfish partake in a ] relationship with ] ]s and therefore, must lie upside-down in areas with sufficient light penetration to fuel their energy source.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ohdera Aki H. |author2=Abrams Michael J. |author3=Ames Cheryl L. |author4=Baker David M. |author5=Suescún-Bolívar Luis P. |author6=Collins Allen G. |author7=Freeman Christopher J. |author8=Gamero-Mora Edgar |author9=Goulet Tamar L. |author10=Hofmann Dietrich K. |author11=Jaimes-Becerra Adrian |author12=Long Paul F. |author13=Marques Antonio C. |author14=Miller Laura A. |author15=Mydlarz Laura D. |author16=Morandini Andre C. |author17=Newkirk Casandra R. |author18=Putri Sastia P. |author19=Samson Julia E. |author20=Stampar Sérgio N. |author21=Steinworth Bailey |author22=Templeman Michelle |author23=Thomé Patricia E. |author24=Vlok Marli |author25=Woodley Cheryl M. |author26=Wong Jane C.Y. |author27=Martindale Mark Q. |author28=Fitt William K. |author29=Medina Mónica |title=Upside-Down but Headed in the Right Direction: Review of the Highly Versatile Cassiopea xamachana System |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=6 |year=2018|page=35 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2018.00035|doi-access=free |hdl=11449/176281 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Where found, there may be numerous individuals with varying shades of white, blue, green and brown. | ||
| ⚫ | ] |
||
| ⚫ | '''''Cassiopea''''' ('''upside-down jellyfish''') is a ] of ] and |
||
| == Species == | == Species == | ||
| According to the '']'', this genus includes 8 species:<ref name=WoRMS>{{WoRMS |id=135253 |title=Cassiopea |accessdate=3 August 2012}}</ref> | According to the '']'', this genus includes 8 species:<ref name=WoRMS>{{WoRMS |id=135253 |title=Cassiopea |accessdate=3 August 2012}}</ref> | ||
| * '']'' | * '']'' <small>(Forsskål, 1775)—Indo-Pacific, introduced in the Mediterranean</small> | ||
| * '']'' | * '']'' <small> Haeckel, 1880—Western Indian Ocean off the African coast</small> | ||
| * '']'' | * '']'' <small>(Pallas, 1774)—Western Atlantic, Caribbean Sea</small> | ||
| * '']'' <small>Gershwin, Zeidler & Davie, 2010—Western Pacific Ocean, off the Australian Coast</small> | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' <small>Light, 1914—Pacific Ocean, Philippines and Palau Region</small> | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | * '']'' <small>Brandt, 1838—Pacific Ocean Southern Micronesia</small> | ||
| * '']'' <small>Agassiz & Mayer, 1899—Pacific Ocean, Australia and Fiji</small> | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' <small>Haeckel, 1880—Pacific Ocean, Palau, Philippines, Okinawa</small> | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' <small>Bigelow, 1892—Caribbean Sea and the Northern Atlantic Area of the West indies</small> | |||
| == |
== Defense system == | ||
| ''Cassiopea'' species have a mild sting since they are primarily ], but sensitive individuals may have a stronger reaction. The photosynthesis occurs because, like most ]s, they host ] in their tissues.<ref>{{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Richard C. |title=Coral Reefs: Cities Under The Sea |year=2002 |publisher=The Darwin Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey | |
''Cassiopea'' species have a mild sting since they are primarily ], but sensitive individuals may have a stronger reaction. The photosynthesis occurs because, like most ]s, they host ] in their tissues.<ref>{{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Richard C. |title=Coral Reefs: Cities Under The Sea |year=2002 |publisher=The Darwin Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=978-0-87850-138-0 }}</ref> The stinging cells are also found in cellular masses, dubbed "cassiosomes", excreted in a ]; people swimming near the jellyfish may come in contact with these cassiosomes and be stung.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ames|first1=Cheryl L.|last2=Klompen|first2=Anna M. L.|last3=Badhiwala|first3=Krishna|last4=Muffett|first4=Kade|last5=Reft|first5=Abigail J.|last6=Kumar|first6=Mehr|last7=Janssen|first7=Jennie D.|last8=Schultzhaus|first8=Janna N.|last9=Field|first9=Lauren D.|last10=Muroski|first10=Megan E.|last11=Bezio|first11=Nick|date=2020-02-13|title=Cassiosomes are stinging-cell structures in the mucus of the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana|journal=Communications Biology|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=67|doi=10.1038/s42003-020-0777-8|pmid=32054971|pmc=7018847|issn=2399-3642}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stinging water mystery solved: Jellyfish can sting swimmers, prey with 'mucus grenades' |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-02-mystery-jellyfish-swimmers-prey-mucus.html |publisher=] |date=February 13, 2020 |access-date=February 14, 2020}}</ref> The stings, appearing in the form of a red rash-like skin irritation, are known for being extraordinarily itchy. Sometimes this jellyfish is picked up by the ] '']'' and carried on its back{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}. The crab uses the jellyfish to defend itself against possible predators. | ||
| ==Behavior== | ==Behavior== | ||
| Certain species of ''Cassiopea'' have been observed to enter a ] |
Certain species of ''Cassiopea'' have been observed to enter a ] - exhibiting decreased pulsation rate, reduced responsiveness to stimuli, and compensatory rebound sleep after deprivation.<ref>{{cite web|title=The surprising, ancient behavior of jellyfish|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-09/ciot-tsa091517.php#.WcUvtLr_O5M.reddit|website=EurekAlert|access-date=22 September 2017}}</ref> They are the first animals with no central nervous system to have been observed sleeping.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=2017 |title=The Jellyfish Cassiopea Exhibits a Sleep-like State |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28943083/ |website=Current biology}}</ref> | ||
| ] | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
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| {{Taxonbar|from=Q289354}} | {{Taxonbar|from=Q289354}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 18:00, 28 February 2024
Genus of jellyfishes Not to be confused with Cassiopeia (disambiguation).
| Cassiopea | |
|---|---|
| |
| Cassiopea sp. | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Scyphozoa |
| Order: | Rhizostomeae |
| Family: | Cassiopeidae Agassiz, 1862 |
| Genus: | Cassiopea Péron & Lesueur, 1809 |
| Species | |
|
8 species, see text | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Cassiopea (upside-down jellyfish) is a genus of true jellyfish and members of the family Cassiopeidae. They are found in warmer coastal regions around the world, including shallow mangrove swamps, mudflats, canals, and turtle grass flats in Florida, the Caribbean and Micronesia. The medusa usually lives upside-down on the sea floor in shallow areas, which has earned them their common name. These jellyfish partake in a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic dinoflagellates and therefore, must lie upside-down in areas with sufficient light penetration to fuel their energy source. Where found, there may be numerous individuals with varying shades of white, blue, green and brown.
Species
According to the World Register of Marine Species, this genus includes 8 species:
- Cassiopea andromeda (Forsskål, 1775)—Indo-Pacific, introduced in the Mediterranean
- Cassiopea depressa Haeckel, 1880—Western Indian Ocean off the African coast
- Cassiopea frondosa (Pallas, 1774)—Western Atlantic, Caribbean Sea
- Cassiopea maremetens Gershwin, Zeidler & Davie, 2010—Western Pacific Ocean, off the Australian Coast
- Cassiopea medusa Light, 1914—Pacific Ocean, Philippines and Palau Region
- Cassiopea mertensi Brandt, 1838—Pacific Ocean Southern Micronesia
- Cassiopea ndrosia Agassiz & Mayer, 1899—Pacific Ocean, Australia and Fiji
- Cassiopea ornata Haeckel, 1880—Pacific Ocean, Palau, Philippines, Okinawa
- Cassiopea xamachana Bigelow, 1892—Caribbean Sea and the Northern Atlantic Area of the West indies
Defense system
Cassiopea species have a mild sting since they are primarily photosynthetic, but sensitive individuals may have a stronger reaction. The photosynthesis occurs because, like most corals, they host zooxanthellae in their tissues. The stinging cells are also found in cellular masses, dubbed "cassiosomes", excreted in a mucus; people swimming near the jellyfish may come in contact with these cassiosomes and be stung. The stings, appearing in the form of a red rash-like skin irritation, are known for being extraordinarily itchy. Sometimes this jellyfish is picked up by the crab Dorippe frascone and carried on its back. The crab uses the jellyfish to defend itself against possible predators.
Behavior
Certain species of Cassiopea have been observed to enter a sleep state - exhibiting decreased pulsation rate, reduced responsiveness to stimuli, and compensatory rebound sleep after deprivation. They are the first animals with no central nervous system to have been observed sleeping.
References
- IRMNG (2021). Cassiopeia Gistl, 1848. Accessed on 2023-05-29.
- IRMNG (2021). Cassiopeja Schultze, 1898. Accessed on 2023-05-29.
- "Cassiopeidae". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
- Ohdera Aki H.; Abrams Michael J.; Ames Cheryl L.; Baker David M.; Suescún-Bolívar Luis P.; Collins Allen G.; Freeman Christopher J.; Gamero-Mora Edgar; Goulet Tamar L.; Hofmann Dietrich K.; Jaimes-Becerra Adrian; Long Paul F.; Marques Antonio C.; Miller Laura A.; Mydlarz Laura D.; Morandini Andre C.; Newkirk Casandra R.; Putri Sastia P.; Samson Julia E.; Stampar Sérgio N.; Steinworth Bailey; Templeman Michelle; Thomé Patricia E.; Vlok Marli; Woodley Cheryl M.; Wong Jane C.Y.; Martindale Mark Q.; Fitt William K.; Medina Mónica (2018). "Upside-Down but Headed in the Right Direction: Review of the Highly Versatile Cassiopea xamachana System". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 6: 35. doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00035. hdl:11449/176281.
- "Cassiopea". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
- Murphy, Richard C. (2002). Coral Reefs: Cities Under The Sea. Princeton, New Jersey: The Darwin Press. ISBN 978-0-87850-138-0.
- Ames, Cheryl L.; Klompen, Anna M. L.; Badhiwala, Krishna; Muffett, Kade; Reft, Abigail J.; Kumar, Mehr; Janssen, Jennie D.; Schultzhaus, Janna N.; Field, Lauren D.; Muroski, Megan E.; Bezio, Nick (2020-02-13). "Cassiosomes are stinging-cell structures in the mucus of the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana". Communications Biology. 3 (1): 67. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-0777-8. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 7018847. PMID 32054971.
- "Stinging water mystery solved: Jellyfish can sting swimmers, prey with 'mucus grenades'". Phys.org. February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
- "The surprising, ancient behavior of jellyfish". EurekAlert. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
- "The Jellyfish Cassiopea Exhibits a Sleep-like State". Current biology. 2017.
External links
- Photo of a Crab carrying an Upside Down Jellyfish (Cassiopea andromeda)
- Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum entry on Cassiopea andromeda
- A Symbiotic Lifestyle: C. xamachana and Zooxanthellae
| Taxon identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Cassiopea | |